RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON THE FUTURE OF EU COPYRIGHT RESEARCH HANDBOOKS IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Series Editor: Jeremy Phillips, Intellectual Property Consultant, Olswang, Research Director, Intellectual Property Institute and co-founder, IP Kat weblog Under the general editorship and direction of Jeremy Phillips comes this important new Handbook series of high quality, original reference works that cover the broad pillars of intellectual property law: trademark law, patent law and copyright law – as well as less developed areas, such as geographical indications, and the increasing intersection of intellectual property with other fields Taking an international and comparative approach, these Handbooks, each edited by leading scholars in the respective field, will comprise specially commissioned contributions from a select cast of authors, bringing together renowned figures with up-and-coming younger authors Each will offer a wide-ranging examination of current issues in intellectual property that is unrivalled in its blend of critical, innovative thinking and substantive analysis, and in its synthesis of contemporary research Each Handbook will stand alone as an invaluable source of reference for all scholars of intellectual property, as well as for practising lawyers who wish to engage with the discussion of ideas within the field Whether used as an information resource on key topics, or as a platform for advanced study, these Handbooks will become definitive scholarly reference works in intellectual property law Titles in the series include: Copyright Law A Handbook of Contemporary Research Edited by Paul Torremans Trademark Law and Theory A Handbook of Contemporary Research Edited by Graeme Dinwoodie and Mark D Janis Patent Law and Theory A Handbook of Contemporary Research Edited by Toshiko Takenaka Research Handbook on the Future of EU Copyright Edited by Estelle Derclaye Research Handbook on the Future of EU Copyright Edited by Estelle Derclaye Associate Professor and Reader in Intellectual Property Law, University of Nottingham, UK RESEARCH HANDBOOKS IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK ã Northampton, MA, USA â The Editor and Contributors Severally 2009 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc William Pratt House Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2008937416 ISBN 978 84720 392 Typeset by Cambrian Typesetters, Camberley, Surrey Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Contents List of contributors Table of cases vii ix Introduction Estelle Derclaye Copyright without frontiers: the problem of territoriality in European copyright law P Bernt Hugenholtz Copyright’s fundamental rights dimension at EU level Christophe Geiger Subject matter Tanya Aplin The subject-matter for film protection in Europe Pascal Kamina The requirement of originality Ramón Casas Vallés From idea to fixation: a view of protected works Antoine Latreille Duration of copyright Yves Gaubiac, Brigitte Lindner and John N Adams Authorship, ownership, wikiship: copyright in the 21st century Jeremy Phillips Economic rights Ansgar Ohly 10 Moral rights Willem Grosheide 11 The moral right of integrity Jacques de Werra 12 Dealing with rights in copyright-protected works: assignments and licences Andreas Rahmatian 13 The issue of exceptions: reshaping the keys to the gates in the territory of literary, musical and artistic creation Marie-Christine Janssens 14 Private copy levies and technical protection of copyright: the uneasy accommodation of two conflicting logics Séverine Dusollier and Caroline Ker v 12 27 49 77 102 133 148 193 212 242 267 286 317 349 vi Research handbook on the future of EU copyright 15 Collective management of copyright and related rights: achievements and problems of institutional efforts towards harmonisation Maria Mercedes Frabboni 16 Copyright protection of computer programs Jon Bing 17 The protection of databases Matthias Leistner 18 Choice of law in EU copyright directives Paul Torremans 19 Overlap/relationships between copyright and other intellectual property rights Antoon Quaedvlieg 20 Relationship between copyright and contract law Lucie Guibault 21 European competition law and copyright: where we stand? Where we go? Valérie Laure Benabou 22 Do whiffs of misappropriation and standards for slavish imitation weaken the foundations of IP law? Anselm Kamperman Sanders 23 Access to knowledge under the international copyright regime, the WIPO development agenda and the European Communities’ new external trade and IP policy Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan By way of conclusion: what next? Estelle Derclaye Index 373 401 427 457 480 517 543 567 575 614 625 Contributors John N Adams, Professor Emeritus University of Sheffield, Adjunct Professor University of Notre Dame, Barrister at Law Tanya Aplin, Reader in Intellectual Property Law, King’s College London Valérie Laure Benabou, Director of the DANTE Laboratory, Professor, University of Versailles Jon Bing, Professor, Norwegian Research Centre for Computers and Law, University of Oslo Ramón Casas Vallés, Professor of Private Law, University of Barcelona Jacques de Werra, Professor of Intellectual Property Law and of Contract Law and Co-Director of the Art Law Centre, University of Geneva Séverine Dusollier, Professor, University of Namur Maria Mercedes Frabboni, Queen Mary, University of London Yves Gaubiac, Attorney, Kimbrough & Associés, Lecturer, University