Schwab The Global Competitiveness Report 2011–2012 The Global Competitiveness Report 2011–2012 Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum World Economic Forum Geneva, Switzerland 2011 Professor Klaus Schwab World Economic Forum Editor The Global Competitiveness Report 2011–2012 Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin Columbia University Chief Advisor of the Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2011– 2012 is published by the World Economic Forum within the framework of the Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance World Economic Forum Geneva Professor Klaus Schwab Executive Chairman All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherother wise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin Chief Advisor of the Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance Robert Greenhill Chief Business Officer Copyright © 2011 by the World Economic Forum ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-74-6 ISBN-10: 92-95044-74-6 CENTRE FOR GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS AND PERFORMANCE Jennifer Blanke, Senior Director, Lead Economist, Head of the Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance Beñat Bilbao-Osorio, Associate Director, Economist Roberto Crotti, Junior Quantitative Economist Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Director, Senior Economist Brindusa Fidanza, Associate Director, Environmental Initiatives Thierry Geiger, Associate Director, Economist Ciara Browne, Associate Director Pearl Samandari, Community Manager Satu Kauhanen, Coordinator This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources Printed and bound in Switzerland by SRO-Kundig We thank Hope Steele for her superb editing work and Neil Weinberg for his excellent graphic design and layout We are grateful to Djemila Zouyene for her invaluable research assistance The terms country and nation as used in this report not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by interinter national law and practice The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum Contents Partner Institutes v 85 xiii Preface Part 2: Data Presentation 2.1 Country/Economy Profiles 87 by Klaus Schwab and Robert Greenhill Part I: Measuring Competitiveness 1.1 The Global Competitiveness Index 2011–2012: Setting the Foundations for Strong Productivity How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles 89 List of Countries/Economies 91 Country/Economy Profiles 92 by Xavier Sala-i-Martin, Beñat Bilbao-Osorio, Jennifer Blanke, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, and Thierry Geiger 1.2 The Long-Term View: Developing a Framework for Assessing Sustainable Competitiveness 377 How to Read the Data Tables .379 Index of Data Tables 381 Data Tables 383 Technical Notes and Sources 521 About the Authors 525 Acknowledgments 51 by Jennifer Blanke, Roberto Crotti, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Brindusa Fidanza, and Thierry Geiger 1.3 The Executive Opinion Survey: An Indispensable Tool in the Assessment of National Competitiveness 2.2 Data Tables 527 75 by Ciara Browne and Thierry Geiger The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum Partner Institutes Partner Institutes The World Economic Forum’s Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following organizations as its valued Partner Institutes, without which the realization of The Global Competitiveness Report 2011– 2012 would not have been feasible: Albania Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB) Artan Hoxha, President Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert and Project Manager Denalada Kuzumi, Researcher Algeria Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Développement (CREAD) Youcef Benabdallah, Assistant Professor Yassine Ferfera, Director Angola MITC Investimentos Estefania Jover, Senior Adviser South Africa-Angola Chamber of Commerce (SA-ACC) Roger Ballard-Tremeer, Hon Chief Executive Argentina IAE—Universidad Austral Cristian Alonso, Project Manager Eduardo Luis Fracchia, Professor Armenia Economy and Values Research Center Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate Gohar Malumyan, Research Associate Australia Australian Industry Group Carola Lehmer, Senior Research Coordinator Heather Ridout, Chief Executive Nikki Wilson, Administrative Assistant Austria Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) Karl Aiginger, Director Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Marketing Society Fuad Aliyev, Project Manager Ashraf Hajiyev, Consultant Bahrain Bahrain Competitiveness Council, Bahrain Economic Development Board Nada Azmi, Manager, Economic Planning and Development Mohammed bin Essa Al-Khalifa, Chief Executive Maryam Matter, Coordinator, Economic Planning and Development Bangladesh Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Mustafizur Rahman, Executive Director Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Senior Research Fellow Kishore Kumer Basak, Research Associate Barbados Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic Studies, University of West Indies (UWI) Andrew Downes, Director Belgium Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School Priscilla Boairdi, Associate, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Wim Moesen, Professor Leo Sleuwaegen, Professor, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Benin CAPOD—Conception et Analyse de Politiques de Développement Epiphane Adjovi, Director Maria-Odile Attanasso, Deputy Coordinator Fructueux Deguenonvo, Researcher Bosnia and Herzegovina MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor Zeljko Sain, Executive Director Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director Botswana Botswana National Productivity Centre Letsogile Batsetswe, Research Consultant and Statistician Parmod Chandna, Acting Executive Director Phumzile Thobokwe, Manager, Information and Research Services Department Brazil Fundaỗóo Dom Cabral Marina Araỳjo, Economist and Researcher, The Competitiveness and Innovation Center Carlos Arruda, Executive Director, International Advisory Council and Professor, The Competitiveness and Innovation Center Fabiana Madsen, Economist and Researcher, The Competitiveness and Innovation Center Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC) Erik Camarano, Director President Nikelma Moura, Communications Assistant Tatiana Ribeiro, Project Coordinator Brunei Darussalam Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources Pehin Dato Yahya Bakar, Minister Dato Dr Amin Abdullah, Permanent Secretary Bulgaria Center for Economic Development Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum v Partner Institutes Burkina Faso lnstitut Supérieure des Sciences de la Population (ISSP), University of Ouagadougou Samuel Kabore, Economist and Head of Development Strategy and Population Research Croatia National Competitiveness Council Jadranka Gable, Project Administrator Kresimir Jurlin, Research Associate Mira Lenardic, Senior Advisor Burundi University Research Centre for Economic and Social Development (CURDES), National University of Burundi Banderembako Deo, Director Gilbert Niyongabo, Dean, Faculty of Economics & Management Cyprus Cyprus College Research Center Bambos Papageorgiou, Head of Socioeconomic and Academic Research Cambodia Economic Institute of Cambodia Sok Hach, President Seiha Neou, Research Manager Sokheng Sam, Researcher Czech Republic CMC Graduate School of Business Tomas Janca, Executive Director Cameroon Comité de Compétitivité (Competitiveness Committee) Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary Canada The Conference Board of Canada Michael R Bloom, Vice-President, Organizational Effectiveness & Learning Anne Golden, President and Chief Executive Officer P Derek Hughes, Senior Research Associate Cape Verde INOVE RESEARCHInvestigaỗóo e Desenvolvimento, Lda Sara Mendes, Senior Researcher Jỳlio Delgado, Partner and Senior Researcher Frantz Tavares, Partner and Chief Executive Officer vi cdbbank—The Cyprus Development Bank Maria Markidou-Georgiadou, Manager, International Business Banking Chad Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC) Antoine Doudjidingao, Researcher Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director Celine Nénodji Mbaipeur, Programme Officer Chile Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Fernando Larrain Aninat, Director of the Master in Management and Public Policy, School of Government Camila Chadwick, Project Coordinator Leonidas Montes, Dean, School of Government China Institute of Economic System and Management National Development and Reform Commission Zhou Haichun, Deputy Director and Professor Chen Wei, Research Fellow Dong Ying, Professor China Center for Economic Statistics