farming, hunting, and fishing in the olmec world The Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies This series was made possible through the generosity of William C Nowlin, Jr., and Bettye H Nowlin, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and various individual donors far ming, hunt ing, and fishing in the olmec world amber m vanderwarker university of texas press Austin Copyright © 2006 by the University of Texas Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 2006 Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to: Permissions University of Texas Press P.O Box 7819 Austin, TX 78713-7819 www.utexas.edu /utpress/about /bpermission.html ϱ ᭺ The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of ansi /niso z39.48-1992 (r1997) (Permanence of Paper) library of congress cataloging-in-publication data VanDerwarker, Amber M Farming, hunting, and fishing in the Olmec world / Amber M VanDerwarker.— 1st ed p cm — (The Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies) Includes bibliographical references and index isbn 0-292-70980-3 (hardcover : alk paper) Olmecs—Agriculture Olmecs—Hunting Olmecs— Food Food habits—Mexico—History Subsistence economy—Mexico—History I Title II Series f1219.8.o56v36 2006 980Ј.012— dc22 2005008768 To Mom and Dad with love and gratitude To Greg for giving meaning to everything I THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK contents acknowledgments ix Chapter 1 agricultur al risk and intensification along mexico’s southern gulf coast: an introduction Chapter agriculture and political complexity in theoretical perspective Chapter 31 politics and farming in the olmec world Chapter 66 farming, gardening, and tree management: analysis of the plant data Chapter 116 hunting, fishing, and tr apping: analysis of the animal data Chapter 182 eating plants and animals: stable isotopic analysis of human, dog, and deer bones Chapter 193 farming, hunting, and fishing in the olmec world: a model of olmec subsistence economy notes 205 bibliogr aphy 207 index 233 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK acknowledgments I would like to recognize those who have helped to bring this project to fruition, for it is through the help of many different individuals that the conception and completion of this work was possible Foremost, I acknowledge the National Science Foundation (grant no 9912271) for funding this project I would like to express my gratitude to my husband, Greg Wilson, whose support and encouragement kept me going daily Greg helped in so many ways, from proofreading my writing and troubleshooting my ideas to calming me down and installing an air-conditioning unit in my office I would also like to acknowledge my mentor, Margaret Scarry, whose guidance and levelheadedness kept me focused I could not have asked for a better mentor I also acknowledge the other members of my doctoral committee, Vincas Steponaitis, Philip Arnold, Carole Crumley, Brian Billman, Dale Hutchinson, and Peter Whitridge Each brought something different and important to the mix Vin’s encouragement and quantitative advice were pivotal in terms of my data analysis and argument development I am ever grateful to Flip, whose support has enabled this project from the very start Flip introduced me to Mexico and to the Olmec, assisted in procuring the collections, provided important chronological and regional information, and was always available to answer questions and listen to ideas My conversations with Carole about complexity and global environmental change have shaped the ways in which I imagine the past, and her calm encouragement was greatly appreciated Thanks to Brian for always shaking things up and broadening my anthropological perspective through conversations, seminars, and trips to Peru Thanks also to Dale, whose careful comments and close evaluation of this work have made it that much better, and to Pete for engaging me in many zooarchaeological conversations For the past two years, I have been a member of a cross-disciplinary writing group, including geographer Cheryl Warren, film theorist Brenda 230 farming, hunting, and fishing in the olmec world Early Cultures, edited