Pantheon-Assas, Paris 2, University of Evry Val d’Essonne, General Secretary of International Literary and Artistic Association (ALAI), Editor in Chief of the Revue Internationale du Droit d’Auteur (RIDA) Christophe Geiger, Associate Professor, Director of the Centre for International Industrial Property Studies (CEIPI), the University of Strasbourg Willem Grosheide, Professor of Intellectual Property Law, Molengraaf Institute for Private Law/Centre for Intellectual Property Law (CIER), University of Utrecht Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan, Senior Research Fellow, Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law, Munich Lucie Guibault, Senior Researcher, Institute for Information Law (IViR), University of Amsterdam vii viii Research handbook on the future of EU copyright P Bernt Hugenholtz, Professor of Intellectual Property Law, University of Amsterdam, and Director, Institute for Information Law (IViR) Marie-Christine Janssens, Professor of Intellectual Property Law, Catholic University of Leuven Pascal Kamina, Associate Professor (Mtre de conférences), University of Poitiers, Attorney, Paris Bar Anselm Kamperman Sanders, Professor of Intellectual Property Law, Maastricht University, Academic Director of the IEEM Intellectual Property Law School, Macau Caroline Ker, Assistant and Researcher, Centre of Research in Computer and IT Law (CRID), University of Namur Antoine Latreille, Professor, Université Paris-Sud 11, Co-director of the research centre CERDI and of the Master DI2C Matthias Leistner, Professor of Civil Intellectual Property Law and Competition Law and Director of the Institute for Commercial Law, University of Bonn Brigitte Lindner, Rechtsanwältin, Registered European Lawyer, Serle Court, London Ansgar Ohly, Professor of Private Law and Intellectual Property Law, the University of Bayreuth Jeremy Phillips, Intellectual Property Consultant, Olswang; Editor, Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (OUP); Professorial Fellow, Queen Mary Intellectual Property Research Institute; co-blogmeister, The IPKat weblog (www.ipkat.com) Antoon Quaedvlieg, Professor of Law, University of Nijmegen Andreas Rahmatian, Lecturer in Law, University of Leicester Paul Torremans, Professor of Intellectual Property Law, School of Law, University of Nottingham, Professor of Private International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Ghent Table of cases European Court of Justice Advocaten voor de Wereld Case C303/05 [2007] ECR I-03633 28 Arsenal Football Club plc v Matthew Reed Case C-206/01 OJ [2002] C323/22 571 Basset v SACEM Case C-402/85 [1987] CMLR 173 312 Benetton/G-Star Case C-371/06 20 Sep 2007 510 BHB v Hill Case C-203/02 [2004] ECR I-10415 430, 432, 434, 435, 436, 437–46, 448, 450, 451, 454, 455 Booker Aquaculture Ltd, Hydro Seafood GSP Ltd and the Scottish Ministers Joined Cases C-20 & 64/00 ECR [2003] I-7411 31 Bristol Myers Squibb v Paranova 11 July 1996 [1996] ECR I-3457 491 British Horseracing Board and Others v William Hill Organisation Ltd Case C-203/02 [2005] ECDR 1, Media en Informatierecht 2005, 36–7 129, 202, 550, 570 Bronner v Mediaprint Case C-7/97 [1998] ECR I-00791 447 BRT/SABAM (BRT II) Case 127/73 ECJ [1973] 313 546, 559 Canon Case C-39/97 [1998] ECR I-5507 491 Carosello v Butterfly Case C-60/98, GRUR Int 1999, 868 16 Coditel I Case 62/79 [1980] ECR 881 20, 21 Coditel II Case 262/81 [1982] ECR 3381 24, 548 Commission v Ireland Case C-175/05 [2007] ECR I-3 224 Commission v Italy Case C-198/05 [2006] ECR I-107 224 Commission v Portugal Case C-53/05 [2006] ECR I-6215 224 Commission v Portugal Case C61/05 [2006] ECR I-6779 224 Commission v Spain Case C-36/05 [2006] ECR I-10313 224 Deutsche Grammophon v Metro Case 78/70 [1971] ECR 487 1, 20, 545, 547, 614 Dior v Evora see Parfums Christian Dior/Evora Egeda v Hoasa Case C-293/98 [2000] ECR I-629 227 Egmont et al v Laserdisken Case C-61/97 [1998] ECR I-5271 224 EMI-Electrola GmbH v Patricia Imund Export Verwaltungs gesellschaft mbH et al Case 341/87 ECR [1989] 79 18, 222 Fixtures Marketing Ltd v Organismos prognostikon agonon podosfairou AE (OPAP) Case C-444/02, Grand Chamber Nov 2004 60, 61, 62, 129, 202, 432, 436, 550 Fixtures Marketing Ltd v Oy Veikkaus Ab Case C-46/02 129, 202, 432, 436, 550 ix Index 629 technology transfer 547 United Kingdom 63–4, 67, 71 United States 67, 74–5 computers and fixation as evidence 147 conflict of laws see private international law conjuring tricks 146 constitutions, national 34, 37, 45 consultants 412 consumer protection 534–6 contemporary art 58, 70, 71 contract law authors and producers 518–19 acquis communautaire and authors 519–21 national disparities and Internal Market 522–5 online uses 522 restrictive exploitation contracts 521–22 scope for harmonisation 525–7 waiver of moral rights 264, 265, 266, 274–8, 291, 521–2, 523 collecting societies see collective rights management computer programs 415–16, 417, 421, 519–20, 528, 537 conclusion 541–2 copyright exceptions and 340–44, 528–9, 537–41 databases 452, 520, 529, 537 employees 291, 411–12, 476 ideas, protection of 139 introduction 517–18 law applicable 524 rights owners and end-users 527–8 acquis communautaire and end-user contracts 528–31 balance of interests, preserving 533–41 codes of conduct 541 consumer protection rule 534–6 imperative limitations 340–44, 537–41 regulating contracts 536–7 restrictive licensing practices 531–3 waiver of moral rights 264, 265, 266, 274–8, 291, 521–2, 523 see also transfer of rights Copyright and Droit d’auteur 