Research, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics Lu Dong, Professor Hongye Xiao, Professor Bojuan Zhao, Professor Huazhang Zheng, Associate Professor Colombia National Planning Department Alvaro Edgar Balcazar, Entrepreneurial Development Director Hernando José Gómez, General Director Nelson Fabián Villareal Rincón, Advisor Colombian Council of Competitiveness Rosario Córdoba, President Cơte d’Ivoire Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Côte d’Ivoire Jean-Louis Billon, President Jean-Louis Giacometti, Technical Advisor to the President Mamadou Sarr, Director General Denmark Innoption EMEA ApS Carsten Snedker, Managing Partner Ecuador ESPAE Graduate School of Management, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) Elizabeth Arteaga, Project Assistant Virginia Lasio, Director Sara Wong, Professor Egypt The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies Iman Al-Ayouty, Senior Economist Omneia Helmy, Deputy Director of Research and Lead Economist Magda Kandil, Executive Director and Director of Research Estonia Estonian Institute of Economic Research Evelin Ahermaa, Head of Economic Research Sector Marje Josing, Director Estonian Development Fund Kitty Kubo, Head of Foresight Ott Pärna, Chief Executive Officer Ethiopia African Institute of Management, Development and Governance Tegegne Teka, General Manager Finland ETLA—The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy Petri Rouvinen, Research Director Markku Kotilainen, Research Director Pekka Ylä-Anttila, Managing Director France HEC School of Management, Paris Bertrand Moingeon, Professor and Deputy Dean Bernard Ramanantsoa, Professor and Dean Gambia, The Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute (GESDRI) Makaireh A Njie, Director Georgia Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia Tamara Janashia, Executive Director Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum WHU—Otto Beisheim School of Management, Vallendar Ralf Fendel, Professor of Monetary Economics Michael Frenkel, Professor, Chair of Macroeconomics and International Economics Ghana Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) Patricia Djorbuah, Projects Officer Cletus Kosiba, Executive Director Nana Owusu-Afari, President Greece SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises Michael Mitsopoulos, Coordinator, Research and Analysis Thanasis Printsipas, Economist, Research and Analysis Guatemala FUNDESA Edgar A Heinemann, President of the Board of Directors Pablo Schneider, Economic Director Juan Carlos Zapata, General Manager Guyana Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana Karen Pratt, Research Associate Clive Thomas, Director Haiti Private Sector Economic Forum Edouard Baussan, Deputy Coordinator Reginald Boulos, Coordinator Bernard Craan, Secretary General Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce David O’Rear, Chief Economist Federation of Hong Kong Industries Alexandra Poon, Director Ireland Competitiveness Survey Group, Department of Economics, University College Cork Eleanor Doyle, Professor, Department of Economics Niall O’Sullivan Bernadette Power National Competitiveness Council Adrian Devitt, Manager Michelle Nic Gearailt, Assistant Economist Israel Manufacturers’ Association of Israel (MAI) Shraga Brosh, President Dan Catarivas, Director Amir Hayek, Managing Director Italy SDA Bocconi School of Management Secchi Carlo, Full Professor of Economic Policy, Bocconi University Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University Francesco A Saviozzi, SDA Assistant Professor, Strategic and Entrepreneurial Management Department Jamaica Mona School of Business (MSB), The University of the West Indies Patricia Douce, Project Administrator Evan Duggan, Executive Director and Professor William Lawrence, Director, Professional Services Unit Japan Keio University in cooperation with Keizai Doyukai Keizai (Japan Association of Corporate Executives) Yoko Ishikura, Professor,Graduate School of Media Design, Keio University Kiyohiko Ito, Managing Director, Keizai Doyukai Heizo Takenaka, Director, Global Security Research Institute, Keio University Hungary KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd Peter Vakhal,, Project Manager Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer Jordan Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation Jordan National Competitiveness Team Mukhallad Omari, Director of Policies and Studies Department Aktham Al-Zubi, Senior Researcher Kawther Al-Zou’bi, Head of Competitiveness Division Iceland Innovation Center Iceland Karl Fridriksson, Managing Director of Human Resources and Marketing Ardis Armannsdottir, Marketing Manager Thorsteinn I Sigfusson, Director Kazakhstan JSC “National Analytical Centre of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan” Takhir Aslyaliyev, Project Manager Ayana Manasova, Chairperson Alikhan Yerzhanov, Expert Analyst India Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Chandrajit Banerjee, Director General Marut Sengupta, Deputy Director General Gantakolla Srivastava, Head, Financial Services Kenya Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi Mohamud Jama, Director and Associate Professor Paul Kamau, Senior Research Fellow Dorothy McCormick, Research Professor Indonesia Center for Industry, SME & Business Competition Studies, University of Trisakti Tulus Tambunan, Professor and Director Korea, Republic of College of Business School, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology KAIST Ingoo Han, Senior Associate Dean and Professor Byungtae Lee, Acting Dean Professor Kayla Jisoo Lee, Manager, Exchange Programme The Chinese General Chamber of Commerce Iran, Islamic Republic of The Centre for Economic Studies and Surveys (CESS), Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries and Mines Hammed Roohani, Director Partner Institutes Germany IW Consult GmbH, Cologne Institute for Economic Research Adriana Sonia Neligan, Head of Department Korea Development Institute Joohee Cho, Senior Research Associate Yongsoo Lee, Head, Policy Survey Unit The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum vii Partner Institutes Kuwait Kuwait National Competitiveness Committee Adel Al-Husainan, Committee Member Fahed Al-Rashed, Committee Chairman Sayer Al-Sayer, Committee Member Kyrgyz Republic Economic Policy Institute “Bishkek Consensus” Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator Marat Tazabekov, Chairman Mauritania Centre d’Information Mauritanien pour le Développement Economique et Technique (CIMDET/CCIAM) Khira Mint Cheikhnani, Director Lô Abdoul, Consultant and Analyst Habib Sy, Analyst Mauritius Joint Economic Council of Mauritius Raj Makoond, Director Latvia Institute of Economics, Latvian Academy of Sciences Helma Jirgena, Director Irina Curkina, Researcher Board of Investment Kevin Bessondyal, Assistant Director, Planning and Policy Dev Chamroo, Director, Planning and Policy Raju Jaddoo, Managing Director Lebanon Bader Young Entrepreneurs Program Antoine Abou-Samra, Managing Director Hiba Zunji, Assistant Mexico Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness Erika Ruiz Manzur, Executive Director René Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief Executive Officer Jesús Zurita González, General Director Lesotho Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho O.S.M Moosa, Chaiperson Tiisetso Sekhonyana, Researcher Lindiwe Sephomolo, Chief Executive Officer Lithuania Statistics Lithuania Vilija Lapeniene, Director General Gediminas Samuolis, Head, Knowledge Economy and Special Surveys Statistics Division Ona Grigiene, Deputy Head, Knowledge Economy and Special Surveys Statistics Division viii Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Franỗois-Xavier Borsi, Attachộ, Economic Department Carlo Thelen, Chief Economist, Member of the Managing Board Christel Chatelain, Attachée, Economic Department Macedonia, FYR National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council (NECC) Dejan Janevski, Project Coordinator Zoran Stavreski, President of the Managing Board Saso Trajkoski, Executive Director Madagascar Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo Ravelomanana Mamy Raoul, Director Razato Rarijaona Simon, Executive Secretary Malawi Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry Hope Chavula, Public Private Dialogue Manager Chancellor L Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Officer Malaysia Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Mahani Zainal Abidin, Chief Executive Steven C.M Wong, Senior Director, Economics Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC) Mohd Razali Hussain, Director General Lee Saw Hoon, Senior Director Mali Groupe de Recherche en Economie Appliquée et Théorique (GREAT) Massa Coulibaly, Coordinator Malta Competitive