by R C West, 363–383 Handbook of Middle American Indians, edited by R Wauchope, vol Austin: University of Texas Press White, Christine D., Mary E D Pohl, Henry P Schwarcz, and Fred J Longstaffe 2001 Isotopic Evidence for Maya Patterns of Deer and Dog Use at Preclassic Colha Journal of Archaeological Science 28 : 89–107 White Christine D., P F Healy, and Henry P Schwarcz 1993 Intensive Agriculture, Social Status, and Maya Diet at Pacbitun, Belize Journal of Archaeological Research 49 : 347–375 Wilkinson, Leland, MaryAnn Jill, Stacey Miceli, Gregory Birkenbeuel, and Erin Vang 1992 SYSTAT Graphics Evanston, IL: SYSTAT, Inc Willcox, G H 1974 A History of Deforestation as Indicated by Charcoal Analysis of Four Sites in Eastern Anatolia Anatolian Studies 24 : 117–133 Wing, Elizabeth S 1980 Faunal Remains from San Lorenzo In The Archaeology of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, 375–386, vol of In the Land of the Olmec, edited by M D Coe and R A Diehl Austin: University of Texas Press 1981 A Comparison of Olmec and Maya Foodways In The Olmec and Their Neighbors: Essays in Memory of Matthew W Stirling, edited by E P Benson, 21–28 Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collections Winterhalder, Bruce 1986 Diet Choice, Risk, and Food Sharing in a Stochastic Environment Journal of Anthropological Archaeology : 369–392 1990 Open Field, Common Pot: Harvest Variability and Risk Avoidance in Agricultural and Foraging Societies In Risk and Uncertainty in Tribal and Peasant Economies, edited by E Cashdan, 67–87 Boulder: Westview Press Winterhalder, Bruce, and Carol Goland 1997 An Evolutionary Ecology Perspective on Diet Choice, Risk, and Plant Domestication In People, Plants, and Landscapes: Studies in Paleoethnobotany, edited by K J Gremillion, 123–160 Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press Wittfogel, Karl A 1957 Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power New York: Vintage Books Woolf, A B., J H Bowen, and I B Ferguson 1999 Preharvest Exposure to the Sun Influences Postharvest Responses of “Haas” Avocado Fruit Postharvest Biology and Technology 15(2): 143 Wright, Lori E 1997 Ecology or Society? Paleodiet and the Collapse of the Pasion Maya Lowlands In Bones of the Maya: Studies of Ancient Skeletons, edited by bibliogr aphy 231 S L Whittington and D M Reed, 181–195 Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press Yarnell, Richard A 1982 Problems of Interpretation of Archaeological Plant Remains of the Eastern Woodlands Southeastern Archaeology 1(1): 1–7 Zurita-Noguera, Judith 1997 Los fitolitos: Indicaciones sobre dieta y vivienda en San Lorenzo In Población, subsistencia y medio ambiente en San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, edited by A Cyphers, 75–87 Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK index achiote, 86, 88, 113 acid rain, 43 acorns, 89, 90 age division of labor, 165 agency vs process, 16, 29 agricultural intensification, 5, 6, 18– 25, 40, 45, 61, 105, 106, 176, 179, 192, 193, 194, 195, 198–204 agricultural risk, 14, 19, 24, 25, 27, 158, 164, 198 agricultural strategies, 18–21, 23, 25– 28, 34, 61, 106, 110 –111, 193, 196, 200 See also specific strategies agricultural tribute See tribute mobilization agriculture, 1, 5–13, 16, 29, 31, 33, 40; definition, See also specific crops agroforestry, 109–110 algae, blue-green, 184 amaranths, 184 Amazonia, 149 Ambrose, Stanley H., 183, 184, 188 amphibians, 124, 126, 128, 131, 132, 135–147, 153–156, 167–170 Andrews, P., 118 Andrle, Robert F., 41, 42 animals: butchery of, 117; density/ diversity of, 148, 159; habitats of, 127–130, 148, 201; study of, 193; taxonomic names of, 124 –125; transport of, 117 See also commensal fauna; disturbance fauna; various species and habitats aquatic animals, 127, 128, 158–160, 163, 164, 172, 195 aquatic resources, 39, 44, 64 arboreal animals, 127, 128, 160 –161 arboriculture, 22, 23, 25, 26, 109 archaeobotanical data, 3, 66, 69, 87, 111, 113, 193, 194, 196 archaeological data, importance of, 6, 63 architecture, 56, 58 arid regions, aridity, 11, 24 armadillo, nine-banded, 124, 127, 129, 133, 135, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 