TLf LigU TRONG NLfCIC BU0G khdi dau hien dai hda nghien GIIU van hoG DUONG THU THUY H ien dai hda van bpc Vipt Nam nria diu TK XX la mpt qui trinh ehuydn bidn lien tuc tri nhung bude di ban diu vdi nhidu vudng viu cria ldi nghien erin van hpc trung dai ddn nhring bude hoin thipn sau dd. Qua eic cdng trinh nghien crin van hpc giai doan sau (tri 1930 de'n 1945), de thiy sy chuyen bidn manh me cria qui trinh hipn dai hda. Nhung, cai gi thupc ve khai pha ban diu cung Ii eii ding ghi nhan vi ein dupe tran trpng. Vi vay, vipc tim hieu chinh bude di ban diu eua boat dpng nghien eiiru van hoc Vipt Nam tri diu TK XX de'n 1930 Ii mpt vipc lim ein thiet de phic hpa nen toan eanh qui trinh hipn dai hda van hpc dan tpc nria diu TK XX. Trong nhring thap nien diu cua TK XX, boat dpng nghien erin van hoc phit trien chu ydu ve cdng tic bien khao. Nhan xdt vd tinh hinh nghien criu van hpc d nhung thap nien nay, Pham Thd NgQ trong Viet Nam vdn hpc su gidn udc tdn bien (1965), cho ring: day Ii giai doan "phdn thjnh vd bien khao", vdi dri cic loai nhu: bien khao vd kinh hpc, tridt hpc, sri hpc, van hpc. Trong bien khao van bpc, eic nha bien khao dac bipt hudng vao van bpc cd Vipt Nam, nhit Ii van ehuang Ndm, tri sao luc, djch thuat - phien am, hipu dinh, chri giai, phe binh ddn suu tap vi khao luan tdng quit vd thd cich, nghe thuat, ljch sri Cd the ke mpt sd cdng trinh khao cun, siru tap cd gii trj nhu Viet Hdn vdn khdo (1918) eua Phan Kd Binh, Vdn ehuang thi phd An Nam (1923) cria Ha Ngpc Cin, Viet vdn hop tuyen gidng nghia (1925) cua Le Thanh Y, Qude vdn trich diim (1925) cria Duong Quang Ham, Vdn ddn bdo gidm (1928) cria Trin Trung Vien Cac cdng trinh bien khao niy phin nhieu cdn so lupc. each nhan djnh, danh gia deu khdng vupt khdi khudn khd ngri van hpc cd didn; cae tie gia cdn chiu nhieu anh hudng eua quan niem van chuong thdi trung dai d chd thien vd danh gia, phim binh nhidu ban Ii phan tich, giai thich cac hien tupng van hoc; nha bien khao chi cin bidt tdi van ban vdi nhung thin eri, nhan ty chri it cin bidt tdi nhirng quan he xa hpi phuc tap da san sinh ra tie phim. Vdi mpt ndn qude van ngay cang phit tridn, ldi nghien cun truydn thdng nhu tren khdng thd dap ung nhu cau tiep nhan cria dpc gia duang thdi, vi vay, cac nha nghien erin da khdng ngirng hpc tap, ap dung cae phuang phap nghien criu mdi vao viec nghien cii^ van hpc Viet Nam. Trong nhQng bude khdi diu cria qua trinh hien dai hda boat dpng nghien eun van hpc Vipt Nam giai doan nria diu TK XX, Truyen Kiiu ciia Nguydn Du la tic phim van hpc trung dai dupe tap trung tim hieu nhidu nhit. Cring trong nghien criu Truyen Kieu thi cac phuang phap mdi cua phuang Tay lin diu tien dupe ip dung. Va Pham Quynh cung mdt vai ngudi khae cd edng khai pha trong linh vyc nay. Trong bii vie't dang tren Nam Phong nam 1919, Pham Quynh cho ring: " khdng the Iiy cai ti lp thudng cria van chri Ndm mi xet dupe. Phai dring phep phe binh khao cun eua van hpc Tliai Tay mdi mong phat bidu dupe cai dac sic. bay td dupe cii gii trj cria mdt nen tuyet tac trong qud'c van An Nam ta". Va d bai Khdo ve Truyen Kiiu, Pham Quynh vua van dung ly thuydt, vria thuc hanh khao sit tie pham theo mpt trinh ty tri khai quit de'n eu the. Md diu la ldi gidi thieu chung vd tic phim, sau dd di vao Sd 304 frr Thang 10-2009 » THdMC TIM VAN H6A NGHg THUAT "cdi rd Truypn Kidu", "ljch su tie gia", "van chuong Truypn Kidu", "tam ly cd Kidu". 