129, 212, 242–4, 618, 619 closed and open list approaches 54, 57, 58, 67–76, 142 contracts 523, 539 protection of authors and performers 522 economic rights 213 film production 77, 99 fixation 133, 144–5, 146–7 moral rights 242–4, 250–53, 265, 291–2, 295–7, 463 neighbouring/related rights 111, 293 originality 109–14, 119, 123, 128, 288–90, 293–4, 484 use of rights 287–98 wikis 197–8 craftsmanship, artistic photo-shoot scene 68–9 criminal law 414 France 151, 158 cultural diversity 19, 238, 266, 398, 399, 564 customary international law 33 Cyprus 97 Czech Republic 91 Czechoslovakia 250 data security back-up copies 416–18, 619–20 database right see sui generis right databases 51, 53 computer programs and 60, 408, 412 copyright work 198 duration 155–6 overlap with sui generis right 483, 485, 514–15 ownership 515–16 wikis 199–201 definition 59–63, 65–6, 75, 198 Directive 13, 16, 58, 59–63, 127–9, 486 author, definition of 204, 515–16 contractual relations 520, 529, 537 economic rights 214, 221, 226 exceptions 326, 342 implementation 65–6, 155, 537, 569–70 rights 198–203, 483 630 Research handbook on the future of EU copyright duration of copyright France 155–7 Germany 170, 173 economic rights adaptation right 233 distribution right 221 performance right 226 reproduction right 214 exceptions and limitations 326, 328, 332, 342, 529, 537 overlapping rights 514–15 multimedia United Kingdom 71 originality 108, 127–9, 131, 486 ownership 515–16 sui generis see sui generis right TRIPS Agreement 584–7 wikis 198–9 as copyright work 199–201 as sui generis work 201–3 Dead Sea Scrolls 116 decompilation 419, 422–4 defamation 251 Denmark 64, 91, 123, 126 exceptions 331, 541 design law 26, 130, 135, 178 Directive 498–9, 500–502 overlapping IP rights 480, 481–2, 483, 493, 508 exclusion 498–502 developing countries 320 knowledge see access to knowledge Tunis Model Law on Copyright 106, 117 digital rights management (DRM) 196, 360–61, 392, 564 contractual relations 527–8, 531, 532, 533 free trade agreements 606 digital transmission, nature of 225 directives 12, 13–17, 256–7, 621–2 competition law 549–51 criticism against use of 348 e-commerce 234, 420, 541 ECHR and 38–9 enforcement 13, 16, 278 fundamental rights 28, 38–40 moral rights 258 online music 393, 395, 398 resale right 13, 16, 129–30, 230–32 television broadcasting 272–4 trademarks 488–9, 490, 495–7, 501, 508, 510, 511–12 unfair contract terms 535 see also Information Society Directive; Term Directive; see also under computer programs; databases; rental and lending right; satellite broadcasting; sui generis right distribution right 213, 219–23, 240, 420–22 documentaries 90, 92, 93, 94 background 79, 82, 84, 85 dramatic works 49, 56 film production 79, 80, 81 Germany 84 United Kingdom 54, 56, 71, 80, 82–4, 92–3, 97, 98 photo-shoot scene 68–9 United Kingdom 54 duration 175–7, 180–81, 186, 188 Droit d’auteur and Copyright 129, 212, 242–4, 618, 619 closed and open list approaches 54, 57, 58, 67–76, 142 contracts 523, 539 protection of authors and performers 522 economic rights 213 film production 77, 99 fixation 133, 144–5, 146–7 moral rights 242–4, 291–2, 295–7, 463 neighbouring/related rights 111, 293 originality 109–14, 119, 123, 128, 288–90, 293–4, 484 wikis 197–8 duration 16, 17, 614, 622–4 film production 95–6, 97–8 Germany 165 United Kingdom 83–4, 97–8 France 149 diversity of terms: new rights 153–9 increase in term 150–53 moral rights 150 Germany 159 conclusion 174 photographs 166–9, 170 Index 631 related rights 169–74 works in general 159–66 introduction 148 moral rights 251, 252, 264, 280–81 France 48, 150, 260, 280, 296 Germany 263 United Kingdom 192, 264 photographs 59, 85 United Kingdom 174–5 conclusion 185–6 derivative works 182–5, 189–92 original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works 175–82, 186–9 revival of copyright 185 table 186–92 e-commerce Directive 234, 420, 541 economic rights 26, 619 communication to public, right of 224–9, 240 conclusion 240–41 critical analysis acquis and open questions 232–5 interpretation: favor auctoris or level playing field 238–40 law: precision vs flexibility 235–8 distribution right 213, 219–23, 240 introduction 212–13 monist and dualist views 249, 260, 262, 296–7 rental and lending right 223–4 reproduction right 213–19, 240 resale right (droit de suite) 229–32, 479 waiver 312–13 economics 581, 583 choice of law 474 collecting societies 376–7 competition law 544, 557, 559–61, 565, 566 economies of scale and scope 376 employees 157, 291, 294–5, 411–12, 475–6 encrypted transmissions 23 enforcement Directive 13, 16, 278 right of integrity 278–9 engravings 55, 180–81, 187, 188 Estonia 91 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 27–8, 29–30, 31, 33–4 art 8: privacy 32 art 10: freedom of creation 47–8 art 10: freedom of expression 32–3, 44–5, 46, 532–3 art 10: public’s right to information 44, 45, 47 directives and 38–9 Protocol 1, art 1: right to property 29, 32, 35, 148, 248 European Patent Convention (EPC) 138 evidence fixation as 146–7 exceptions and limitations 615 background 324–6 international 319–23 choice of law 467 conclusion 347–8 fundamental rights 343 InfoSoc Directive: art 326–9 distortion: art 333–4 implementation 329–32 major criticism 315, 332–3 InfoSoc Directive and preferential treatment of 341–2, 343 introduction 317–19 overlapping IP rights 513–15 private copying see private copy levies quotations 47–8, 323, 343 remuneration/compensation 331–2, 346 private copying see private copy levies road map for future 335 binding