Malta—Foundation for National Competitiveness Margrith Lutschg-Emmenegger, Vice President Adrian Said, Chief Coordinator Caroline Sciortino, Research Coordinator Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO) Priscila Garcia, Researcher Manuel Molano, Deputy General Director Juan E Pardinas, General Director Ministry of the Economy Jose Antonio Torre, Undersecretary for Competitiveness and Standardization Enrique Perret Erhard, Technical Secretary for Competitiveness Narciso Suarez, Research Director, Secretary for Competitiveness Moldova Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (AESM) Grigore Belostecinic, Rector Centre for Economic Research (CER) Corneliu Gutu, Director Mongolia Open Society Forum (OSF) Munkhsoyol Baatarjav, Manager of Economic Policy Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director Montenegro Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP) Maja Drakic, Project Manager Petar Ivanovic, Chief Executive Officer Veselin Vukotic, President Morocco Université Hassan II, LASAARE Fouzi Mourji, Professor of Economics General Confederation of Moroccan Entreprise (CGEM) Mounir Ferram, Delegate Director Mozambique EconPolicy Research Group, Lda Peter Coughlin, Director Donaldo Miguel Soares, Researcher Ema Marta Soares, Assistant Namibia Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) Graham Hopwood, Executive Director Nepal Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA) Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Professor and Country Coordinator Bharat Pokharel, Project Director and Executive Director Mahendra Raj Joshi, Member The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum New Zealand Business New Zealand Phil O’Reilly, Chief Executive The New Zealand Institute Catherine Harland, Project Leader Rick Boven, Director Nigeria Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) Frank Nweke Jr., Director General Chris Okpoko, Associate Director, Research Foluso Phillips, Chairman Norway BI Norwegian School of Management Eskil Goldeng, Researcher Torger Reve, Professor Oman The International Research Foundation Salem Ben Nasser Al-Ismaily, Chairman Public Authority for Investment Promotion and Export Development (PAIPED) Mehdi Ali Juma, Expert for Economic Research Pakistan Competitiveness Support Fund Maryam Jawaid, Communication Specialist Imran Khan, Economist Shahab Khawaja, Chief Executive Officer Paraguay Centro de Análisis y Difusión de Economia Paraguaya (CADEP) Dionisio Borda, Research Member Fernando Masi, Director María Belén Servín, Research Member Peru Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional de Industrias Néstor Asto, Project Director Luis Tenorio, Executive Director Philippines Makati Business Club (MBC) Marc P Opulencia, Deputy Director Michael B Mundo, Chief Economist Peter Angelo V Perfecto, Executive Director In cooperation with the Management Association of the Philippines (MAP) Arnold P Salvador, Executive Director Poland Economic Institute, National Bank of Poland Jarosław T Jakubik, Deputy Director Piotr Boguszewski, Advisor Portugal PROFORUM, Associaỗóo para o Desenvolvimento da Engenharia Ilídio António de Ayala Serơdio, Vice President of the Board of Directors Fórum de Administradores de Empresas (FAE) Paulo Bandeira, General Director Pedro Carmo Costa, Member of the Board of Directors Esmeralda Dourado, President of the Board of Directors Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 2000, Inc Suzette M Jimenez, President Francisco Montalvo Fiol, Project Coordinator Qatar Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA) Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General Sarah Abdallah, Deputy General Manager Partner Institutes Netherlands INSCOPE: Research for Innovation, Erasmus University Rotterdam Frans A J Van den Bosch, Professor Henk W Volberda, Director and Professor Romania Group of Applied Economics (GEA) Liviu Voinea, Executive Director Irina Zgreaban, Program Coordinator Russian Federation Bauman Innovation & Eurasia Competitiveness Institute Katerina Marandi, Programme Manager Alexey Prazdnichnykh, Principal and Managing Director Stockholm School of Economics, Russia Igor Dukeov, Area Principal Carl F Fey, Associate Dean of Research Rwanda Private Sector Federation Roger Munyampenda, Chief Executive Officer Vincent S Safari, Director, Trade and Policy Advocacy Saudi Arabia National Competitiveness Center (NCC) Awwad Al-Awwad, President Khaldon Mahasen, Vice President Senegal Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA), University of Dakar Diop Ibrahima Thione, Director Serbia Foundation for the Advancement of Economics (FREN) Mihail Arandarenko, Chairman of the Board of Directors Katarina Bojie, Project Coordinator Bojan Ristic, Researcher Singapore Economic Development Board Angeline Poh, Director Planning Cheng Wai San, Head, Research & Statistics Unit Slovak Republic Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS) Robert Kicina, Executive Director Slovenia Institute for Economic Research Sonja Uršic, Senior Researcher Peter Stanovnik, Professor University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Mateja Drnovšek, Professor Aleš Vahcic, Professor South Africa Business Leadership South Africa Friede Dowie, Director Michael Spicer, Chief Executive Officer Business Unity South Africa Coenraad Bezuidenhout, Executive Director for Economic Policy Jerry Vilakazi, Chief Executive Officer Spain IESE Business School, International Center for Competitiveness María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate Enrique de Diego, Research Assistant Antoni Subirà, Professor The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum ix How would you assess the quality of scientific research institutions in your country? [1 = very poor; = the best in their field internationally] | 2010–11 weighted average RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 COUNTRY/ECONOMY VALUE MEAN: 3.7 Israel 6.3 Switzerland 6.3 United Kingdom 6.1 Sweden 6.0 Belgium 5.9 Qatar 5.8 United States 5.8 Netherlands 5.7 Canada 5.6 Germany 5.6 Japan 5.5 Singapore 5.5 Australia 5.5 Denmark 5.4 France 5.3 Ireland 5.3 New Zealand 5.2 Finland 5.2 Taiwan, China 5.2 Hungary 5.2 Austria 5.2 Iceland 5.1 Portugal 4.9 Malaysia 4.9 Korea, Rep 4.8 Czech Republic 4.8 Estonia 4.8 Norway 4.7 Luxembourg 4.7 South Africa 4.7 Costa Rica 4.6 Hong Kong SAR 4.6 Slovenia 4.6 India 4.5 Puerto Rico 4.5 Saudi Arabia 4.5 Lithuania 4.4 China 4.3 Spain 4.3 United Arab Emirates 4.2 Argentina 4.2 Brazil 4.1 Senegal 4.1 Poland 4.1 Montenegro 4.1 Cyprus 4.1 Barbados 4.1 Croatia 4.1 Iran, Islamic Rep 4.0 Sri Lanka 4.0 Chile 4.0 Tunisia 4.0 Kenya 4.0 Mexico 4.0 Indonesia 3.9 Latvia 3.9 Italy 3.9 Uruguay 3.9 Thailand 3.9 Russian Federation 3.8 Serbia 3.8 Oman 3.8 Jamaica 3.7 Mali 3.7 Burkina Faso 3.7 Malawi 3.7 Tanzania 3.7 Ghana 3.7 Colombia 3.6 Panama 3.6 Zambia 3.6 RANK 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 COUNTRY/ECONOMY VALUE Ukraine 3.6 Malta 3.6 Vietnam 3.5 Kuwait 3.5 Gambia, The 3.5 Mauritius 3.5 Bulgaria 3.4 Pakistan 3.4 Rwanda 3.4 Botswana 3.4 Benin 3.4 Namibia 3.4 Trinidad and Tobago 3.3 Brunei Darussalam 3.3 Macedonia, FYR 3.3 Azerbaijan 3.3 Cambodia 3.3 Turkey 3.3 Greece 3.3 Romania 3.2 Nigeria 3.2 Ethiopia 3.2 Uganda 3.2 Cameroon 3.2 Morocco 3.2 Slovak Republic 3.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.2 Tajikistan 3.2 Guyana 3.1 Mozambique 3.1 Bahrain 3.1 Guatemala 3.1 Jordan 3.0 Zimbabwe 3.0 Philippines 3.0 Armenia 3.0 Bolivia 3.0 Peru 2.9 Mongolia 2.9 Honduras 2.9 Venezuela 2.8 Egypt 2.8 Côte d’Ivoire 2.8 Bangladesh 2.7 Madagascar 2.7 Georgia 2.7 Chad 2.7 Ecuador 2.7 Suriname 2.7 Kazakhstan 2.7 Moldova 2.7 Dominican Republic 2.7 Cape Verde 2.6 Syria 2.6 Algeria 2.5 Lebanon 2.4 Belize 2.4 Burundi 2.3 Lesotho 2.3 Nicaragua 2.3 Mauritania 2.3 El Salvador 2.2 Albania 2.2 Swaziland 2.2 Timor-Leste 2.1 Nepal 2.1 Paraguay 2.1 Kyrgyz Republic 2.0 Haiti 1.9 Yemen 1.7 Angola 1.6 SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum MEAN: 3.7 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 12.02 Quality of scientific research institutions 515 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 516 12.03 Company spending on R&D To what extent companies in your country spend on R&D? [1 = not spend on R&D; = spend heavily on R&D] | 2010–11 weighted average RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 COUNTRY/ECONOMY VALUE MEAN: 3.2 Japan 5.9 Sweden 5.8 Switzerland 5.8 Finland 5.7 Germany 5.5 United States 5.3 Denmark 5.1 Israel 5.1 Taiwan, China 5.0 Singapore 4.9 Korea, Rep 4.8 United Kingdom 4.7 Malaysia 4.7 Netherlands 4.7 France 4.7 Luxembourg 4.6 Austria 4.6 Saudi Arabia 4.4 Belgium 4.4 Qatar 4.3 Ireland 4.3 Norway 4.2 China 4.2 United Arab Emirates 4.1 Canada 4.1 Iceland 4.0 Australia 3.9 Czech