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CHOLERA
Edited by Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder
Cholera
Edited by Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
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Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the
accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no
responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any
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Publishing Process Manager Sandra Bakic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team
First published March, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Cholera, Edited by Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0415-5
Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Epidemiology 1
Chapter 1 Cholera and Spatial Epidemiology 3
Frank B Osei, Alfred A Duker and Alfred Stein
Chapter 2 Evaluating Spatial and Space-Time Clustering
of Cholera in Ashanti-Region-Ghana 19
Frank B Osei, Alfred A Duker and Alfred Stein
Chapter 3 Cholera in Lao P. D. R.: Past and Present 33
Satoshi Nakamura, Yutaka Midorikawa, Masami Nakatsu,
Toru Watanabe, Rattanaphone Phethsouvanh,
Phengta Vongphrachanh, Kongsap Akkhavong and Paul Brey
Part 2 Biology of Vibrio Cholera 57
Chapter 4 Vibrio cholerae Flagellar Synthesis and Virulence 59
Anastasia R. Rugel and Karl E. Klose
Chapter 5 Genetic Analysis of CTX Prophage
and Antibiotic Resistance Determinants
in Vibrio cholerae O1 Belonging
to the Atypical El Tor Biotype from Kelantan, Malaysia 75
Choo Yee Yu, Geik Yong Ang and Chan Yean Yean
Chapter 6 Integration of Global Regulatory Mechanisms
Controlling Vibrio Cholerae Behavior 91
Jorge A. Benitez and Anisia J. Silva
Part 3 Cholera Toxin and Antagonists 127
Chapter 7 The Cholera Toxin
as a Biotechnological Tool 129
Olivera Noelia, Maia Cédola and Ricardo M Gómez
VI Contents
Chapter 8 Brefeldin A and Exo1 Completely Releave
the Block of Cholera Toxin Action
by a Dipeptide Metalloendoprotease Substrate 153
Davy Vanden Broeck and Marc J.S. De Wolf
Chapter 9 Structure Based Design of Cholera Toxin Antagonists 177
Črtomir Podlipnik and Jose J. Reina
Part 4 Treatment 201
Chapter 10 Evidence Based Treatment of Cholera:
A review of Existing Literature 203
Marzia Lazzerini
Preface
On 21 October, 2010 Haitian public health authorities confirmed an outbreak of
cholera. Ten months later the toll of this outbreak tallied 386,429 cases, including 5,885
deaths, with the outbreak spreading to the neighboring Dominican Republic and
Florida, United States. Cholera is a world problem. One of the most basic lessons,
which was so elegantly restated in an editorial in the New England Journal of
Medicine, is that no one should lack access to clean water and sanitation. If we are to
control and ultimately eradicate the deadly threat of cholera, the approach must
include healthcare workers, scientists, and general public. The book Cholera focuses
on various aspects of this disease with information significant for all people, from
scientist and educators to general public.
This book is comprised of four parts: Epidemiology, Biology of Vibrio cholerae,
Cholera Toxin, and Antagonists and Treatment. First two parts describe the history of
cholera, its geographical distribution, mode of transmission, and structural and
functional activities of V. cholerae. The third part deals with cholera toxin in a study of
antagonist drugs used to treat cholera. The author's detailed discussion of the
structural and functional aspects of cholera toxin paves the way for future drug
discovery to both prevent and cure cholera. In addition to W.H.O. and other
regulatory treatment regimens, the fourth part adds to an overall understanding of
current methods and potential areas for enhancement of outcomes for the welfare of
individuals and society. Some key points of interest in Cholera include: the emergence
of an epidemiologically dominant new strain of V. cholerae, the importance of the
bacterial flagellum, biotechnological utilities of cholera toxin and methods to design
cholera drugs, and the spatial epidemiologic tools applied in cholera studies. This
book is a significant resource not only for cholera researchers but also for scientists,
physicians, healthcare professionals, faculty and students, local administrators, and
general public and it is my privilege to present this book.
I extend my gratitude to my mother, my late father and my brothers for introducing
me to higher education. My thanks to higher authorities, and colleagues of Qassim
University for their motivation to carry out this project. I am indebted to my wife
Anitha for her encouragement and technical support for this project. I also
acknowledge the interest and commitment from the Publishing Process Manager at
InTech, Ms. Irena Voric, whose patience and focus were an immense support in this
X Preface
project. Finally, I express deep and sincere gratitude to all the authors for their
valuable contributions and scholarly cooperation for timely completion of this book.
Dr. Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder
Department of Pharmacology & Biochemistry,
Al-Qassim University,
College of Pharmacy, Buraidah,
Saudi Arabia
. CHOLERA
Edited by Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder
Cholera
Edited by Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder
Published by InTech. copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Cholera, Edited by Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0415-5
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