general minimum requirements 345–7 binding and non-binding exceptions 340–44, 528–9, 537–41 closed list, rejection of 337 fair use, rejection of 337–8 mandatory exceptions 338–40 optional exceptions plus window provision 344–5 purpose of scheme 335–7 sui generis right 451–3, 455 three-step test 321–2, 323, 328, 331, 345, 353, 354, 372, 419 632 Research handbook on the future of EU copyright fundamental rights 42 TRIPS Agreement 328, 587–90, 611, 612 exhaustion of rights 20–21, 489–90, 546 distribution right 219–23, 420–22 free trade agreements 605 Internet 237–8 secondary cable transmission 20–21 expression to fixation 139–40 fixation as evidence 146–7 fixation as a requirement 144–6 indifference towards fixation 140–43 expression–idea dichotomy 133–9, 217–18, 493, 568, 620 computer programs 64, 69, 135, 419 scientific discoveries 50 TRIPS Agreement 582–4, 596 external trade and IP policy of EU 598–601 free trade agreements 586, 599–610, 613 facts 582, 584 see also databases fair use 337–8 United States 236, 237, 283–4 favor auctoris or level playing field approach 217, 238–40 fictional characters 71, 143, 218, 482 cartoons 185–6 films advertising breaks 271–4 choice of law 472, 473 competition law 24, 560–61 directors 95–6, 470 duration of copyright Germany 165, 170, 173–4 United Kingdom 183–4, 190–92 ideas, similarity of 136 non-disclosure agreements 139 ownership 473 privacy, right of 264 producers 21, 86, 95–6, 99, 100, 101, 470 economic rights 214, 215 subject matter see subject matter for film protection territoriality 19, 20–21, 24 videograms 77, 86, 99–101, 154–5 Finland 64, 91, 123, 424 exceptions 331 moral rights 250 fixation 133, 139–40 choice of law 460 economic rights 214–15 as evidence 146–7 indifference towards 82, 140–43 requirement 74, 133, 144–6, 460 Berne Convention 54, 89, 144 flowers, bouquet of 58 football fixture lists 61–2, 66, 436 foreign books territoriality 19 forum shopping 382 fragrances/perfumes 58, 68, 72, 141–2, 197 idea–expression dichotomy 567–8 overlapping IP rights 484, 488–90 France 33, 44, 140, 527 authorship 472 choice of law 464, 472, 478–9 competition law 548, 559, 564 conjuring trick 146 consumer protection 534–5 contracts protection of authors and performers 522 designs 501 disclosure of information 534–5 dualist view 249, 260, 296, 297, 300 duration 149 databases 155–7 diversity of terms: new rights 153–9 extensions of war 151–2 foreign works 469 increase in term 150–53 moral rights 48, 150, 260, 280, 296 neighbouring rights 153–5 economic rights 219–20, 223 public communication 224 reproduction right 213, 219 resale right (droit de suite) 229, 231 exceptions 331, 346, 539 private copying 353, 361, 364 fixation 145, 146 as evidence 146–7 indifference to 57–8, 82, 141–2 Index 633 ideas, non-protection of 134, 136, 137 moral rights 243, 246, 247, 249, 260–61, 265 audiovisual works 73–4, 279 authorship 472 choice of law 277, 463 dualist view 249, 260, 296, 297, 300 duration 48, 260, 280 fixation 141 human rights 253 limitations to exploitation and transfer 309–11 performers 154 types of 256, 261, 295 waiver of right of integrity 274–6 multimedia works 71, 74 originality 106, 107, 113, 115, 116, 119–20, 293 computer programs 120–21, 123, 124 parasitism, tort of 139 perfumes 58, 68, 141–2, 568 photographs 78, 127 subject matter 57–8, 68, 73–4 subject matter for film protection 90, 99–100 history 78–9, 80, 82, 86 technological protection measures 361, 364, 534–5 transfer of rights 299, 300–301, 305, 308–9, 478–9 moral rights 309–11, 478–9 property rights 292, 297–8 free trade agreements see bilateral free trade agreements freedoms artistic creation 47–8 expression 32–3, 43, 44–5, 46, 343, 532–3 information 43, 44, 45–7 movement of goods 489–90, 545–6 fundamental rights 27–31, 48, 624 copyright protection and 36–7, 532–3, 540 balanced framework 37–42 recent national case law 42–8 European framework 31–6 exceptions 343 moral rights 247–9, 259, 265 see also International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; Universal Declaration of Human Rights Germany 22, 47–8, 269 choice of law 314, 476–7 computer programs 63, 65, 120, 123, 197, 408 author-employee 295 sale of ‘used’ 237 contracts protection of authors 522 databases 435 duration 149, 159 conclusion 174 moral rights 263 performances 170–72 photographs 166–9, 170, 174 related rights 169–74 reunification 163–4, 168–9, 170, 174 sound recordings 170, 171, 172 works in general 159–66 economic rights 223, 235 distribution 220–21 public communication 224, 227, 228 reproduction right 213, 217–18, 219 resale right 230, 231 tort law 234–5 exceptions 331, 346, 539 private copying 350–51 film production 91–2 duration 165, 170, 173–4 history 79, 84, 86 fixation as evidence 147 idea–expression dichotomy 217–18 licences 524 monist view 249, 262, 296–7, 301 moral rights 243, 245–6, 247, 249, 250, 261–3, 265 audiovisual works 279 duration 263 foreign authors 277 limitations to exploitation and transfer 309 monist view 249, 262, 296–7 types of 295 originality 106, 119–20, 123, 293 634 Research handbook on the future of EU copyright personality concepts 292 photographs 79, 84, 126 duration 166–9, 170 technological protection measures 424, 534 television formats 72–3 transfer of rights 301, 302–4, 305, 306, 307 moral rights 309 goods exhaustion of rights 20–21, 22, 25 Google book search project 235, 236–7 graphic works United Kingdom 55 Greece 91 exceptions 331 originality 106 Green Papers 15, 16, 227, 257, 270 collective rights management 388–9, 391 Copyright