Republic 3.9 Kenya 3.8 Brazil 3.8 Indonesia 3.7 Hong Kong SAR 3.7 India 3.7 Italy 3.6 Costa Rica 3.6 South Africa 3.6 Sri Lanka 3.5 New Zealand 3.5 Slovenia 3.4 Estonia 3.4 Portugal 3.4 Tunisia 3.4 Puerto Rico 3.4 Montenegro 3.3 Oman 3.3 Nigeria 3.3 Spain 3.3 Senegal 3.3 Benin 3.3 Pakistan 3.2 Albania 3.2 Vietnam 3.2 Cameroon 3.2 Chad 3.2 Zambia 3.2 Uruguay 3.2 Lithuania 3.2 Cyprus 3.1 Guyana 3.1 Chile 3.1 Russian Federation 3.1 Turkey 3.1 Guatemala 3.1 Cambodia 3.1 Malawi 3.1 Malta 3.1 Latvia 3.1 Thailand 3.0 Panama 3.0 Rwanda 3.0 Croatia 3.0 RANK 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 COUNTRY/ECONOMY VALUE Argentina 3.0 Tanzania 3.0 Botswana 3.0 Ukraine 3.0 Colombia 3.0 Gambia, The 3.0 Bolivia 3.0 Mexico 3.0 Poland 2.9 Hungary 2.9 Honduras 2.9 Azerbaijan 2.9 Brunei Darussalam 2.9 Philippines 2.9 Tajikistan 2.9 Romania 2.9 Mauritius 2.8 Slovak Republic 2.8 Mali 2.8 Uganda 2.8 Mongolia 2.8 Namibia 2.8 Trinidad and Tobago 2.8 Ecuador 2.8 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.8 Côte d’Ivoire 2.8 Bulgaria 2.7 Bahrain 2.7 Barbados 2.7 Jamaica 2.7 Iran, Islamic Rep 2.7 Burkina Faso 2.7 Morocco 2.7 Mozambique 2.7 Egypt 2.7 Kazakhstan 2.6 Jordan 2.6 Macedonia, FYR 2.6 Paraguay 2.6 Madagascar 2.6 Zimbabwe 2.6 Lebanon 2.6 Lesotho 2.6 Kuwait 2.6 Suriname 2.6 Armenia 2.6 Peru 2.6 Mauritania 2.5 Ghana 2.5 Venezuela 2.5 El Salvador 2.5 Nicaragua 2.5 Georgia 2.5 Dominican Republic 2.5 Haiti 2.5 Nepal 2.4 Bangladesh 2.4 Greece 2.4 Serbia 2.4 Burundi 2.3 Swaziland 2.2 Ethiopia 2.2 Angola 2.2 Timor-Leste 2.2 Syria 2.1 Moldova 2.1 Cape Verde 2.0 Algeria 2.0 Belize 1.9 Kyrgyz Republic 1.8 Yemen 1.6 SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum MEAN: 3.2 To what extent business and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D) in your country? [1 = not collaborate at all; = collaborate extensively] | 2010–11 weighted average RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 COUNTRY/ECONOMY VALUE MEAN: 3.7 Switzerland 5.8 United Kingdom 5.8 United States 5.7 Finland 5.6 Sweden 5.5 Singapore 5.5 Israel 5.4 Netherlands 5.3 Belgium 5.3 Qatar 5.3 Canada 5.2 Taiwan, China 5.2 Germany 5.2 Australia 5.2 Denmark 5.2 Japan 5.1 Iceland 5.0 Luxembourg 5.0 Austria 5.0 Ireland 5.0 Malaysia 4.9 Norway 4.8 Hong Kong SAR 4.7 New Zealand 4.7 Korea, Rep 4.7 South Africa 4.6 Portugal 4.6 Saudi Arabia 4.6 China 4.5 Czech Republic 4.5 Lithuania 4.4 Puerto Rico 4.4 Hungary 4.4 Estonia 4.3 Costa Rica 4.3 France 4.2 United Arab Emirates 4.2 Brazil 4.2 Thailand 4.2 Barbados 4.2 Indonesia 4.1 Spain 4.1 Colombia 4.1 Chile 4.1 Mexico 4.0 Slovenia 4.0 Cyprus 3.9 Argentina 3.9 Kenya 3.9 India 3.8 Brunei Darussalam 3.8 Mozambique 3.8 Uruguay 3.8 Malta 3.8 Guatemala 3.8 Oman 3.8 Latvia 3.8 Tunisia 3.7 Zambia 3.7 Rwanda 3.7 Senegal 3.7 Tanzania 3.7 Montenegro 3.7 Malawi 3.6 Poland 3.6 Panama 3.6 Botswana 3.6 Trinidad and Tobago 3.6 Pakistan 3.6 Ukraine 3.6 Gambia, The 3.5 RANK 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 COUNTRY/ECONOMY VALUE Uganda 3.5 Sri Lanka 3.5 Turkey 3.5 Russian Federation 3.5 Jamaica 3.5 Croatia 3.5 Namibia 3.5 Italy 3.5 Venezuela 3.5 Serbia 3.4 Vietnam 3.4 Philippines 3.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.4 Honduras 3.4 Cameroon 3.3 Bahrain 3.3 Cambodia 3.3 Benin 3.3 Dominican Republic 3.3 Mali 3.3 Macedonia, FYR 3.3 Iran, Islamic Rep 3.2 Ecuador 3.2 Ghana 3.2 Burkina Faso 3.2 Mongolia 3.2 Mauritius 3.2 Tajikistan 3.2 Madagascar 3.2 Zimbabwe 3.2 Morocco 3.2 Peru 3.2 Slovak Republic 3.2 Kuwait 3.2 Azerbaijan 3.2 Bolivia 3.1 Nigeria 3.1 Cape Verde 3.1 Ethiopia 3.1 Lebanon 3.1 El Salvador 3.1 Guyana 3.1 Jordan 3.1 Romania 3.0 Bulgaria 3.0 Suriname 3.0 Chad 2.9 Kazakhstan 2.9 Greece 2.9 Nicaragua 2.8 Lesotho 2.8 Paraguay 2.8 Moldova 2.7 Armenia 2.7 Georgia 2.6 Bangladesh 2.6 Egypt 2.6 Nepal 2.6 Timor-Leste 2.6 Swaziland 2.5 Belize 2.5 Syria 2.4 Mauritania 2.4 Côte d’Ivoire 2.4 Algeria 2.3 Burundi 2.3 Angola 2.1 Albania 2.1 Haiti 2.0 Kyrgyz Republic 2.0 Yemen 1.5 SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum MEAN: 3.7 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 12.04 University-industry collaboration in R&D 517 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 518 12.05 Government procurement of advanced technology products Do government procurement decisions foster technological innovation in your country? [1 = no, not at all; = yes, extremely effectively] | 2010–11 weighted average RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 COUNTRY/ECONOMY VALUE MEAN: 3.6 Qatar 6.2 Singapore 5.4 Saudi Arabia 4.9 Malaysia 4.9 United Arab Emirates 4.8 Israel 4.8 Luxembourg 4.7 Finland 4.7 United States 4.7 Sweden 4.5 Taiwan, China 4.5 Oman 4.5 Rwanda 4.5 Switzerland 4.5 Sri Lanka 4.4 China 4.4 Bahrain 4.4 Iceland 4.4 Malta 4.3 Denmark 4.3 Gambia, The 4.3 Netherlands 4.3 Brunei Darussalam 4.3 Azerbaijan 4.2 Estonia 4.2 Austria 4.2 Hong Kong SAR 4.2 Portugal 4.2 Germany 4.2 Senegal 4.2 Korea, Rep 4.1 Japan 4.1 Montenegro 4.1 Indonesia 4.1 Canada 4.1 Belgium 4.1 Cyprus 4.1 Benin 4.1 Barbados 4.1 Cambodia 4.1 Vietnam 4.0 Tunisia 4.0 Norway 4.0 Cape Verde 4.0 Colombia 4.0 Panama 4.0 Chile 4.0 France 4.0 United Kingdom 3.9 Australia 3.9 Tajikistan 3.9 Brazil 3.9 Zambia 3.9 Uruguay 3.9 Ethiopia 3.8 Turkey 3.8 Botswana 3.8 Albania 3.8 Morocco 3.7 Mozambique 3.7 Iran, Islamic Rep 3.7 Mauritius 3.7 Kenya 3.7 Costa Rica 3.7 Mali 3.6 Uganda 3.6 Namibia 3.6 Tanzania 3.6 Puerto Rico 3.6 Jordan 3.6 New Zealand 3.6 RANK 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 COUNTRY/ECONOMY VALUE Thailand 3.6 Malawi 3.6 Guyana 3.5 Mexico 3.5 Georgia 3.5 Bulgaria 3.5 India 3.5 Cameroon 3.5 Honduras 3.5 Czech Republic 3.5 Ireland 3.4 Ecuador 3.4 Slovenia 3.4 Spain 3.4 Angola 3.4 Latvia 3.4 Burkina Faso 3.4 Mongolia 3.4 Hungary 3.4 Pakistan 3.4 Serbia 3.4 Kazakhstan 3.4 Dominican Republic 3.3 Ghana 3.3 Lithuania 3.3 Kuwait 3.3 Peru 3.3 Russian Federation 3.3 Poland 3.3 Madagascar 3.3 Jamaica 3.3 South Africa 3.3 Egypt 3.3 Nigeria 3.2 Timor-Leste 3.2 Bolivia 3.2 Trinidad and Tobago 3.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.2 Macedonia, FYR 3.1 Romania 3.1 Ukraine 3.1 Greece 3.0 Italy 3.0 Chad 3.0 Syria 3.0 Bangladesh 3.0 Guatemala 3.0 El Salvador 2.9 Suriname 2.9 Côte d’Ivoire 2.9 Croatia 2.9 Lesotho 2.8 Armenia 2.8 Belize 2.8 Philippines 2.8 Argentina 2.8 Paraguay 2.8 Slovak Republic 2.8 Zimbabwe 2.7 Mauritania 2.7 Moldova 2.6 Nepal 2.6 Nicaragua 2.6 Swaziland 2.5 Kyrgyz Republic 2.4 Algeria 2.4 Haiti 2.4 Venezuela 2.4 Burundi 2.3 Lebanon 2.3 Yemen 1.9 SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum MEAN: 3.6 To what extent are scientists and engineers available in your country? [1 = not at all; = widely available] | 2010–11 weighted average RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 COUNTRY/ECONOMY VALUE MEAN: 4.1 Finland 6.0 Japan 5.8 Sweden 5.6 United States 5.5 Taiwan, China 5.5 Iceland 5.4 Canada 5.4 Tunisia 5.4 Puerto Rico 5.4 Israel 5.3 France 5.3 Singapore 5.3 Belgium 5.2 United Kingdom 5.1 Switzerland 5.1 Greece 5.0 Netherlands 5.0 United Arab Emirates 4.9 Ireland 4.9 Jordan 4.9 India 4.9 Malaysia 4.9 Korea, Rep 4.9 Qatar 4.9 Denmark 4.9 Saudi Arabia 4.9 Austria 4.9 Norway 4.7 Chile 4.7 Lebanon 4.6 Spain 4.6 Costa Rica 4.6 China 4.6 Sri Lanka 4.6 Turkey 4.5 Morocco 4.5 Iran, Islamic Rep 4.5 Hungary 4.5 Portugal 4.5 Egypt 4.5 Germany 4.5 Czech Republic 4.5 Hong Kong SAR 4.5 Algeria 4.4 Indonesia 4.4 Madagascar 4.4 Cyprus 4.4 Côte d’Ivoire 4.4 Thailand 4.3 Cameroon 4.3 Ukraine 4.3 Italy 4.3 Azerbaijan 4.3 Benin 4.3 Bahrain 4.3 Senegal 4.2 Lithuania 4.2 Barbados 4.2 Romania 4.2 Australia 4.2 Trinidad and Tobago 4.2 Estonia 4.2 Syria 4.1 Kenya 4.1 Kuwait 4.1 Vietnam 4.1 Poland 4.