164, 165, 177, 178 Arnold, Philip J., III, 1–2, 31, 40, 41, 47, 48–51, 52–57, 59–62, 105, 106, 161, 179, 194, 195, 196, 197 ashfall See volcanic activity assemblage, 66 –67, 77–79, 86, 87–89, 91, 99, 118–148, 152, 156, 159, 162–163, 166, 170, 191–192 autonomy, 14, 29, 202, 203 avocado, 68, 79–83, 86 –91, 96, 97– 98, 99, 100, 101–102, 107, 108, 111, 114, 176, 179, 180, 195 Aztec, 23, 109 Bajio phase, 53 Balerdi, C F., 84 –85 Bartlett, Peggy F., 21 basalt, 37, 38, 39, 57 Baxter, M J., 77 234 farming, hunting, and fishing in the olmec world Bayham, Frank E., 149, 150 beans, 35, 36, 45, 79, 80 –81, 86 –91, 95, 96, 97–98, 99, 100, 107–108, 110, 111, 113, 196 Behrensmeyer, A K., 118, 120 Belize, 190 Bender, Barbara, 12 Bentley, Jeffrey, 24 Bernal, Ignacio, 33, 34, 35 Bertram, J B., 117 Bezuapan, 1, 3, 31, 55, 57–63, 65, 67– 70, 79–80, 84, 86, 89, 91, 93–95, 97–98, 100 –102, 103–108, 114 – 115, 119, 122, 123–131, 140 –148, 166 –181, 184, 187–191, 196 –197, 201, 203 Billman, Brian R., 17 Binford, Lewis R., 11, 117, 198 birds, 124, 126 –129, 131, 133, 135– 147, 153–155, 160, 167–170 Blake, Michael, 6, 16, 40, 199, 202 Blanton, Richard E., 47 Blumenschine, Robert J., 118 boa constrictor, 124, 126, 128, 133, 135, 139, 165 bobwhite, northern, 124, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 139, 165 Bodwell, C E., 81 bones, 118–148, 154, 163, 166, 182, 185, 187; weathering of, 118–120, 123, 152, 153, 166 –167 See also assemblage Bonnichsen, R., 117 Borstein, Joshua A., 33, 37, 38, 39, 64 Boserup, Ester, 15, 19–20, 21, 23 Bove, F., 31, 63 box plots, 75–76, 98–102 Braidwood, Robert J., 11 Brain, C K., 117 Bressman, Earl N., 80 Britt, Georgia Mudd, 56, 58, 60 –62, 106 Bronson, B., 21 Browman, David L., 24, 25, 26, 27 browsing animals, 148 bush fallow, 20 Byrne, Roger, 41, 46, 47 Cahue, Laura, 187 Cancian, Frank, 19, 28 carbon, 3, 183–192, 196 carbonization, 69, 70, 117 carcass transport, 117 Carneiro, Robert L., 13–17, 200, 201 carnivores, 117–118; gnawing of, 119– 120, 122, 123, 152, 153, 166 –167 carrying capacity, 5, 199 Caso, A., 63 Catemaco River, 44, 47, 48, 49, 52, 128 catfish, 123–125, 126, 132, 139 ceramics, 40, 53, 58, 61, 64, 75, 195 cereal crops, 81 Cerro Cintepec, 64 Cerro Mono Blanco, 56, 64 Chagnon, Napoleon A., 15 Chase, James E., 43, 44 chemosynthesis, 183 chenopod, 184 chiefdoms, 1, 2, 5, 6, 12, 14, 28, 29, 31, 37, 64, 198, 201 Childe, V Gordon, 10, 11, 16 chinampas, 23 Chisolm, Brian S., 183 Chumash, 14 Chuniapan de Abajo, 47, 48– 49, 50 – 51, 57, 63, 114, 180, 196 Chuniapan de Arriba, 49, 51, 63, 114, 180, 196, 197 circumscription See environmental circumscription; social circumscription Clark, John E., 40, 199, 202 Classic period, 89–90, 93–94, 97–98, 101–102, 104, 108, 142–147, 166 – 175, 177–178, 187 Clawson, David L., 26 index Cleveland, William S., 75–77 climate, 10, 12, 34, 41, 80, 81–82, 84, 85 coastal waters, 125 Coatzocoalcos, 37, 44 Coe, Michael D., 16, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 63, 86, 123, 125, 129–130, 150, 159 coercive theories, 13–15, 29, 200 –201 Cohen, Mark Nathan, 11, 198 Colha, 190, 191 Colin, Santiago Sinaga, 70 collagen, 184, 185, 188 Colten, Roger H., 14 commensal fauna, 128, 140, 143, 149, 160 –163, 173–175, 177 competitive feasting See feasting complexity See political complexity composting, 22 Conelly, W Thomas, 21, 22, 23 consolidation, 25 Cook, J., 118 cooking, 69, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 195 Coyame phase, 53, 55 coyol, 36, 80, 83–84, 86 –91, 96, 97– 98, 99, 100, 101–102, 107, 108, 111, 114, 195, 197 CRFG (California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc.), 82, 83 crops, 10, 34, 80; dispersal of, 7, 8; gathering of, 9; rotation of, 22, 111 See also pests cross-pollination, 82 Cruz-Uribe, K., 121 cultigens See seed crops cultivation, 7, 11, 37, 84; forest-fallow vs bush-fallow, 35; intensity (see agricultural intensity); long vs short-fallow, 21, 106 Cyphers, Guillen A., 31, 35 D’Altroy, Terence N., 17 debt, 40 235 deer, 36, 125, 143, 150; red brocket, 125, 127, 129, 131, 134, 136, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 164, 165, 177, 178, 187, 188; white-tailed, 121, 