and the Challenge of Technology (1988) 13–14, 324 hotel rooms, transmission to 226–8, 239–40 human rights fundamental see fundamental rights moral rights 32–3, 48, 247–9, 253–5, 259, 265 Hungary 91 hyperlinks 218, 228–9, 234 idea–expression dichotomy 133–9, 217–18, 493, 568, 620 computer programs 64, 94, 135, 419 scientific discoveries 50 TRIPS Agreement 582–4, 596 IFPI-Simulcasting Agreement 381–2 indexation systems computer programs 408 databases 60 industrial property 139 designs 26, 130, 135, 178 Directive 498–9, 500–502 overlapping IP rights 480, 481–2, 483, 493, 498–502, 508 information public right to 43, 44, 45–7 Information Society Directive 13, 16, 17, 25, 143 competition law 548–9 contractual relations 521, 527–8, 529 economic rights 213, 232, 235, 236, 237–9 communication to public, right of 21, 224–6, 227 distribution right 20, 219, 220, 221–2, 223 reproduction right 214, 216–17, 413, 417 secondary liability 234 exceptions 315, 326–34, 336, 341–2, 343, 344, 345–6, 452 contractual relations 529–31 private copying 349, 351, 354, 355, 357, 364, 366, 368, 370, 371, 418 film production 88, 96 moral rights 258, 265, 270 technical protection measures 424–5, 527, 530–31 inheritance moral rights 261, 263, 281, 300, 301, 478 integrity, right of 249, 267–8, 295 future challenges 281–5 potential issues for harmonisation 270–71 advertising breaks 271–4 enforcement 278–9 term of protection 48, 280–81 waivers 274–8 present position 268–70 United Kingdom 264, 265, 269, 274–6, 291 International Court of Justice 578 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 45, 248 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 31–2, 35, 110 moral rights 248, 254 Internet 16–17, 21, 23, 25, 235 choice of law 471, 474 compulsory licensing Berne Appendix 592 contracts authors and publishers 522 rights owners and end-users 531–33, 538, 539 Index 635 databases 66 DRM see digital rights management economic rights distribution right: offer for sale 220–21 public communication 225, 226 exhaustion, doctrine of 237–8 fixation 143, 147 forums 234 Google book search project 235, 236–7 hyperlinks 218, 228–9, 234 internet service providers 234 music 382, 383, 384, 393–5 Online Music Recommendation 13, 19, 23–4, 25, 375, 395–9 secondary liability 234 strategy 614 thumbnails 218–19 TPMs see technological protection measures wikis see wikis Ireland 74, 432, 552–3 economic rights resale right 230, 231 exceptions 331 film production 86, 87, 89, 97, 99 moral rights 265 originality 106, 127, 128 Israel 116 Italy economic rights distribution 220–21 exceptions 331 film production 85, 86, 92 moral rights 250 originality 106, 123 photographs 78, 85, 86, 92, 126 transfer of rights 301 itineraries (footpaths) 137–8 journalists 411 kinetic schemes 72 Lebanon 250 lectures 49, 54 lending and rental right see rental and lending right level playing field or favor auctoris approach 217, 238–40 lex loci protectionis principle see choice of law liability rules 224, 229 libraries, public 224, 343, 529–30, 537 licences see transfer of rights limitations see exceptions and limitations Lisbon Treaty 26, 27–8, 36 literary works 134 choice of law 460 collections of 585 computer programs 402, 407, 408 film production 79, 80, 81, 84 international position fixation 54 originality 53–4, 105, 111, 134 subject matter 49–54, 460, 481 United Kingdom 54, 56, 63–4, 65, 71 duration 175–7, 180–81, 186, 188 United States video games 75 logos, commercial 108, 511 see also trademarks Luxembourg 91, 123 exceptions 331 transfer of rights 300, 301, 304 lyrics 55 make-up, facial 55, 56–7 Malta 97 media law 43 misappropriation see unfair competition models and designs see design law moral rights 525, 619 advent of modern law author’s rights and copyright traditions 242–3 human rights 247–9 individual and communal rights 245–7 rights and remedy approaches 243–5 choice of law 462–5, 471–2, 478 death of author 261, 263, 281, 300, 478 development of international protection Berne Convention 249–53 TRIPS Agreement 255–6 UDHR 253–5 WIPO Copyright Treaty 255, 256 636 Research handbook on the future of EU copyright droit d’auteur 110, 113, 291–2, 295–7 duration France 48, 150, 260, 280, 296 Germany 263 United Kingdom 192, 264 ECHR 32–3, 48 European Union acquis communautaire 256–9 evaluation 264–6 France see under France Germany see under Germany United Kingdom see under United Kingdom human rights 32–3, 48, 247–9, 253–5, 259, 265 inheritance 261, 263, 281, 300, 478 integrity, right of 249, 267–8, 295 future challenges 281–5 potential issues for harmonization 270–81 present position 268–70 limitations to exploitation and transfer 309–11 monist and dualist views 249, 260, 262, 296–7 principal 206 pseudo- 208–9 resale right 229 terminology 282 waiver 264, 265, 266, 274–8, 291, 521–2, 523 wikis 207–8 pseudo-moral rights 208–9 Morocco, French 250 movies see films mp3 files, hyperlinks to 228 multi-authored works 165, 183–4, 205 computer programs 406, 409–12 see also wikis multimedia works 61, 63, 69, 71 audiovisual works 94–5, 99 collective rights management 389 fixation 143 France 71, 74 United Kingdom 71 video games 61, 63 musical works arrangements 50, 118 duration of copyright 149 United Kingdom 175–7, 180–81, 186, 188 online 382, 383, 384, 393–5 Online Music Recommendation 13, 19, 23–4, 25, 375, 395–9 originality arrangement of song 118 reviving de Lalande’s works 115–16 producers waiver of right of integrity 265 recordings and 97 subject matter 49, 50, 54, 55–6 territoriality 19, 21, 23–4, 25 see also collective