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.1 New Zealand 4.1 Montenegro 4.1 Nigeria 4.1 RANK 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 COUNTRY/ECONOMY VALUE Russian Federation 4.0 Malawi 4.0 Slovak Republic 4.0 Argentina 4.0 Mongolia 4.0 Colombia 4.0 Bangladesh 3.9 Zambia 3.9 Malta 3.9 Luxembourg 3.9 Pakistan 3.9 Serbia 3.9 Guatemala 3.9 Mali 3.9 Mexico 3.9 Armenia 3.8 Croatia 3.8 Slovenia 3.8 Uganda 3.8 Brazil 3.8 Bulgaria 3.7 Tajikistan 3.7 Uruguay 3.7 Ghana 3.7 Latvia 3.7 Philippines 3.7 Rwanda 3.7 Oman 3.6 Chad 3.6 Burkina Faso 3.5 Peru 3.5 Suriname 3.5 Bolivia 3.5 Mauritania 3.5 Kazakhstan 3.4 Tanzania 3.4 Brunei Darussalam 3.4 Ecuador 3.4 Honduras 3.4 South Africa 3.4 Panama 3.4 Botswana 3.4 Macedonia, FYR 3.4 Cape Verde 3.3 Cambodia 3.3 Burundi 3.3 Mauritius 3.3 Venezuela 3.3 Georgia 3.3 Jamaica 3.3 Moldova 3.3 Gambia, The 3.2 Zimbabwe 3.2 Guyana 3.2 Albania 3.2 Ethiopia 3.1 Mozambique 3.1 Dominican Republic 3.1 Nepal 3.1 Nicaragua 3.0 El Salvador 2.9 Kyrgyz Republic 2.9 Namibia 2.8 Lesotho 2.8 Haiti 2.8 Paraguay 2.7 Yemen 2.5 Swaziland 2.5 Belize 2.4 Angola 2.4 Timor-Leste 2.3 SOURCE: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum MEAN: 4.1 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 12.06 Availability of scientists and engineers 519 2.2: Data Tables | Section XII: Innovation 520 12.07 USPTO patents grants Number of utility patents (i.e., patents for invention) granted in 2010, per million population | 2010 RANK 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 COUNTRY/ECONOMY VALUE RANK Taiwan, China 355.7 Japan .352.9 United States 339.4 Israel 249.2 Korea, Rep 240.6 Finland .215.7 Switzerland .211.6 Sweden 154.2 Germany 150.6 Canada 143.1 Singapore 125.6 Denmark 110.0 Netherlands .96.6 Austria .86.5 Norway 81.4 Australia 81.3 Belgium .76.6 Iceland .73.3 France 71.1 United Kingdom 69.5 Luxembourg 62.0 Hong Kong SAR 60.4 Ireland 54.8 New Zealand .39.1 Italy .29.9 Slovenia .12.0 Estonia 11.5 Spain .9.1 Hungary .9.1 Bulgaria 7.7 Malta .7.5 Malaysia 7.2 Czech Republic .7.1 Puerto Rico 6.0 Kuwait 4.5 Greece 4.2 Barbados .3.3 Slovak Republic 3.1 Trinidad and Tobago 3.1 Portugal .2.6 Lithuania 2.4 South Africa 2.3 Cyprus 2.2 Saudi Arabia 2.2 Croatia 2.0 China .2.0 Russian Federation .1.9 Uruguay .1.8 Costa Rica 1.7 United Arab Emirates 1.5 Jamaica 1.5 Latvia 1.4 Chile 1.3 Bahrain 1.3 Argentina .1.1 Poland 1.0 Lebanon 0.9 Mexico 0.9 India 0.9 Brazil .0.9 Panama 0.9 Romania 0.8 Thailand .0.7 Armenia .0.6 Georgia 0.5 Venezuela 0.4 Serbia 0.4 Philippines 0.4 Turkey 0.4 Oman 0.3 Ukraine 0.3 72 73 74 75 76 77 77 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 COUNTRY/ECONOMY VALUE Cameroon .0.2 Tunisia 0.2 Egypt 0.2 Paraguay .0.2 Colombia .0.1 Dominican Republic 0.1 Sri Lanka .0.1 Iran, Islamic Rep 0.1 Guatemala 0.1 Kazakhstan 0.1 Ghana 0.0 Peru .0.0 Morocco 0.0 Algeria 0.0 Indonesia .0.0 Kenya 0.0 Vietnam .0.0 Pakistan .0.0 Albania 0.0 Angola 0.0 Azerbaijan 0.0 Bangladesh 0.0 Belize 0.0 Benin 0.0 Bolivia 0.0 Bosnia and Herzegovina .0.0 Botswana 0.0 Brunei Darussalam 0.0 Burkina Faso 0.0 Burundi 0.0 Cambodia 0.0 Cape Verde 0.0 Chad 0.0 Côte d’Ivoire 0.0 Ecuador 0.0 El Salvador 0.0 Ethiopia 0.0 Gambia, The 0.0 Guyana 0.0 Haiti .0.0 Honduras .0.0 Jordan 0.0 Kyrgyz Republic 0.0 Lesotho 0.0 Macedonia, FYR 0.0 Madagascar 0.0 Malawi 0.0 Mali .0.0 Mauritania .0.0 Mauritius .0.0 Moldova 0.0 Mongolia .0.0 Montenegro 0.0 Mozambique 0.0 Namibia 0.0 Nepal 0.0 Nicaragua 0.0 Nigeria 0.0 Qatar .0.0 Rwanda 0.0 Senegal 0.0 Suriname .0.0 Swaziland 0.0 Syria 0.0 Tajikistan .0.0 Tanzania 0.0 Timor-Leste 0.0 Uganda 0.0 Yemen 0.0 Zambia 0.0 Zimbabwe .0.0 SOURCE: United States Patent and Trademark Office; United Nations Fund for Population The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum Technical Notes and Sources Technical Notes and Sources This section complements the data tables by providing additional information for those indicators that are not derived from the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey The number next to the variable corresponds to the number of the data table that shows the ranks and scores for all countries/economies on this particular indicator Indicators in Sections I through XII enter the composition of the Global Competitiveness Index 2011–2012 The data used in this Report represent the best available estimates at the time the Report was prepared It is possible that some data will have been updated or revised after publication Basic indicators 0.01 Gross domestic product Gross domestic product in billions of current US dollars | 2010 Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2011 edition); national sources 0.02 Population Total population in millions | 2010 Sources: United Nations Population Fund, State of World Population 2010; national sources 0.03 GDP per capita Gross domestic product per capita in current US dollars | 2010 Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2011 edition); national sources 0.04 GDP as a share of world GDP Gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity as a percentage of world GDP | 2010 Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2011 edition); national sources Section I: Institutions 1.21 Strength of investor protection Strength of Investor Protection Index on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2010 This variable is a combination of the Extent of disclosure index (transparency of transactions), the Extent of director liability index (liability for self-dealing), and the Ease of shareholder suit index (shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors for misconduct) Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs Section II: Infrastructure 2.06 Available airline seat kilometers Scheduled available airline seat kilometers per week originating in country (in millions) | 2011 This variable measures the total passenger-carrying capacity of all scheduled flights, including domestic flights, originating from a country It is computed by taking the number of seats available on each flight multiplied by the flight distance in kilometers, summing the result across all scheduled flights in a week during January (winter schedule) and July (summer schedule) 2011, and taking the average capacity of the two weeks Source: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser 2.08 Fixed telephone lines Number of active fixed telephone lines per 100 population | 2010 A fixed telephone line is an active line connecting the subscriber’s terminal equipment to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and that has a dedicated port in the telephone exchange equipment Active lines are those that have registered an activity in the past three months Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2011 (June 2011 edition) 2.09 Mobile telephone subscriptions Number of mobile cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 population | 2010 This measure refers to the subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service and provides access to public switched telephone network (PSTN) using cellular technology, including the number of pre-paid SIM cards active during the past three months This includes both analogue and digital cellular systems and 4G subscriptions, but excludes mobile broadband subscriptions via data cards or USB modems Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2011 (June 2011 edition) Section III: Macroeconomic environment 3.01 Government budget balance General government budget balance as a percentage of GDP | 2010 Net lending (+)/ borrowing (–) is calculated as general government revenue minus total expenditure This is a core Government Finance Statistics (GFS) balance that measures the extent to which general government is either putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy and nonresidents (net lending), or utilizing the financial resources generated by other sectors and nonresidents (net borrowing) This balance may be viewed as an indicator of the financial impact of general government activity on the rest of the economy and nonresidents Revenue consists of taxes, social contributions, grants receivable, and other revenue Revenue increases the government’s net worth, which is the difference between its assets and liabilities General government total expenditure consists of total expenses and the net acquisition of nonfinancial assets Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2011 edition); African Development Bank, African Statistical Yearbook 2011; AfricanEconomicOutlook.org (accessed July 1, 2011); national sources The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum 521 Technical Notes and Sources 3.02 Gross national savings 4.04 Tuberculosis incidence Gross national savings as a percentage of GDP | 2010 Aggregate national savings is defined as public- and privatesector savings as a percentage of nominal GDP National savings equals gross domestic investment plus the current-account balance Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2011 edition) and Public Information Notices (various issues); national sources 3.03 Inflation Annual percent change in consumer price index (year average) | 2010 Annual percent change in year average consumer price index Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2011 edition); national sources 3.04 Interest rate spread Average interest rate spread between typical lending and deposit rates | 2010 This measures the difference between the typical short-term lending and deposit rates Sources: International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics’ database (accessed July 17, 2011) and country tables (July 2011); Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (accessed July 17, 2011) Number of tuberculosis cases per 100,000 population | 2009 Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance Catalog (April 2011 edition); national sources 4.06 HIV prevalence HIV prevalence