122–123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 134, 136, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 149, 152, 153, 161, 164, 165, 168–169, 173, 177, 178, 187–192 Demarest, A A., 31 DeNiro, Michael J., 183, 184, 188 density measures, 73 depopulation See population: decrease Diehl, Richard A., 16, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 63, 86, 123, 125, 129–130, 150, 159 diet, 113–115, 121, 122, 167, 179, 182–192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199 Dillon, B D., 191, 192 disease, plant, 81 dispersal See seeds, dispersal of disturbance/edge fauna, 156, 158– 162, 172–175, 178, 196 See also commensal fauna disturbed/edge areas/habitats, 129– 130, 148, 149, 156, 159, 174, 195 See also farms and farming; gardens DIVERS, 78, 91–94, 113, 156 –158, 170 –171 diversification, 22, 25, 26, 27, 77, 151, 156, 158, 177–178, 197 diversity analysis, 77–78, 91–95, 156 – 158, 170 –172 dog, domestic, 36, 117, 120, 125, 129, 130, 131, 134, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 160, 162, 163, 187, 188–192 domesticates, 12, 13, 39, 83, 86, 107, 191–192, 193, 199 See also specific crops and animals domestication, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 29, 80 dot charts, 102–104 Downum, Christian E., 19, 21, 24 236 farming, hunting, and fishing in the olmec world drained fields, 23 drought, 26, 43 Drucker, Philip, 31, 33, 34 dry farming, 23 duck, 124, 126, 131, 133, 135, 139, 165; muscovy, 124, 126, 128, 133, 135, 139, 142, 143, 144, 165, 178 Earle, Timothy K., 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 31, 63 Early Classic period, 53, 55–56, 87– 88, 91–93, 95–96, 99, 103, 107– 108, 132–138, 140 –141, 152–157, 159, 162–165, 187 Early Formative period, 1, 16, 31, 33, 35–39, 41, 47–50, 53–56, 64, 87– 88, 91–98, 99, 103, 105, 107–108, 110, 113, 122, 131–138, 141, 152– 159, 162–165, 179, 187, 194 –195, 199, 201 economic power, 13 economic specialization, 14 egalitarianism, 1, 195, 196 Eggler, W A., 43 El Paricutin, 43 elites, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 28, 31, 38, 39, 40, 57, 63, 106, 115, 180, 196, 197, 199, 200, 202, 203; versus commoners, 28, 29, 40 Emerson, Thomas E., 17 Emery, Kitty, 191 Emslie, Steven D., 23, 148, 149 environmental circumscription, 15, 16, 21, 29, 198, 201, 202, 203 estuary animals, 125, 128, 186 evenness, 77, 78, 91–94, 156 –157, 163, 170 –171 See also DIVERS; diversity analysis; richness exchange, 25, 27 falcon, 124, 131 fallow fields, 111–113, 200 farming, 11, 12, 15, 23, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 44, 47, 64, 113, 116, 148–151, 164 –165, 176, 177, 179, 181, 194, 195, 196, 197, 200, 203; extensive vs intensive, 19, 21, 23, 106; river levee vs upland, 34, 37, 38– 40 See also agricultural strategies; specific strategies farming strategies See agricultural strategies faunal procurement, 149–150, 155, 161, 170, 172, 177–178, 195, 196 See also hunting feasting, 12, 38, 40, 190, 199–200, 202 fecal matter, 190, 192 Fenoltea, Stefano, 24, 25, 26, 29, 77 fertilizer and fertilizing, 23, 109 field crops, 107–110, 114 field dispersion See field scattering field recovery procedures, 67–68 field ridging, 21, 23, 24, 25, 56, 61, 62, 106, 114, 194, 197, 201 field scattering, 10, 23, 24, 25, 27 fields, agricultural, 19, 24, 63, 69, 91, 109, 111–12, 159, 164, 179, 191, 197; animals of the, 129, 130, 149– 151, 176 See also specific field strategies Fiorillo, A R., 118 fish and fishing, 26, 27, 35, 36, 38, 44, 77, 120, 123–126, 131, 132–147, 148, 153–155, 158, 160, 167–170, 172, 177, 189–190, 195, 201, 203 See also various species Fisher, John W., 118 Flannery, Kent V., 5, 8, 12, 16, 23 flooding, 28 flotation samples, 69, 119, 120, 140, 147–148, 153, 167 food: domesticated versus wild plants as, 2, 193, 195; lack of data about, 40; preservation of, 27; production of, 18, 23, 28, 29, 113, 163, 180; index shortage, supply and surplus of, 5, 11, 16, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 39, 40, 43, 50, 57, 63, 64, 77, 151, 197, 198, 200, 202, 203; sources of, 158 See also diet; exchange; sharing; storage foraging, 6, 10, 11, 12, 26, 44, 64, 195, 201 See also hunting Ford, Richard I., 7, forest animals, 127, 128, 