rights management natural law 37 neighbouring/related rights see Droit d’auteur and Copyright Netherlands 47, 527 databases 434, 569–70 exceptions 331 film production 91 hyperlinks 228 kinetic schemes 72 moral rights 265 originality 106, 123 databases 127 overlapping IP rights 480, 504, 506–7, 508, 516 perfumes, scent of 68, 72, 141, 567–8 resale right 230 secondary liability 234 slavish imitation 570–73 transfer of rights 300, 301, 304 news reporting 343 websites 66 newspaper websites 228 newsreels 90, 92, 93, 94 history 79, 82, 84, 85 non-disclosure agreements 139 Nordic/Scandinavian countries 411, 530, 569 see also individual countries Norway 250 hyperlinks 228 novels see books Index 637 OEM software licences 223 Online Music Recommendation 13, 19, 23–4, 25, 375, 395–9 open list approach 54, 57, 58, 142 closed list vs 67–76 France 57–8, 142 oral presentations 141, 145 originality 615, 619 Berne Convention 53–4, 105 case law 114–19 computer programs 59, 65, 108, 120–24, 294, 407–8, 426 Copyright and Droit d’auteur 109–14, 119, 123, 128, 288–90, 293–4, 484 double creation 117–18 film production 77, 89–90, 92, 94, 96, 99, 100 history 79, 82, 83, 85, 86 future perspectives 130–32 harmonisation 119–20 computer programs 120–24, 131, 294 databases 127–9 other conceptions of originality 129–30 photographs 124–7 introduction 102–4 merit and artistic value 114 novelty 117–19 origins and purpose 104–9 other conceptions of 129–30 other protected subject matter: criteria 130 overlapping IP rights 481, 483–6, 490–91, 500 personality, imprint of 107, 110, 113, 125, 127, 293 relative and absolute 116–17 subjective and objective 117–19 overlapping IP rights 617 basis for overlap: cumulative protection 481–6 duration 512–13 exceptions 513 computer programs 513–14 databases 514–15 distinctive signs 515 grounds for exclusion 486–7 most significant relationship: functional definition 490–92 overriding interests 487–90, 496 introduction 480 ownership 515–16 scope of protection: exclusion in trademark law 507–12 scope of protection: technical exclusion in copyright 492–3 design law 498–502 fuzzy functionality 507 hyperfunctional design 494–5, 503–6 multiplicité des formes 495, 497–8, 500–501, 504 redundant functionality 506–7 subjective work test 502–3 terminology 493–4 trademark law 495–7 ownership 472–6, 515–16, 525, 620 fixation 145–6 paintings 49, 55 pantomimes 147 parasitism/slavish imitation 139, 570–72, 617, 619 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 139, 569 patents 138, 218, 448 computer programs 67, 138–9, 401, 514 overlapping IP rights 481, 482, 485, 514 exclusion 486–7, 494 performers Berne Convention 51 contractual relations 522 duration of copyright Germany 170–72 economic rights 224 public communication 225–6 reproduction right 214–15 equitable remuneration, right to 354 France 153–5 Rental Right Directive 95, 224, 325 technological protection measures 360–62 see also Performances and Phonograms Treaty under WIPO perfumes/fragrances 58, 68, 72, 141–2, 197 638 Research handbook on the future of EU copyright idea–expression dichotomy 567–8 overlapping IP rights 484, 488–90 Peter Pan 177 phonograms see sound recordings photo-shoot scene 68–9 photographs/photographic works 49, 55, 140 digital 144 duration of copyright 59 Germany 166–9, 170, 174 United Kingdom 179–80, 182, 187, 188–9 film production 92 history 78–9, 81, 83–4, 86 originality 124–7 privacy, right of 264 podcasting 226 Poland 91, 250 Portugal 91 exceptions 331, 538–9, 542 moral rights 250 originality 106, 126 posthumous works 150, 172–3 precedent 232, 618 price discrimination 219 territoriality 19, 222 privacy 264, 343 private copy exception 351 private copy levies 16, 331–2, 614 computer programs 418–19 conclusion 371–2 databases 453 introduction 349–50 levy system characteristics of 352–5 evolution of exception 355–6 origins of 350–52 normal use of work 363–4, 372 phasing-out rule characteristics of 357–8 conundrums brought about by 359–64 justification and legal framework 356–7 practical consideration of TPMs 364, 369–71 effect on exception 367–9 trigger point of phasing-out 364–7 private international law 457, 615–16 choice of law see choice of law waiver of right of integrity 275–7 proportionality 30, 48, 611, 622 public libraries 224, 529–30, 537 public performance of works 224–5, 226–7, 233 public, right of communication to 224–9, 240 published editions United Kingdom 54, 57 quotation exception 47–8 recommendations 621 Online Music 13, 19, 23–4, 25, 375, 395–9 reconstruction of old/damaged/ incomplete works 115–16 regulations 26, 621–2 related/neighbouring rights see Droit d’auteur and Copyright religious celebrations 226 remedies, civil 234–5, 467–8 rental and lending right 220, 223–4 Rental Right Directive (92/100/EC, now replaced by 2006/115/EC) 13, 15, 223–4 computer programs 420 contractual relations 520 economic rights 215, 219, 220, 221, 223–4 equitable remuneration 354 exceptions and limitations 325 film production 86, 88, 95, 96, 101 reproduction right 213–19, 240 resale right (droit de suite) 129–30, 229–32, 479 Directive 13, 16, 129–30, 230–32 restoration of old/damaged/incomplete works 115–16 restraint of trade 306 reverse engineering 402 ring-tones, musical 108 Romania 250 Rome Convention on Contractual Obligations (1980) 476, 524 Rome Convention on the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations (1961) 15, 322, 602–3 Index 639 Rome II Regulation 462, 467 Russia 250 sampling, sound 215–16 Santiago Agreement 382–3 satellite broadcasting country