as a percentage of adults aged 15–49 years | 2009 Sources: UNAIDS, Global Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (2008 and 2010 editions); United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2007/2008; national sources 4.07 Infant mortality Infant (children aged 0–12 months) mortality per 1,000 live births | 2009 Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance Catalog (April 2011 edition); national sources 4.08 Life expectancy Life expectancy at birth (years) | 2009 Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance Catalog (April 2011 edition); national sources 3.05 Government debt 522 Gross general government debt as a percentage of GDP | 2010 Gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future This includes debt liabilities in the form of special drawing rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable Thus, all liabilities in the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares and financial derivatives and employee stock options Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2011 edition) and Public Information Notices (various issues); Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2011; Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (accessed July 17, 2011); national sources 4.10 Primary education enrollment rate Net primary education enrollment rate | 2008 The reported value corresponds to the ratio of children of official school age (as defined by the national education system) who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age Primary education (ISCED level 1) provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed May 4, 2011); UNICEF ChildInfo.org Country Profiles; UN Millennium Development Indicators; The World Bank, EdStats Database (accessed July 8, 2011); national sources Section V: Higher education and training 3.06 Country credit rating Expert assessment of the probability of sovereign debt default on a 0–100 (lowest probability) scale | March 2011 Institutional Investor’s Country Credit ratings developed by Investor Institutional Investor are based on information provided by senior economists and sovereign-debt analysts at leading global banks and money management and security firms Twice a year, the respondents grade each country on a scale of to 100, with 100 representing the least chance of default Source: © Institutional Investor, 2011 No further copying or transmission of this material is allowed without the express permission of Institutional Investor (publisher@institutionalinvestor.com) Section IV: Health and primary education 4.02 Malaria incidence 5.01 Secondary education enrollment rate Gross secondary education enrollment rate | 2008 The reported value corresponds to the ratio of total secondary enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the secondary education level Secondary education (ISCED levels and 3) completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims to lay the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skills-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed May 4, 2011); UNICEF ChildInfo.org Country Profiles; The World Bank, EdStats Database (accessed July 8, 2011); national sources and The World Development Indicators 2009 (CD-Rom edition) 5.02 Tertiary education enrollment rate Number of malaria cases per 100,000 population | 2006 Country data are provided only for economies in which malaria is considered to be endemic In the data table, “(NE)” denotes an economy where malaria is not endemic Incidence rates in Cape Verde and Jamaica are calculated based on reported cases, as countrywide estimates are not available Incidence rates in these two countries are likely to be underestimated Sources: World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2008; national sources Gross tertiary education enrollment rate | 2008 The reported value corresponds to the ratio of total tertiary enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the tertiary education level Tertiary education (ISCED levels and 6), whether or not leading to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed May 4, 2011); UNICEF ChildInfo.org Country Profiles; The World Bank, EdStats Database (accessed July 8, 2011); national sources and The World Development Indicators 2009 (CD-Rom edition) The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum Section VI: Goods market efficiency 6.05 Total tax rate This variable is a combination of profit tax (% of profits), labor tax and contribution (% of profits), and other taxes (% of profits) | 2010 The total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions payable by the business in the second year of operation, expressed as a share of commercial profits The total amount of taxes is the sum of five different types of taxes and contributions payable after accounting for deductions and exemptions: profit or corporate income tax, social contributions and labor taxes paid by the employer, property taxes, turnover taxes, and other small taxes For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, please visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/ Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs 6.06 Number of procedures required to start a business Number of procedures required to start a business | 2010 For details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, please visit http://www doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/ Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs 6.07 Time required to start a business Number of days required to start a business | 2010 For details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, please visit http://www doingbusiness.org/ methodologysurveys/ Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs 6.10 Trade tariffs Trade-weighted average tariff rate | 2010 This indicator is calculated as the average of the applied tariff rates, including preferential rates that a country applies to the rest of the world The trade pattern of the importing country’s reference group (2007 data) is used as a weighting Source: International Trade Centre 6.14 Imports as a percentage of GDP Imports of goods and services as a percentage of gross domestic product | 2010 Source: World Trade Organization, Statistics Database: Time Series on International Trade (accessed July 4, 2011); Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (accessed July 4, 2011) Section VII: Labor market efficiency 7.03 Rigidity of employment Rigidity of Employment Index on a 0–100 (worst) scale | 2009 This index is the average of three subindexes: Difficulty of hiring, Rigidity of hours, and Difficulty of firing The three subindexes have several components and all take values between and 100, with higher values indicating more rigid regulation Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2010: Reforming Through Difficult Times 7.05 Redundancy costs Redundancy costs in weeks of salary | 2009 This variable estimates the cost of advance notice requirements, severance payments, and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weekly wages Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2010: Reforming Through Difficult Times Ratio of female participation in the labor force (%) to male participation in the labor force (%) | 2009 This measure is the percentage of women aged 15–64 participating in the labor force divided by the percentage of men aged 15–64 participating in the labor force Sources: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labor Markets Net (accessed May 4, 2011); national sources Technical Notes and Sources 7.09 Female participation in labor force Section VIII: Financial market development 8.08 Legal rights index Degree of legal protection of borrowers and lenders’ rights on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2010 This index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect borrowers and lenders’ rights and thus facilitate lending Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs Section IX: Technological readiness 9.04 Internet users Percentage of individuals using the Internet | 2010 Internet users refers to people using the Internet from any device (including mobile phones) in the last 12 months Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2011 (June 2011 edition) 9.05 Broadband Internet subscriptions Number of fixed broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 population | 2010 Fixed (wired) broadband Internet subscriptions refers to subscriptions to high-speed access to the public Internet (a TCP/IP connection), at downstream speeds equal to, or greater than, 256 kb/s This can include, for example, cable modem, DSL, fiber-to-the-home/building, and other fixed (wired) broadband subscriptions This total is measured irrespective of the method of payment