129–130, 164 forest clearing, 37, 109, 116, 148, 159 forest cultivation, 111–112 forest fallow, 20 Formative See Early Formative; Middle Formative; Late Formative; Terminal Formative freshwater animals, 127, 128, 186, 190 frog, 124, 126, 132, 135, 136, 140, 142, 144, 146; Vaillant’s, 128 fruits See specific varieties Galinat, Walton C., gar, alligator, 123–124, 126, 132, 135, 139 garden hunting, 148–151, 163, 172, 174, 176 –177, 179, 191, 194, 195, 196, 197, 203 gardens, 22, 23, 46, 47, 63, 86, 87, 91, 109, 111–113, 148, 149, 191 gathering See foraging Gebauer, Anne B., gendered division of labor, 148–149, 150, 165 Gepts, Paul, 110 Gerry, John P., 190, 191, 192 Gifford, Diane P., 118 Gifford-Gonzalez, D P., 118 Gill, Richardson, P., 42, 43 Giller, Ken E., 22, 44, 81 Godwin, H., 72 Goland, Carol, 9, 10, 24, 25, 26, 27 Goman, Michelle, 47 Gómez-Pompa, Arturo, 41, 42, 107 237 González Lauck, Rebecca, 31 gopher, hispid pocket, 124, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 142, 144, 147, 161, 164, 165, 173, 177, 178 Gordita phase, 54, 55 grafting, 23, 31 grain storage, 10 grape, 89, 90 grassland animals, 127, 129 Grayson, Donald K., 118, 120, 121– 122 Greller, Andrew M., 84 Griffin, P Bion, 149 grinding See ground stone ground stone, 37, 39, 56, 57, 64, 194, 195 Grove, David C., 33, 34, 35, 37 Guatemala, 81, 83, 188 guava, 85–86, 89, 90, 112 Guila Naquitz, 12 Guillet, David, 19, 21, 26, 27, 28, 77 Gurr, Deanne L., 22, 23 Guthrie, R D., 117 Haas, Jonathan, 13, 14 Hassig, Ross, 17 Hastorf, Christine A., 71 hawk, 124, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 139, 142, 143, 144, 161, 173; Swainson’s, 161, 173 Hayden, Brian, 12, 16, 199 Hegmon, Michelle, 19, 24, 25, 27, 28 Heizer, Robert F., 33, 34, 38, 39, 63 Henderson, Andrew, 83, 84 Herbivores, 185, 189–190, 192 herbs See specific varieties Heywood, V H., 85, 86 hierarchy, 1, 28, 29, 31, 33, 40, 41, 50, 51, 52, 57, 58, 63, 64, 180, 181, 196, 200, 201, 203 Hoaglin, David C., 76 –77 Hoese, H Dickson, 125 Hole, Frank, 11 238 farming, hunting, and fishing in the olmec world home garden See gardens Horne, Sally P., 41, 46, 47 houses and houselots, 45– 46, 58–60, 62, 63, 87, 105–106, 149, 156, 164, 170 Hovey, Kevin, 129, 150 Howell, Steve N G., 119, 128, 129, 159 Hubbard, R N L B., 72 Hudson, Jean, 117, 118 Huelsbeck, David R., 120 –121 human burials, 187 human skeletal remains, 187–190, 194 hunting and trapping, 6, 26, 27, 35, 44, 116, 148–151, 158, 163–165, 170, 176, 177, 192, 195, 197, 198, 201, 203 See also garden hunting; faunal procurement; opportunistic hunting ideological power, 13 iguana, green, 124, 126, 128, 131, 132, 135, 139, 140, 142, 144, 146, 165, 178 infield/outfield cultivation, 45– 46, 47, 63, 105–106, 110, 111, 113, 114, 200, 202 insects, 148 inshore waters, 125 intensification See agricultural intensification intentionality, intercropping, 22, 26, 27, 80, 81, 87, 111 intracropping, 26, 27, 80 irrigation, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 200; pot, 23; small canal, 23 isotopic analysis, 3, 182–192, 193, 194, 196, 204 jack, 124, 125, 126, 131, 132, 135, 139 Jodha, N S., 24, 25, 26, 77 Johnson, Kirsten, 29, 120 Jolly, Theresa Linda, 187, 188 Jones, G T., 77, 117 Kandane, Joseph B., 71 Kaplan, Lawrence, 110 Kent, Susan, 6, 118 Kiesselbach, T A., 80 Killion, Thomas W., 34, 44, 45, 46, 47, 62, 105–106, 110 kin groups, 38, 39 Kintigh, Keith W., 77, 78, 91, 156, 170 See also DIVERS Kirch, Patrick, 40 Kirkby, Ann V T., 37 Klein, R G., 121 Knight, Vernon J., Jr., 40 Krueger, Harold W., 190, 191, 192 Kus, Susan M., 14 La Joya, 1, 3, 33, 48, 52–57, 65, 67– 70, 79–80, 84, 87–89, 91–93, 95– 97, 99, 103–108, 113–115, 119, 122, 123–141, 151–166, 178–181, 184, 187–191, 196 –197, 202–203 La Venta, 1, 31, 33, 35–37, 39, 41, 64, 193 laboratory procedures: animals, 119– 120; plants, 69–71 Lago Catemaco, 2, 41, 46, 65, 123, 125, 128 Laguna de los Cerros, 33, 37, 38, 39 Laguna Pompal, 47 Laing, D R., 22, 80, 81 landscape alteration, 26 Late Formative period, 1, 31, 33, 41– 42, 48–51, 55–60, 63, 64, 88–98, 99–102, 107–108, 113–114, 122, 132–138, 141–147, 152–162, 164 – 175, 177–180, 187, 189, 190, 194, 196, 197, 198, 201, 203, 204 