6 timg npi dung, Pham Quynh da lam vipe mdt each rit nghiem trie vi cdng phu. (Zich nghien crin Truyen Kieu thien vd van chuong cria Pham Quynh, trong hoin canh nude mit vi cic phong trio yeu nude sdi sue, gap phai phan ring cia eic nhi Nho vdn dl quan nipm "van dl tai dao" - trie hudng van ehuang vio eon dudng ich dung cho dan, cho nude, eho thd dao nhan tam, hudng con ngudi vao vipc tu dudng dao drie, chinh khi dd dinh gia tie phim. Truyen Kieu, bdi thd, bj Ngd Drie Kd, Huynh Thric Khing coi Ii hai ddn phong hda dao drie, bj coi Ii dam thu eung Ii didu dd hidu. Dring nhu Thidu San trong P/ie binh vd edo ludn timg nhan xet vd Huynh Thric Khing nhu sau: "Truyen Kieu kia ndu bj eoi la mpt cudn dam thu vi nhung ngudi yeu Kidu vd cii gii trj van chuong va my thuat cria nd ma bj kdt in vio tpi me dan hoac chring, ta cring ching nen phidn trich nha ehi si khdng edng bing khich da tinh thi thien Ipeh vd tinh. Nhi chi si thi thien lech vd nudc"(l). Ngoii cic bii nghien cun vd Truyen Kieu, giai doan niy cdn cd cdng trinh Sif nghiep vd thi vdn cua Uy viin tudng cdng Nguyin Cong Tru (1928 - in lin thri nhit tai nhi in Le Van Tan, Hi Npi) ban vd cupe ddi va sing tie cria nha tho nay. Dri ehua dri can eri dd xic djnh day la mpt cudn sich nghien cihi, phe binh van hpc, nhung dng Le Thudc dupe gidi nghien erin van bpc trude day, nhu Thanh Lang ching ban, coi la "ngudi diu tien di bin vao dja hat phe binh, tuy chua dat dupe ket qua rye rd ". Qua tim hidu, ta tha'y mac dri cdng trinh cd khudn khd ldn nhung phuong phip nghien erin cia Le Thudc vin cdn mang nang tinh giao didu khi da dya vao mpt sd tieu chuin cd dien vd nghp thuat trong vipc thim djnh Nguydn Cdng Trri. Ching ban, nhan xet vd tai van ehuang cia Nguydn Cdng Trri, dng eho ring: "Van Ndm dng Nguydn Cdng Trri cd ve dac sic lim, nha't la van vin (nhu ea trri). Ong ehi dring nhring tidng ngudi ta thudng dpc, thudng nghe, ndi ra trie la thanh van khdng nin ndt eham gpt nhu cac thi si khae. Ldi van vria nhe nhang, vria chit phac: ] trdng vao khdng tha'y gi la eao ky, ma dpc ldn y that ddi dao; ldi khdng ehai chudt mi hay, van I khdng trau ddi ma ljch: that la ca trri nhit j gia"(2); hay khi ban vd ehi hudng cria Nguydn i Cdng Trri, tic gia vidt: 'Ta dpc ddn ldi van eu, ty nhien sinh ldng hang hii, mudn di, mudn chay, mudn dem than ganh vac vipc ddi, dd ! girip ddi eho khdi nhring ndi bi ai khdn khd. Ay cring bdi eu ddi vdi ddi ed cai quan nipm nhu 1 the, cho nen cu thd Id ra mdt ing van ehuang ed i khi lye bring manh, diu ai oan ma khdng