It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile cellular networks Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2011 (June 2011 edition) 9.06 Internet bandwidth International Internet bandwidth (kb/s)/capita | 2010 Internet bandwidth is measured as the sum of the capacity of all Internet exchanges offering international bandwidth The data were rescaled for the sake of readability The capacity is measured in kilobits per second (kb/s) per capita Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2011 (June 2011 edition) Section X: Market size 10.01 Domestic market size index Sum of gross domestic product plus value of imports of goods and services, minus value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2010 The size of the domestic market is calculated as the natural log of the sum of the gross domestic product valued at PPP plus the total value (PPP estimates) of imports of goods and services, minus the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services Data are then normalized on a 1–7 scale PPP estimates of imports and exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at PPP Source: Authors’ calculation For more details, refer to the appendix to Chapter 1.1 of this Report The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum 523 Technical Notes and Sources 10.02 Foreign market size index Value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2010 The size of the foreign market is estimated as the natural log of the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 scale PPP estimates of exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at PPP Source: Authors’ calculation For more details, refer to the appendix to Chapter 1.1 of this Report 10.03 GDP (PPP) Gross domestic product valued at purchasing power parity in billions of international dollars | 2010 Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2011 edition); national sources 10.04 Exports as a percentage of GDP Exports of goods and services as a percentage of gross domestic product | 2010 Sources: World Trade Organization, Statistics Database: Time Series on International Trade (accessed July 4, 2011); Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData Database (accessed July 4, 2011) Section XII: Innovation 12.07 USPTO patents grants 524 Number of utility patents (i.e., patents for invention) granted in 2010, per million population | 2010 Utility patents are recorded such that the origin of the patent is determined by the first-named inventor at the time of the grant Sources: United States Patent and Trademark Office; United Nations Fund for Population The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum About the Authors About the Authors Beñat Bilbao-Osorio Beñat Bilbao-Osorio is Associate Director and Economist with the Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance at the World Economic Forum In this capacity, he carries out research on national competitiveness issues with a special focus on Latin America and Iberia In addition, he analyzes the role of innovation and information and communication technologies in fostering competitiveness, and is co-editor of The Global Information Technology Report Prior to joining the Forum, Dr BilbaoOsorio worked at the Directorate-General for Research & Innovation of the European Commission, where he was responsible for economic analysis on European Innovation Policy; at the Directorates of Science, Technology and Industry, and Education of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on innovationrelated topics; and at the International Trade Centre (UNCTAD/WTO) on international trade competitiveness analysis His main research fields are innovation, skills, ICT, and economic development, where he has published extensively Dr Bilbao-Osorio holds a degree in Economics from the Universidad Comercial de Deusto (Spain), a Master in European Studies from the Université Catholique de Louvain (Belgium), and a PhD in Economic Geography from the London School of Economic and Political Science (UK) Jennifer Blanke Jennifer Blanke is Senior Director, Lead Economist, and Head of the Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance at the World Economic Forum Since joining the team in 2002, she has written and lectured extensively on issues related to national competitiveness and has edited a number of competitiveness reports, with a particular regional focus on Western Europe and subSaharan Africa From 1998 to 2002, she was Senior Programme Manager responsible for developing the business, management, and technology sections of the World Economic Forum’s Annual Meeting in Davos Before joining the Forum, Dr Blanke worked for a number of years as a management consultant for Eurogroup, Mazars Group in Paris, France, where she specialized in banking and financial market organizations Dr Blanke obtained a Master of International Affairs from Columbia University and an MA and a PhD in International Economics from the Graduate Institute of International Studies (Geneva) Ciara Browne Ciara Browne is Associate Director with the Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance at the World Economic Forum, where her responsibilities include managing the network of Partner Institutes worldwide and coordinating the Executive Opinion Survey process Ms Browne is also involved in the production of the The Global Competitiveness Report and the Centre’s other benchmarking studies She works closely with the Forum’s media team in conveying the findings of the various competitiveness reports to the media and the public Before joining the Forum, she served for several years with the International Organization for Migration, where she worked for a mass claims processing program She has a BA (Hons) degree from the University of Manchester (UK) Roberto Crotti Roberto Crotti is a Junior Quantitative Economist with the Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance at the World Economic Forum His responsibilities include the computation of a range of indexes as well as data analysis for various projects and studies His main areas of expertise are quantitative research, forecasting, macroeconomics, and public economics Prior to joining the Forum, he worked as an Analyst in the private consulting and forecasting sector Mr Crotti holds an undergraduate degree in Economics / Economic Policy from Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan, Italy, and an MA in Economics from Boston University in the United States The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum 525 About the Authors 526 Brindusa Fidanza Brindusa Fidanza is Associate Director of Environmental Initiatives at the World Economic Forum She engages business, governments, and experts in developing tailormade project and programmatic approaches to catalyzing private capital into low-carbon infrastructure in developing countries through the Green Growth Partnership initiative She is a regular contributor to low-carbon and green growth reports, and facilitates private-sector input into the Clean Energy Ministerial process and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Most recently, she led the Critical Mass initiative for scaling up lowcarbon infrastructure financing for developing countries and was a facilitator of the Task Force on Low-Carbon Prosperity, which reported on building blocks of the lowcarbon economy to the UK G-20 presidency in 2009 Before joining the Forum, Ms Fidanza worked in corporate affairs with RJ Reynolds International on governmental capacity building with the Centre for Applied Studies in International Negotiations, and on trade and environment issues with the UN Economic Commission for Europe She holds an MA in International Relations from the Graduate Institute of International Relations (Geneva) and an MA in Global Ecology and Sustainable Development from the Graduate Institute of Development Studies (Geneva) She is a 2011 graduate of the Global Leadership Programme of the World Economic Forum Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz is Director and Senior Economist with the Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance at the World Economic Forum, where she researches and writes on issues of national competitiveness, especially those related to the Arab world, Eastern Europe, and international trade She is lead author or editor of a number of regional and topical reports and papers, including The Global Enabling Trade Report Previously she oversaw the economic modeling for some of the Forum’s scenario projects and was charged with developing the economics section of the program for the World Economic Forum’s Annual Meeting in Davos Before joining the Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance, Dr Drzeniek Hanouz worked for several years with the