Layton, Robert, leaders and leadership, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 197, 200, 202 index Lee, Julian C., 119, 128, 156, 159 legumes, nitrogen-fixing, 22, 26, 81, 111, 186, 189–190 Lentz, David L., 22, 80, 81, 84, 109 levees, 34, 36, 38, 39, 44 Leyden, Barbara W., 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 Linares, Olga F., 23, 148, 149 lowland Olmec See Olmec, lowland lowlands, 31, 33– 41, 44, 56, 63, 64, 81, 84, 193 Lyman, R Lee, 117, 118, 120 –121, 123 maize, 8, 26, 33–39, 45, 47, 50, 56 – 58, 61, 63–64, 68, 71, 74, 79–81, 86 –91, 93, 95–100, 107–108, 110 – 111, 113–115, 163, 164 –165, 176, 179, 181, 184, 190 –192, 194 –204; kernel-to-cupule ratios of, 102– 106, 113–115, 181, 196 See also teosinte mammals, 120, 122, 124 –125, 129– 130, 131, 133–147, 149–150, 152– 156, 164, 166, 168, 170, 176, 177 managed fallow, 109–110, 148 managed forest, 109–110 mangroves, 36 manos, 57 Manríquez, Guillermo Ibarra, 70 manuring, 23 Marcus, Joyce, 22 Marean, Curtis W., 118 marine animals, 184, 186, 189–190 marine plants, 183, 185 marine waters, 123, 125 Matacapan, 47, 49 material culture, 194 –195 materialism, 17 Matheny, Ray T., 22, 23 Maya, 109, 129, 191 McAnany, P A., 107 McCloskey, Donald N., 24, 25, 29 239 McClung de Tapia, Emily, 23, 110 McCormack, Valerie J., 1, 31, 33, 35, 40, 41, 44, 53, 56, 57, 63, 64, 105, 110, 181, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199 McCorriston, Joy, 11 McCurrach, James C., 83, 84 McGill, Robert, 75, 76, 99 McGuire, Randall H., media, 57 medicinal plants, 83, 84, 85, 109 Meggars, Betty J., 34 metates, 57 Metcalfe, Duncan, 117 Mexico See specific regions and locales middens, 8, 56, 62, 191 Middle Formative period, 31, 33, 36, 42, 47–50, 54 –56, 64, 87–88, 91– 99, 107, 110, 122, 132–138, 141, 152–160, 161–165, 179, 187, 189, 193, 195–196, 197, 199, 201 Miksicek, Charles H., 68, 69 militaristic power, 13 Miller, Naomi F., 71, 73 milpa, 191 Minnis, Paul E., 69 MNI (minimum number of individuals), 121–122, 131, 135–137, 139– 140, 141, 144 –147, 153–154, 160, 162–163, 168, 173–174, 176, 178 mobility, 194 –195, 201 mojarra, 123–124, 126, 131, 132, 135, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144 mono-cropping, 22 monuments, 31, 33, 38, 39, 64 Moore, Richard H., 125, 183, 184 – 185 Morlan, R E., 118 morning glory, 89, 90 Morton, Brian J., 44, 82–83, 84 –85, 86 mounds, and mound-building, 33, 36, 39, 50, 56 Mount, Timothy D., 24, 25–26 240 farming, hunting, and fishing in the olmec world mouse, 125, 127, 131, 133, 136, 137, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 160, 161, 173, 177; Aztec, 130, 161, 173; white-footed, 130, 161, 173 mulching, 22 multi-cropping, 20 mutualism, 8–9 Nakasone, Henry Y., 81–82, 83, 85– 86 Nelson, D Erle, 183 Netting, Robert M., 18, 19, 21, 22, 23 Neusius, Sarah W., 23, 148, 149 Newsom, Lee A., 70, 86 Nicaragua, 84 Nicholson, Rebecca A., 118 NISP (number of identified specimens), 121–122, 131–134, 136 – 138, 139–147, 153–156, 158–160, 162–163, 166 –171, 172–176 nitrogen, 3, 183–192, 196 nocturnal animals, 128 Norgaard, Richard B., 24, 26, 27 Norr, Lynette, 184, 185–186, 188, 189 Oasis Hypothesis See Childe Oaxaca, 12, 23, 37 obsidian, 57, 63 occupation intensity, 53 ocelot, 125, 127, 129–130, 131, 134, 136, 140, 161, 164, 165, 173 Ojochi phase, 53 Oldfield, Sara, 85 Oligocene, 41 Olmec, lowland, 1, 31, 33– 40, 64, 193, 196 Olsen, S L., 118 opossum, 124, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 161, 164, 165, 173, 177, 178 opportunistic hunting, 149–151, 170, 179 Orlove, Benjamin S., Ortiz, Susan, 19 Panama, 188 Pauketat, Timothy R., 17 Paull, Robert E., 81–82, 83, 85–86 Paynter, Robert, Pearsall, Deborah M., 8, 9, 68, 86 peccary, collared, 125, 127, 129, 131, 136, 139, 143, 144, 149, 161, 164, 165, 173, 177, 178 Peebles, Christopher S., 14 pests, crop, 23, 81, 82, 111, 128, 129, 130, 149, 160, 175, 177 Peters, Charles M., 107, 109 Philippines, 21 photosynthesis, 183, 185 pig, 86 plant tending, 11 plant weight, 74, 98–102 plants, study of, 68–70, 185–186, 189–190, 193; taxonomic names of, 79 See also seed crops Pohl, Mary, 191, 192 pole-and-thatch construction, 60 political competition, 13, 15, 38 political