of origin rule 15, 22–3, 465–7 Satellite and Cable Directive 13, 15, 22–3, 226, 227, 466–7 contractual relations 520–21 film production 88 Scandinavian countries/Nordic 411, 530, 569 see also individual countries scent of fragrances/perfumes 58, 68, 72, 141–2, 197 idea–expression dichotomy 567–8 overlapping IP rights 484, 488–90 scientific discoveries 50 scientific editions 172–3 sculptures 49, 55 photo-shoot scene 68–9 secondary liability 228–9, 234–5 security, data back-up copies 416–18, 619–20 semiconductor products, topographies of 130 sequels to novels 48, 218, 280 services, content-related 21–2, 25 exhaustion of rights 20–21 signs, commercial 108 see also trademarks slavish imitation/parasitism 139, 570–72, 617, 619 social function of IP rights 35 soft law 620–21 Online Music Recommendation 13, 19, 23–4, 25, 375, 395–9 software see computer programs sound recordings 51, 97, 99, 100, 325 authorship 470–71 duration of copyright France 154–5 Germany 170, 171, 172 proposed extension 614, 623 United Kingdom 182–3, 184, 189–90, 192 economic rights producers 214, 215–16, 225, 226 equitable remuneration, right to 354 film soundtracks 100, 184, 192 United Kingdom 54, 57, 289 see also collective rights management; Performances and Phonograms Treaty under WIPO sound sampling 215–16 Spain contracts protection of authors 522 exceptions 331 film production 90 fixation 140 originality 104–5, 106, 108, 112, 114–15, 118, 119–20 computer programs 123, 131 photographs 126 sporting events football fixture lists 61–2, 66, 436 sui generis right 432, 436 streaming 382, 383 style 511 subject matter 49, 618 choice of law 460 conclusion 75–6 EU member states 54–8 films see subject matter for film protection future harmonisation definition of computer program 66–7 open vs closed list 67–75 harmonisation thus far 58–63 success of 63–6 international position 49–54 sui generis right BHB v Hill 435–7 conclusion 446 independent collection of data 440–43 protectable investments 437–8 scope of protection 438–40, 443–6 spin-off doctrine 434–5 updated databases 443–6 technical exclusion 492–3 design law 498–502 fuzzy functionality 507 hyperfunctional design 494–5, 503–6 multiplicité des formes 495, 497–8, 500–501, 504 640 Research handbook on the future of EU copyright redundant functionality 506–7 subjective work test 502–3 terminology 493–4 trademark law 495–7 subject matter for film protection 49 audiovisual works 87 definition 87–8, 90–94 multimedia works 94–5 originality 89–90 recordings only 89 specific subject matter 88 video games 94–5 film recordings 87 double protection 95–6 double protection, consequences of 98–9 fixation, first (videograms) 77, 99–101 fixation, second 101 United Kingdom 54, 56, 71, 96–8, 289 historical development 1896–1908 78–82 1908–1950 82–4 1925– 84–6 neighbouring right in videogram 86 introduction 77 subsidiarity 378, 525–6, 622 sui generis right 16, 198, 586–7, 616–17 amendments, necessary 451–4 Evaluation Report (2005) 449 competition law 432–4, 446–8, 450, 456, 549–51 Directive 427, 429–30, 434, 436, 440, 448 amendments, necessary 451–4 competition law 549–50 duration 443 Evaluation Report 449–51 rights 483 duration 155–7, 170, 173, 443 exceptions 451–3, 455 international standards and 586, 603 introduction 427–8 non-voluntary licences 448–9 overlap with copyright 483, 485, 514–15 ownership 515–16 problematic issues 429–34, 584, 586, 604–5 public databases 451–2 subject matter BHB v Hill 435–7 conclusion 446 independent collection of data 440–43 protectable investments 437–8 scope of protection 438–40, 443–6 spin-off doctrine 434–5 updated databases 443–6 wikis 201–3 Sweden 91, 123, 420 exceptions 331 hyperlinks 228 transfer of rights 304–5 Switzerland 22, 45, 119, 230 moral rights 250, 296 transfer of rights 304, 307, 310–11 Syria 250 technological protection measures (TPMs) 333–4, 341–2, 344, 421, 424–5, 616, 617 beginning of 402 contractual relations 530–31, 533, 539 disclosure of information 534 free trade agreements 606, 608–9, 610 private copy levies and 349–50, 355–6 conclusion 371–2 conundrums 359–64 phasing-out rule 356–8 practical consideration of TPM 364–71 technology transfer 24–5, 547, 594 telephone directories 62–3, 66, 111–12 television 92, 93–4, 227 advertising breaks during films 271–4 formats 72–3, 94, 137 freedom of information 44, 45–6 history 21, 82, 85, 86 hotel rooms 226–8, 239–40 non-disclosure agreements 139 programme listings 429, 432 see also broadcasters Term Directive 13, 16, 17, 58–9, 71, 512 acquired rights 152 computer programs 425 film production 88, 94–5, 97, 101 Index 641 implementation France 149–53, 156, 158–9 Germany 163, 165–6, 169, 172, 173, 174 increase in life expectancy 150 photographs 124–7 territoriality 12, 17–20, 25–6 competition law 24–5 exceptions 338–9 exhaustion of rights 20–21, 221–2 home country rule 21–4 thesaurus databases 60 three-step test 321–2, 323, 328, 331, 345, 353, 354, 372, 419 fundamental rights 42 TRIPS Agreement 328, 587–60, 611, 612 time-sharing computer bureaux 413–14 titles 106 tort law 234–5, 263, 571 breach of statutory duty 264 defamation 251, 263 parasitism/slavish imitation 139, 570–72, 617, 619 TPMs see technological protection measures trade catalogues 62–3, 289 trade and IP policy of EU, external 598–601 free trade agreements 586, 599–610, 613 trade liberalisation rules human rights and 40 trademarks 26, 222 Directive 488–9, 490, 495–7, 501, 508, 510, 511–12 authorship 515–16 overlapping IP rights 480, 482, 485, 491 assignments 516 distinctive signs 515 