International Trade Centre in Geneva, where she was in charge of relations with Central and Eastern European countries Dr Drzeniek Hanouz received a Diploma in Economics from the University of Münster and holds a PhD in International Economics from the University of Bochum, both in Germany Thierry Geiger Thierry Geiger is Economist and Associate Director with the Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance and an alumnus of the Global Leadership Fellow Programme at the World Economic Forum His responsibilities include the development and computation of a wide range of composite indicators as well as analysis for regional and topical projects His areas of expertise are benchmarking, applied economics, data visualization, and international trade, while his geographical focus is Asia He is a co-author of The Global Competitiveness Report, The Global Information Technology Report, and The Global Enabling Trade Report He is the lead author of the recently released Indonesia Competitiveness Report 2011 A Swiss national, Mr Geiger holds a BA in Economics from the University of Geneva with a specialization in monetary and financial economics, and an MA in Economics from the University of British Columbia Prior to joining the Forum, he worked for the World Trade Organization and Caterpillar Inc He is Co-Founder of Procab Studio, a Geneva-based IT company Xavier Sala-i-Martin Xavier Sala-i-Martin is a Professor in the Department of Economics at Columbia University He was previously Associate Professor at the Department of Economics at Yale University and a Visiting Professor at Universitat Pompeum Fabra His research interests include economic growth, macroeconomics, public finance and social security, health and population economics, monetary economics, poverty, inequality, estimation of the world distribution of income, and measuring competitiveness He is a consultant on growth and competitiveness for a number of countries, international institutions, and corporations Professor Sala-i-Martin is a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research He earned his MA and PhD, both in Economics, from Harvard University He collaborates closely with the World Economic Forum in his capacity as Chief Advisor to the Centre for Global Competitiveness and Performance The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum Acknowledgments The World Economic Forum would like to thank the Africa Commission and FedEx for their invaluable support of this Report Report The Africa Commission was launched by the Prime Minister of Denmark in 2008 to help Africa benefit more from globalization The Commission consisted of Heads of State and governments, politicians, experts, and representatives from international and regional organizations as well as the business community, civil society and the academic world The majority of the Commissioners were from Africa, which reflected the Commission’s overriding commitment to ensure African ownership of its recommendations and initiatives The Africa Commission presented its findings in the report Realising the Potential of Africa’s Youth, which was published in May 2009 Drawing on existing analyses and best practices, the Africa Commission presented specific policy recommendations and launched five international initiatives aimed at creating jobs for young men and women in Africa through private sector–led growth and improved competitiveness of African economies Special emphasis was given to creating decent jobs, fostering entrepreneurship, and providing greater opportunities through education, skills development and access to finance For further information about the Africa Commission, visit www.africacommission.um.dk FedEx continues to support the World Economic Forum’s annual Global Competitiveness Report by providing reliable global distribution services In addition, we support the World Economic Forum’s dedication to improving the state of the world by engaging leaders in regulatory, industry, and economic cooperation FedEx is committed to advancing Access Access makes all forms of interaction and exchange possible between people, businesses and nations Access is powered by anything that makes it easier for people and businesses to connect with each other—from digital connections to the ability to ship packages all over the world We believe that when Access expands, it creates an effect in local communities all over the world, causing economies to flourish, employment to increase and communities to prosper FedEx Corp (NYSE: FDX) provides customers and businesses worldwide with a broad portfolio of transportation, e-commerce, and business services With annual revenues of $39 billion, the company offers integrated business applications through operating companies competing collectively and managed collaboratively, under the respected FedEx brand Consistently ranked among the world’s most admired and trusted employers, FedEx inspires its more than 290,000 team members to remain “absolutely, positively” focused on safety, the highest ethical and professional standards, and the needs of their customers and communities For more information, visit www.news.fedex.com The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum 527 The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report series has evolved over the last three decades into the world’s most respected assessment of national competitiveness This year’s Report comes out amid multiple challenges to the global economy and a continuing shift in the balance of economic activity away from advanced economies and toward emerging markets Policymakers are struggling to find ways to manage the present economic challenges while preparing their economies to perform well in an increasingly complex global landscape The present context makes it more important than ever for countries to put into place the fundamentals underpinning growth and development The Global Competitiveness Report 2011–2012 contributes to this process by providing a detailed analysis of the productive potential of nations worldwide The Report offers policymakers, business executives, and academics, as well as the public at large, valuable insights into the policies, institutions, and factors that enable robust economic development and long-term prosperity Produced in collaboration with leading academics and a global network of Partner Institutes, The Global Competitiveness Report 2011–2012 offers users a unique dataset on a broad array of competitiveness indicators for a record number of 142 economies The data used in the Report are obtained from leading international sources as well as from the World Economic Forum’s annual Executive Opinion Survey, a distinctive source that captures the perceptions of several thousand business leaders on topics related to national competitiveness The Report presents the rankings of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), developed by Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martin and introduced in 2005 The GCI is based on 12 pillars of competitiveness, providing a comprehensive picture of the competitiveness landscape in countries around the world at different stages of economic development The Report also contains detailed profiles highlighting competitive strengths and weaknesses for each of the 142 economies featured, as well as an extensive section of data tables displaying relative rankings for more than 100 variables The Report also features discussions on selected regions and topics These include an analysis of the effects of debt crises on competitiveness, a review of the innovation challenge for Latin America, and competitiveness trends and prospects for sub-Saharan Africa An important addition to this year’s Report is a chapter describing the World Economic Forum’s preliminary work aimed at integrating the concept of economic, social, and environmental sustainability more fully into its competitiveness research Cover design: Neil Weinberg Cover art: Getty Images; Corbis Images; Corbis Images; Getty Images ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-74-6 The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum ... notably The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum 1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2011–2012 CHAPTER 1.1 1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2011–2012 in the. .. The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum 1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2011–2012 Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2011–2012 (cont’d.) 17 1.1: The. .. The Global Competitiveness Index 2011–2012 Table 6: The Global Competitiveness Index 2011–2012: Efficiency enhancers (cont’d.) 21 1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2011–2012 22 Table 7: The