complexity, 13–18, 28, 29, 31, 33, 38, 40, 41, 64, 65, 113, 193, 196 –204 political consolidation, 106, 114 pollen, 46 – 47 Pool, Christopher A., 31, 40, 51, 56, 57–63, 68, 106, 114, 115, 179, 181, 197, 203 Pope, K O., 34, 36 Popper, Virginia S., 71, 72 population: decrease, 51, 52, 114, 115, 180, 196, 199, 203; density, 10, 15, 46, 47, 63; increase, 5, 6, 19, 110, 196, 198 population pressure, 11, 12, 19, 21, 38, 198–199, 201 index prey, animal, 10, 23, 27, 149, 150, 151, 158, 163–164, 170, 176, 191 Price, T Douglas, 7, 183, 184 prickly pear, 85, 86, 89, 90, 112 procurement See faunal procurement pruning, 23 quail, 133, 136 quantification methods: archaeobotanical data, 71–77; zooarchaeological data, 120 –123 quantitative analysis, 91–94, 151–178 Quero, Hermillo J., 83, 84 rabbit, 125, 127, 131, 133, 136, 137, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146, 161, 164, 165, 173, 177, 178; eastern cottontail, 129, 161, 173; forest, 129, 161, 173 raccoon, northern, 125, 127, 129– 130, 143, 144, 146, 161, 173, 177, 178 radiocarbon dates: Bezuapan, 58, 59– 61; La Joya, 55, 58 Rai, Navin Kumar, 149 rainfall, 41– 42, 45, 81–82, 84 raised fields, 19, 22, 23 rat, 125, 175, 177; Coues’ rice, 125, 127, 130, 133, 135, 136, 137, 140, 146, 147, 161, 173; hispid cotton, 125, 127, 130, 133, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146, 161, 173; Mexican wood, 125, 127, 133, 135, 136, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146 ratios, 73, 75, 98, 102–108, 114, 153, 155, 164 –169, 177–178 recovery and preservation bias: archaeobotanical data, 68–69; zooarchaeological data, 117–119 Redding, Richard W., 11, 198 refuse, 46, 62, 63, 109, 130, 190 regional carrying capacity, 11 241 regional centers, 33, 63, 196, 197 regional settlement See settlement Reid, 119, 129–130, 159 Reinhardt, Bentley, 179 Reitz, Elizabeth J., 77, 121–122 relative abundance, 95–96 reptiles, 124, 126, 128, 131, 132–133, 135–147, 153–155, 160 –161, 167– 170 residential space, 45– 46, 58–60, 62, 105 See also houses and houselots resources, 11, 15, 95–98, 198, 200; base of, 5, 10; pooling of, 10; scarcity/stress of, 12, 198, 200, 201 Rhizobia bacteria, 81 Rhode, David, 77 richness, 77, 78, 91–95, 156 –157, 163, 170 –171 See also DIVERS; diversity analysis; evenness Rico-Gray, Victor, 86 Rindos, David, 8, 9, 11 Rio Catemaco See Catemaco River Rio Chiquito Project, 35 risk, 156, 181, 193, 194, 197; analysis, 77; avoidance of, 10, 13; management of/response to, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 151, 158, 163, 170, 178–180 See also agricultural risk Rissolo, Dominique, 129, 150 rodent, 117, 118; gnawing, 119–120, 122, 123, 152, 153, 166 –167 roots: etching on bones, 119, 122, 123, 153, 166 –167 Rust, William F., 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 Ruthenberg, Hans, 22 Sahlins, Marshall A., 14 San Andres, 35, 36 San Juan, 37 San Lorenzo, 1, 15, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 53, 64, 193 242 farming, hunting, and fishing in the olmec world Sánchez-Vindas, Pablo E., 86 Sanders, William T., 5, 15, 16, 17, 34, 47, 107 Santley, Robert S., 1, 31, 40, 41, 47, 48–51, 52, 114, 115, 179, 181, 195–196, 198, 203 sapote, 80, 84 –91, 96, 97–98, 99, 100, 102, 107, 108, 111, 197 sapsucker, yellow-bellied, 124, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 165 savanna animals, 127, 128 Scarry, C Margaret, 18, 24, 26, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 –77, 99, 102, 202 Schluter, Michael G G., 24, 25, 26 Schoeninger, Margaret J., 183, 184 – 185 Schurr, Mark, 187 Schwarcz, Henry P., 184 Scott, Susan L., 23, 148, 149, 150, 158 screened samples, 119, 120, 131–147 sedentism, 1, 56, 57, 64, 91, 106, 156, 170, 194, 195, 201, 203 seed crops See crops seeds, 69, 83, 85, 87, 109 selectivity, food, 150 –151, 170, 177– 178 Service, E., 13, 14, 200 settlement, 37–38, 41, 47, 48– 49, 50, 51, 60, 63, 105, 111, 113–114, 181, 194 –196 See also hierarchy Sharer, Robert J., 33, 36, 37, 40 sharing, 10, 12, 14, 24, 25, 27, 28, 117 shellfish, 184 shifting agriculture, 22, 35, 44, 195 Shimabukuro, Shinzo, 44 Shipman, P., 118 short fallow, 20 shrew, 124, 130, 142, 146 Sierra de los Tuxtlas See Tuxtlas, Sierra de los Simon, Julian L., 21 skeletal part frequencies, 117 See also animals; bones skunk, 125, 134, 140 slash-and-burn farming, 20, 201 slider, 124, 126, 128, 132, 135, 139, 141, 142, 144, 146, 165, 178 small animals, 163–164, 176 –177 Smartt, J., 81, 110 Smith, Bruce D., 6, 8, 12, 37, 110 Smith, C Lavett, 125 snake, 133, 141, 142 snapper, 124, 125, 131, 132, 135, 136, 142, 144, 147 snares, 129, 150 snook, 124, 125, 126, 131, 132, 135, 136, 139, 142, 144, 147 social circumscription, 5, 11, 15, 16, 29, 198 social differentiation, 1, 51, 63, 64, 199–200 social hierarchy See hierarchy social inequality, 1, 15, 16, 38, 40, 199, 201, 202, 203 social status, 28, 202 sociopolitical system See hierarchy soil, 41, 42, 43, 45, 82, 84, 179; study of, 67–68 Sorg, M H., 117 Soriano, Enrique González, 70, 119, 123, 125, 128, 129, 159 species selectivity See prey Spencer, Charles S., 5, 118 Speth, John D., 23, 148, 149, 150, 158 squash, 35 squirrel, 124, 127, 131, 133, 135, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 161, 164, 165, 173, 177, 178; Deppe’s, 130, 161, 173; Mexican gray, 130, 161, 173 stable isotope analysis See isotopic analysis index Stahl, Peter W., 117 staple domesticates, 12 See also seed crops staple finance, 17 Stark, Barbara L., 1–2, 31, 41, 48–51, 59–62, 115, 181, 203 states, 6, 13, 31, 198; voluntaristic theory of, 13 See also chiefdoms Steponaitis, Vincas P., 17, 18, 75, 76 – 77, 99 Stewart, Andrew, 14 Stone, Glenn Davis, 19, 21, 24 storage, 25, 26, 56, 58, 60, 63, 163, 175, 177, 180, 194, 197; pits, 61, 161, 176 subsistence, 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 18, 22–23, 25–28, 33, 35–39, 44, 46 – 47, 56, 65, 77, 113, 116, 148–149, 151, 156, 158, 163, 164 –165, 170, 178, 179–181, 193–197, 198–203 subsistence risk See agricultural risk; risk successional cropping See intracropping succulents, 184 sucker, 123–124, 126, 132, 139 sustainability, 23, 180 swidden farming, 38, 109–110, 114, 148 Szuter, Christine R., 148, 149, 150 Tajalote River, 48 taphonomy, 117, 122, 123, 152, 153, 166 –167 taxonomic names: plants, 79; animals, 124 –125 Tehuacan Valley, 23 teosinte, 8, 36 See also maize Teotepec, 48 Teotihuacan, 56 Terminal Formative, 1, 49, 51–52, 55–56, 58, 59–61, 63, 87–104, 105–108, 110, 113–114, 132–147, 243 152–172, 173–181, 187–192, 194, 196 –197, 198–204 terracing, 15, 18, 21, 23, 24 terrestrial animals, 127, 128, 129, 149, 158–161, 172, 176, 182, 186, 189– 190, 192, 195, 196 terrestrial plants, 183–184 thorn scrub animals, 129 tierra de primera, 34, 35 toad, 124, 126, 131, 132, 135, 136, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 156, 161, 173; cane, 128, 161, 173; Gulf Coast, 128, 161, 173 trampling, 118 traps, 150 See also hunting and trapping trash See middens; refuse tree crops See tree fruits tree fruits, 44, 79, 81–86, 87–88, 107–110, 113, 114, 179–180, 194, 195, 196, 197, 203 See also specific varieties tres lomos, 86, 89, 90, 91, 112 Tres Zapotes, 1, 31, 33, 64, 197 trianthema, 86, 88, 113 tribute mobilization, 1, 17, 18, 33, 38, 39, 40, 51, 57, 106, 114, 115, 165, 180 –181, 193, 194, 197, 202, 203 Trigger, Bruce, trophic-level effects, 185–186 tropics, 5, 15, 16, 21, 33, 34, 41, 66, 68, 80, 83, 84, 85, 109, 188 Tucker, Bram T., Tulipan phase, 53 turkey, 124, 126, 129, 131, 133, 135, 136, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 165, 178 Turner, B L., II, 107 turtle, 35, 36, 131, 142, 158, 172; box /pond, 124, 132, 142; Mexican giant musk, 124, 126, 128, 132, 135, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 165, 178 See also slider ... understanding the range of processes at work in tropical environments 6 farming, hunting, and fishing in the olmec world Determining the relationship between population growth and agricultural intensification... resources they exploited,” but they criticize the exclusion of individual 10 farming, hunting, and fishing in the olmec world decision-makers from the process Instead, Winterhalder and Goland propose... important than estuarine, brackish, and marine species (Coe and Diehl 1980a; Wing 1980) Although fishing and turtle collecting were the most 36 farming, hunting, and fishing in the olmec world common