lam cho bi siu, diu mia mai ma khdng lam eho dau ddn. Duong cii thdi dai canh tranh nay, ke thdi bdn xu qui, ddn ndi quen mat liem si, ke thdi nhu nhupe qui, ddn ndi sanh ra chin ddi, qude dan ta ndu mudn chin khdi eii tinh thin, bdi thyc cii khi tidt cho ngay mpt manh me len thdi cai ldi van ehuang bring trang niy ha lai khdng nen sring bii lim ru (3). Rd rang d day, ngdn ngri nhan xet cia Le Thudc cdn in dam diu in cia ldi pham binh cia van hpc ed khi dng xem van ehuang cia ddi tuong nghien crin la bai hpc dao drie neu guang cho mpi nguoi. Tie gia ca ngpi tinh thin lac quan, ehi khi manh me cia Nguydn Cdng Trri trong hoan canh ngat ngheo va xem dd Ii bai hpc cd vu, ddng vien bdi i dudng nhipt tinh sdng va hanh ddng cria ngudi dan Vipt Nam trong hoin eanh lric biy gid, chinh la bay td quan nipm van dl tai dao cria ngudi xua. Dri vay, Le Thudc da cd net mdi trong nghien crin van bpc d giai doan nay khi ' dng da la'y cudc ddi cia tic gia dd bipn mriih | cho van nghipp. \ Nhu vay, qua cic edng trinh nghien criai van ! hpc vua trinh bay, dae bipt la cac bai nghien curu vd Truyen Kieu cria Pham Quynh, Ngd Dtire Kd, Huynh Thric Khing va tie phim bien khao phe binh vd Nguydn Cdng Trri cria Le Thudc, chring tdi nhan ra ring, nghien crin van hpc ! trong nhung bude khdi diu cria qua trinh hipn dai hda da hpc tap dupe phuang phip nghien crin cia van hpc nude ngoai dd ap dung vao j nghien eihi van hpc nude nha. Tuy nhien, trong I budi khdi diu nay, nhring du am cria quan nipm j cd didn vin cdn hipn dipn tren trang vidt cua i |T|i So 304 Thang 10-2009 'Ji cic nha nghien cri^ duang thdi nhu quan didm tan duang thdi trung dai, quan nipm van dl tai dao Du vay, nhring bii nghien criu cria cie tie gia vria neu vin cd gia trj khdng chi ddi vdi ljch sri van hpc (cudc nghien criu tranh luan vd tie phim van hpc diu tien), ma cdn la nhung gpi y dd sau nay ngudi ta tidp tue nghien crin tie phim Truyen Kieu ndi rieng va van hpc Vipt Nam ndi chung. Qua vay, sudt miy muai nam qua, Truyen Kieu cia Nguydn Du khdng ngirng dupe gidi nghien erin quan tam, tim hidu d nhidu gdc dp dd khing djnh gii trj cria tic phim. Cie y kidn ma cie nhi hpc gia lric biy gid dua ra da dupe gidi nghien curu tidp thu vi tim hidu sau ban d cac edng trinh nghien erin Truyen Kieu sau nay. Didu nay eho ta mpt lin nria xic nhan vai trd tien phong cia cac tic gia trong budi diu nghien erin tie phim Truyen Kieu ndi rieng va boat dpng nghien erin van hpc Vipt Nam ndi chung trong giai doan nia diu TK XX. Cd thd tdm tat dac didm dd nhu sau: Vin xem nhan vat Thriy Kidu la tim guang luan ly ran ddi, rd rang cie nhi nghien erin giai doan nay vin cdn mang nang tu tudng nghien crin truydn thdng. Du am cia phuang phip nghien crin cd didn vin cdn in da'u trong nhung nhan djnh, tan duang mdt chidu, ddi lric qui mric theo cam nhan tri am. Triy nhien, cic cdng trinh nghien crin bude diu cria giai doan niy da he lp dd md ra mdt chang dudng nghien criu mdi, dac biet la cdng trinh cria Pham Quynh. Lin diu tien trong boat ddng nghien erin van hpc Vipt Nam, tic phim Truyen Kieu ndi rieng vi van hpc Vipt Nam dupe Pham Quynh nhin nhan d nhidu gdc dd khae nhau vdi mpt tinh thin khoa hpc khi nghiem trie: tim hidu vd cpi rd tic phim, ljch sri tie gia, van ehuang tic phim, tam ly nhan vat. Cac edng trinh nghien criu cria Vu Dinh Long, Nguydn Tudng Tam vd Truyen Kieu tuy vin cdn tinh thin tan duang, nhung bude diu cic dng da tan duang mpt cich cd ea sd khoa hoc thdng qua nghien criu ti mi vd ngdn ngri, tam ly nhan vat, eac thri phap nghp thuat dd dua ra dupe nhring nhan xdt khi triih td, thuydt phuc dupe ngudi dpc. TLf LI$U TRONG NLfCtC Trudng hpp cia Huynh Thue Khang va Ngd Drie Kd, chring ta cin phii ed cai nhin toan dien ban vd nhung danh gia cria hai dng dd'i vdi Truyen Kieu. Lin diu tien tren didn dan van hpc Vipt Nam didn ra cupc tranh luan giria hai trudng phii dd'i vdi mpt tic phim van hpc qui khri ma trong tinh rieng cria timg ngudi thi ai cring vd van yeu mdn. Chring ta khdng qui ngac nhien khi hai nha nghien cun, vria la hai nha Nho yeu nude, niy da cd nhung ldi le qua dang khi phe phan Truyen Kieu. Di lim gi? Thyc chit la dd chdng lai nhung quan diem qua ding cria Pham Quynh trong viec de cao Truyen Kieu vdi muc tieu khdng trong sang. Day ed le Ii mpt cupc tranh luan ve quan diem chinh trj ban Ii van bpc, ma Truyen Kieu la cai ed, la "nan nhan" cria cupc tranh luan iy. Nhung dri sao, cupc tranh luan iy vdi tit ca nhung uu nhupe didm cria nd, rd ring da tao eho ddi sdng van bpc Viet Nam vdn phing lang xua nay mpt tinh thin nghien cim mdi. Thoit ra ldi nghien erin tan duang mpt chidu eua du am quan nipm ed didn trong cdng tic nghien eihi, cac nha nghien curu giai doan nay, dd bao ve chinh kidn cia minh, da nhin nhan Truyen Kieu mpt cich toan dipn va da dang hon, cd khen cring ed che. Day chinh Ii mim mdng mdi cia mpt phuang phip nghien curu khoa bpc va toin dipn. Cd dupe nhung thanh qua bude diu nhu da neu tren, nhung nha nghien cun giai doan niy da cd y thric rit rd trong vipc thric diy sy ehuydn bidn cia boat dpng nghien eiiru van hoc nude nhi; dat nhung tang di diu tien dd xay dyng ndn mdng cho mpt phuang phap nghien criru van bpc mdi, tao co sd dd boat dpng nay ehuydn bidn manh me d giai doan sau, thric diy qui trinh hipn dai hda van bpc dan tpc tidn nhanh vi vring ehie • D.TT 1. Thie'u Son. Thieu San todn tap (tap 1), Nxb Vdn hpc. Ha N6i, 2003. 2. Thanh Lang, Bdng luac dd vdn hpc Viet Nam 1862- 1945 (quy^n ha). Phong trao van h6a xb, Sai G6n. 1967. 3. Thanh Lang, Phe binh vdn hpc Viet Nam the hi 1932 (tap 2). Phong trao van hoa xb, Sai Gon, 1973. ThSng 10-2009 s6 304 mm . Nam dupe Pham Quynh nhin nhan d nhidu gdc dd khae nhau vdi mpt tinh thin khoa hpc khi nghiem trie: tim hidu vd cpi rd tic phim, ljch sri tie gia, van. tinh thin tan duang, nhung bude diu cic dng da tan duang mpt cich cd ea sd khoa hoc thdng qua nghien criu ti mi vd ngdn ngri, tam ly nhan vat, eac thri