duration 512–13 exclusion 487, 495–7, 506–12 post-sale confusion 571 transfer of rights assignments availability of 299–301 content of contracts 305–6, 308–9 contractual aspects 313–14 licences compared with 298–9 nature of 298 choice of law: transferability 314, 477–9 conclusion 315–16 films 86 licences assignments compared with 298–9 content of contracts 305–8 contractual aspects 313–14 nature of 298 remedies, civil 467 territoriality 23 types and formalities 301–5 limitations to exploitation and competition law 311–12 moral rights 309–11, 478–9 waiver rights 312–13 overlapping IP rights 516 territoriality 20 see also contract law translations 50 Treaty on the International Registration of Audiovisual Works 87 treaty interpretation 41, 580, 596, 607–8 TRIPS Agreement 111, 134, 320 access to knowledge 577–9 art 7: objectives for IP protection 579–82, 596 compulsory licensing 591 databases 584–7 exceptions and limitations: three-step test 587–90, 611, 612 idea–expression dichotomy 582–4 computer programs 53, 481 databases 53, 481 designs 499 exceptions and limitations 323, 328, 587–90, 611, 612 idea–expression dichotomy 217, 493 kinetic schemes 72 moral rights 255–6 UDHR and 40–41 Tunis Model Law on Copyright 106, 117 undue influence 306 UNESCO 403 unfair competition 139, 289, 617–18 conclusion 573–4 642 Research handbook on the future of EU copyright databases 451, 453–4 Germany 170 introduction 567 misappropriation 567–70 slavish imitation/parasitism 139, 570–72, 617, 619 standards 572–3 unfair contract terms 535–6 United Kingdom 286, 622 abandonment of copyright 313 assignments/exclusive licences 524 authorship 470–71 choice of law 314, 457–8, 459, 461, 477 computer generated works 109, 203 computer programs 63–4, 67, 71, 123, 408, 416 databases 65–6, 128, 430 design law 500, 501 duration 468 conclusion 185–6 derivative works 182–5, 189–92 foreign works 469 moral rights 192, 264 original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works 175–82, 186–9 revival of copyright 185 table 186–92 economic rights distribution 220 reproduction right 213 resale right 230, 231, 232 secondary liability 234 exceptions 331 film production, history 79–80 fixation 56–7, 133, 144–5 oral presentations 145 fragrances 142 ideas, non-protection of 136–7 moral rights 243, 249, 250–52, 263–4, 265, 269 choice of law 463, 464–5 duration 192, 264 remedy: removal of author’s name 279 waiver of right of integrity 264, 265, 274–6, 291 originality 65–6, 106, 111, 115–16, 123, 288–90 broadcasts 57 computer generated works 109 databases 65–6, 128, 131 photographs 125, 127 published editions 57 sound recordings 57, 289 ownership 472, 475 photo-shoot scene 68–9 photographs 79, 83–4, 125, 127 subject matter 54–7, 63–4, 65–6, 68–71, 74 subject matter for film protection 77, 87, 89–90, 92–3, 96–8, 99, 100 history 79–80, 82–4, 85–6 transfer of rights 299–300, 301–3, 305–6, 309 dualism 296, 297 property rights 288–91 wikis 207 United States 22, 33, 244, 297, 474 anti-trust law 401, 544–5 audiovisual works 75, 77 authorship 471 computer programs 67, 74–5, 401, 402 fair use doctrine 236, 237, 283–4 fixation 145 FTAs 601, 613 moral rights 247 open list approach 54, 74–5 originality 111–12 patents 138 resale right not recognised 230 sampling, sound 216 secondary liability 234 WTO dispute 588–9 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 31–2, 33, 35, 110, 140–41 moral rights 248, 253–5 TRIPS Agreement and 40–41 video games audiovisual works 94–5, 100 databases 61, 63 films 100 United States 74–5 videograms 77, 86, 99–101, 154–5 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) 41, 580, 596, 607–8 Index 643 waiver economic rights 312–13 moral rights 264, 265, 266, 274–8, 291, 312, 521–2, 523 Web 2.0 196 webcasting 226, 382, 383 Wikipedia 193, 195, 203, 205–6, 210 wikis 193–5 authors 203–5 moral rights 206–8 place of act of authorship 205–6 pseudo-moral rights 208–9 automated amendment 203 civil law view 197–8 common law view 197 conflicts, potential 209–11 databases 198–9 wiki as copyright work 199–201 wiki as sui generis work 201–3 European Union 209 meaning of 195–6 WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation) 255, 320, 578 computer programs 51–3, 67, 401–2, 403 Copyright Treaty (WCT) 16–17, 52, 53, 213, 217, 219, 226 contractual relations 528 exceptions and limitations 320, 322–3, 328 free trade agreements 605–8, 609, 610 idea–expression dichotomy 493 moral rights 255, 257 software and databases 481 development agenda 592–3 agreement 594–7 initial proposal 593–4 Draft Model Provisions audiovisual works 87 computer programs 122 Guide to Berne Convention 227 Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) 16–17, 213, 219, 226 contractual relations 528 exceptions and limitations 320, 322–3, 328 moral rights 256 software and databases 481 World Trade Organization (WTO) 40, 255, 256 Dispute Settlement Understanding 578, 580, 596 GATS 589 GATT 589 see also TRIPS Agreement YouTube 234, 235 Yugoslavia 250 ... and Theory A Handbook of Contemporary Research Edited by Toshiko Takenaka Research Handbook on the Future of EU Copyright Edited by Estelle Derclaye Research Handbook on the Future of EU Copyright. .. [Television Without Frontiers Directive] 16 Research handbook on the future of EU copyright The year 1993 also saw the adoption of the Term Directive, which harmonised the term of protection of copyright. .. anticipation of a future entering into force of the Lisbon Treaty See Recital of the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright