CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 02-2011 47 VAN HOA - UCH SLf VAI NET VE VAN HOC MY LATINH h giua the ky XX trd lai day, van hoc My Latinh da that sii thu hut dUdc sii chu y cua ddc gia va gidi chuyen mdn tren toan the gidi. Ngiidi ta nhin thay d dd mdt nen van hoc nd rd nhu "chiec kinh van hoa" vdi rat nhieu tac gia, tac pham xuat sac cung du the loai, khuynh hudng, trao luu, phong each Nhieu nha van, nha thd da dude trao giai Nobel chng cac giai thudng van hoc khac vi nhhng ddng gdp to ldn cua ho cho nen van hoc the gidi. Bai viet nay budc dau phac thao mdt sd' van de cd ban ve lich sh, dan tdc va van hda My Latinh de th do soi vao lich sh van hoc cac thdi ky cua nen van hoc rat phat trien nay. 1. Ve lich suf, tinh dan toe va van hoc My Latinh De xac dinh dUdc ban nga van hoc My Latinh chhng ta can phai nam dude tien trinh lich sh, tinh dan tdc, dac triing van hda cung nhu nhhng van de chinh tri, kinh te, tdn giao, nhan chung, ngdn ngh, cua nd. Jose Marti (1853-1895), vi anh hung dan tdc, nha thd vi dai cua Cuba da ndi : Nguyen Hong Dung TrUdng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Hue "Khdng the cd van hoc My Latinh mdt khi My Latinh chiia dUdc hinh thanh". Quan diem cua Jose Marti cd y nghia soi sang vao sii hinh thanh dan tdc My Latinh, y thhc he dan tdc, van hda va nhhng van de khac cua nd, de tren cd sd dd nhan dien dUdc van hoc My Latinh. Day la mdt van de rat phhc tap, bdi vi lich sh hinh thanh va phat trien cua khu viic nay rat khac vdi hau het cac dan tdc tren the gidi. Theo lich sh, vao ngay 12/10/1492, doan thuyen tham hiem do Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) chi huy da vudt qua Dai Tay DUdng, den mdt hdn dao ma thd dan goi la Guanahani va diidc Columbus dat ten la San Salvador, thudc quan dao Bahama ngay nay. Sii kien nay cd mdt y nghia rat ldn - phat hien ra mdt luc dia mdi, ma den nam 1504 dUdc dat ten la Chau My (America). The ky XV la thdi diem Tay Au dang chuyen ddi th che dd phong kien sang thdi ky tich luy tu ban chu nghia. Sud't hdn 3 the ky (th XVI - XVIII), hai de qud'c Tay Ban Nha va Bd Dao Nha da lien tiep phai cac dao quan vien chinh sang xam chie'm chau My. NgUdi Tay 48 SO 02-2011 CHAU MY NGAY NAY Ban Nha va Bo Dao Nha chinh phuc dUdc dau lien lap nen nhung thanh phd' d do. Do la nhung trung tam de thiet lap nen nhung quoc gia sau nay, vdi mot nude ndi tieng Bd Dao Nha la Brazil, mdt nUdc ndi tieng Phap la Haiti va hdn 20 nUdc ndi tieng Tay Ban Nha. ThUc te nay cho thay. viec thanh lap xa hdi chau My la ket qua ciia y tudng cua ngUdi chau Au. Nha thd Octavo Paz (Mexico, Nobel 1990) da. viet: "Se khdng hieu ndi chiing ta neu ngudi ta quen mat rang. chung ta la mdt chudng cua lich sh khong tudng chau Au. Chau My chua dUdc phat trien day du da. dUdc dat ten rdi. Cai ten ma ngUdi ta cho chung ta da. phan quyet chung ta la mdt the' gidi mdi. Da't cua sii chon liia cua tUdng lai: trUdc khi la chau My da biet rd minh se la nhu the nao rdi". Chi trong may the ky, chau My da. nhanh chdng trd thanh ndi chung sd'ng cua nhung chu nhan thuc dan da trang va nhiing nd le da den, da vang va sau niia la ngUdi lai, ke't qua cua sii cUdng bde lich sd. Quan the cii dan nay gdm du cac loai qud'c tich khac nhau. gid'ng ndi khac nhau de tao nen mdt hdn hdp dan tdc tinh hiem cd trong lich sd loai ngUdi. Mat khac, ngUdi Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha cung da mang den the gidi mdi nen van hda. tdn giao, phap luat, khoa hoc, van hoc nghe thuat cua ho. Sau dd, khi cdng cudc binh dinh da. tam dn ho lap nen nhiing trUdng hoc, nha in va bao chi de truyen ba nhiing chinh sach, tU tudng va ne'p sinh hoat chinh qud'c. Chinh sii xam nhap, hda trdn giua nen van hda da trang vdi nen van hda ban dia (cua ngudi da do) da tao nen mdt nen van hda khdng thuan nhat. Nha van Mario Llosa (Peru) da goi dd la "mdt nen van hda lai": "Phan ldn ngUdi My Latinh deu cd mdt hai canh pha he theo do sdm hay muon se xuat hien md'i day lien he vdi Chau Au. Vdi Tay Ban Nha la chu ye'u, trong trUdng hdp ngudi ra di da lau rdi va xuat phat td bd ben nay cua Dai Tay DUdng, con nhiing chia cit gan day thi la Italia, Bd Dao Nha, Phap hoac Trung Au. NhUng tat ca cac ddng huyet tdc ay, da cd, dang cd va thUdng de se lam cho con cd mai mai nhiing pha trdn va ke't hdp cac yeu to' ban xd va Phi Chau - den Chau My cung cac nha chinh phuc". Nhu vay, tren cai nen lich sh phdc tap va day bie'n ddng dd, y thdc dan tdc My Latinh da dUdc hinh thanh tren nen tang cua sq ket hdp giua van hda ngudi da trang di chinh phuc vdi van hda ban dia cung van hda ngudi da den (gdc chau Phi). Dd la mdt yeu tinh da dUdc dn dinh trong may the ky qua va ngay nay nd dUdc xem nhu la mdt dac diem chinh cua ban sac My Latinh va sU ra ddi, phat trien cua van hoc My Latinh qua cac thdi ky da gin chat che vdi dac diem do. 2. Quan niem ve ranh gidi van hoc va phan ky van hoc Tien trinh van hoc My Latinh tren thiic te da diin ra 5 the ky. Nd dupe CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 02-2011 49 danh dau th nhhng tac pham ddu tien do nhiing nha thiic dan da trang viet. Trong khoang thdi gian dd, diidi tac ddng cua lich su, kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, dia ly, van hoc da cd sii phat trien va bien ddi sau sac. Chinh sii thay ddi ve chat da tao ra nhiing thdi ky van hoc khac nhau va mdi thdi ky deu cd nhiing he de tai, chu de rieng vdi nhiing quan niem nghe thuat, khuynh hudng sang tac cua chung. 0 tieu chi nay, ly luan ve van hoc sh My Latinh khdng cd gi khac biet vdi cac nen van hoc tren the gidi. Tuy vay, chung ta can luu y mdt sd' van de het sdc quan trong trong ndi ham khai niem van hoc My Latinh, la xac dinh pham vi khu viic va cung td dd ma cd sq dinh hudng hdp ly cho viec phan ky van hoc. Van de nay cho den nay van con dupe tranh cai va cd nhiing quan niem ddi lap gay gat. 6 quan niem cho rang, khdng cd khai niem "van hoc My Latinh" ndi chung ma chi cd cac nen van hoc rieng biet cua tdng nUdc, cac y kien deu tap trung nhan manh den tinh chat ban dia cua van hoc qudc gia, sq khac biet ve lich sd cu the, ve ngdn ngd (tieng Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha hay tieng Phap), ve dac diem ra't rieng cua tdng qud'c gia. Nha van Manuel Scodar (Peru) da. tung ndi: " NgUdi ta cd khuynh hudng gdp van hoc Peru vao van hoc cua cac nUdc My Latinh. Dd la mdt sai lam ldn. Cai goi la "van hoc My Latinh" bao gdm hang chuc nen van hoc dan tdc het sdc khac nhau, mdi nen van hoc phan anh hoan canh rieng biet cua mdi dan tdc". Dhng la mdi tac pham van hoc deu diidc xay dUng tren cd sd cua mdt y tUdng ddc lap va mdi nha van deu cd quan niem nghe thuat, phong each cua rieng minh va rdng hdn la vdn hoc cha mdi qud'c gia deu cd nhhng nhiem vu cu the cua nd. Khdng ai phu nhan dUdc tinh ban dia cha van hoc qud'c gia, nhUng van hoc qud'c gia khdng tdn tai nhu mdt d'e dao, ma dac biet la van hoc My Latinh se ra sao neu van hoc bi phan each ra, manh mun vdi hang chuc nen van hoc khdng cd gi lien he vdi nhau. Ro rang, dieu nay se danh mat di d van hoc My Latinh tinh tdng the hai hda, khoang dat vd sq uyen chuyen sinh ddng vdi nhhng sdc mau cua nd. Ma dd chinh la nhhng cai ddc dao, tao nen sq ldi cudn cua van hoc My Latinh. Cach day hdn mdt the ky, Jose Marti da tu hao tuyen bd': "Tdi la cdn cua chau My va tdi dn NgUdi!". De trd thanh chinh ban than minh, cd tieng ndi rieng khdng bi chim lap, hda lan vao "ban giao hudng da thanh" cua van hoc the gidi, van hoc My Latinh can phai gih diidc tinh thd'ng nha't tren cd sd ve dan tdc tinh va van hda ma chung tdi da trinh bay d tren. Van hoc ban dia chng chi bao tdn va phat trien diidc khi dua chac vao nguyen ly chung dd. Nha thd Octavio Paz da khang dinh: "Khdng cd gi phan biet giha van hoc Argentina vdi van hoc Uruguay; khdng cd gi phan biet giha van hoc Mexico vdi van hoc 50 SO 02-2011 CHAU MY NGAY NAY Guatemala. Van hoc rong ldn hdn cac ranh gidi qud'c gia. Su tdn tai cua nen van hoc My Latinh la mdt trong nhung thu nghiem cua tinh thd'ng nhat lich sd cua cac dan tdc chung ta". 3. Cac thdi ky van hoc 3.1. Van hoc tit khdi dau den nam 1820 Van hoc My Latinh bdt dau bang nhhng tac pham cha the' he nhung ngUdi da trang di chinh phuc. ThUc chat, dd la nhung ngudi chau Au viet ve Chau My. Phan ldn cac tac phdm dUdc viet trong giai doan nay la nhhng ky sq, nhat ky, thu th, kich, lich sh. Ndi dung chu yeu cua chung la phan anh cdng cudc chinh phuc cua ngudi da trang, mieu ta thien nhien va con ngudi Chau My. Cud'n Nhat ky hanh trinh va nhhng thu tu, bao cao cua Columbus dUdc xem la nhung tac pham van hoc dau tien cua the' gidi mdi. Sau Columbus, xua't hien cac tac gia nhu Bartosolone Laz Casat (1474- 1566) viet ve nhhng chinh phuc d Peru va Colombia, Harman Cortes (1485- 1547) viet ve cudc chinh phuc Mexico. Trong the he di chinh phuc nay xua't hien mdt nha thd ldn la Alonso Ecxila (1533-1594). Ecxila la dai hy trong ddi quan Tay Ban Nha xam chie'm Chile. Ong da. sang tac ra tap thd bat hh La Araucana ma am hudng chinh la ca ngdi tinh than dung cam cua nhhng ngUdi da do, nhhng ngUdi ma dng da. true tiep chie'n da'u vdi ho. La Araucana dUdc xem nhu mdt ban anh hung ca va ngay nay no la mdt tac pham cd dien cua van hoc My Latinh. Th giha the ky XVI da xua't hien mdt the he nha van, nha thd mdi - nhhng ngUdi sinh ra va ldn len tai Chau My. Rat ddng trong so ho la nhhng ngUdi cd hai ddng mau: da trang cung da dd. Trong the he mdi nay cd nhieu ngudi ra't tai nang. Garcilaso Vegar (1539-1616) la mdt nha thd ldn, nha sh hoc ldn. Cac tac pham tieu bieu cua dng la La Florida va Ldi binh luan trung thitc. Garcilaso Vegar da ke't hdp thanh cdng giua yeu to thUc tai va yeu to' huyen thoai trong thd. Ong da ca ngdi mdt each cam ddng ve nen van minh cua dan tdc dng - dan tdc Inca d Peru - va su bi tham cua dan tdc dng khi nhhng ke da trang de'n xam chie'm da't dai, tieu diet ngUdi da dd bang sung dan va benh dich. Joan Ruis Allacon (1580-1639) la nha viet kich ndi tieng ngUdi Mexico, vdi 23 vd kich cd gia tri. Nha van Antonio Vieyra (1606-1697) la ngUdi cd cdng ldn trong viec xay dung nen van xudi Brazil. Tac phdm cua dng da trUc tie'p chd'ng lai che do thUc dan, ddi giai phdng nd le. Nha thd nh Joana Ine Cruz (1648-1695) cua Mexico la ngUdi cd tai nha't cua thd ca thdi thudc dia. Thd cua ba la sq ket hdp nhuan nhuyen giha tinh tri tue, nhhng tri thhc bach khoa ve ddi sd'ng vdi ye'u td' trh tinh sau lang, dien dat mdt each tinh te nhhng tham kin cua tam hdn con ngudi. Ve tu tudng, CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 02-2011 51 tha cha ba rat nhiet thanh tranh da'u cho quyen lqi cha nguo'i phu nh. 3.2. Van hoc giai doan 1820-1880 Van hoc giai doan nay dupe goi la van hoc thdi ky ddc lap, chiu sq tac dpng trUc tiep cua nhhng bien dpng chinh tri va each mang tren khu vUc. Va dau the ky XIX, sq phat trien ve kinh te, xa hdi da nay sinh nhhng mau thuan sau sac ve chinh tri giha My Latinh vdi Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao Nha. .Trong khi chinh qud'c mud'n gih chat che dp cai tri thUc dan thi nhhng nha chinh tri va nhhng nha tu san thhc thdi cua My Latinh hieu rang, da den luc ddi quyen tu quye't. Nam 1810, cudc khdi nghia ci Mexico do tu si Hidango (1753-1811) lanh dao gianh thang ldi. Trong vong 11 nam (1810-1821), trh hai nUdc Cuba va Puerto Rico, cac nude khac deu gianh dupe dpc lap. Day chinh la thdi ky dinh hinh y thhc he dan tdc My Latinh, ra ddi trong cudc da'u tranh ddi dan chu va tu do. Thoat khdi sq nd dich cua chu nghia thUc dan da tao dieu kien cho tU tudng va van hda phat trien. Budc ngoat lich sh trong dai nay da dUa van hoc My Latinh tdi mot thdi ky phdt trien mdi, txing biidc thoat khoi cdi bong cua van hoc chau Au. Cho de'n thdi diem nay, cd the ndi tren van dan My Latinh cd mat hau het cac khuynh hudng, trudng phai nghe thuat cua chau Au. Tuy vay, trong thqc te cac nha van My Latinh khdng hoan toan ap dung mdt each may mdc quan niem nghe thuat cha chau Au. Phan ldn cac khuynh hudng nghe thuat cua chau Au khi xam nhap vao My Latinh deu cd sq chuyen hda bdi nhhng nghe si tai nang. Sq chuyen hda nay nhieu khi dien ra mdt each toan dien, khien cho nhieu khuynh hudng sau khi den mien da't mdi da khdng con gih dude tinh chat ban dau cua chhng. Nhhng thap ky diu cua thdi ky van hoc nay danh da'u sq nd rd cha chu nghia lang man. NgUdi khdi dau van hoc lang man d My Latinh la nha thd Echueviria. Nam 1837, Echueviria xuat ban tap thd La Cantiva, mieu ta thien nhien chng cudc sdng phdng khoang cua nhhng ngUdi dan du muc d dat nUdc dng - Argentina. Nhhng nha thd lang man xuat sac la Jose Caro (1817-1853) va Juelio Arboleda (1817-1861) cua Colombia, Jose Martin (1814-1874) cua Cuba, Gomez Aveaneda (1814-1873) cua Venezuela, Theophilo Diaz (1857-1889) cua Brazil. Sau khi bat dau th thi ca, chh nghia lang man da bat re vao tieu thuyet va kich. Nhhng nha van ndi tieng la Ruy Babosa (1849-1923) cua Brazil, Juan Montalvo (1832-1889) cua Ecuador, Justo Siera (1848-1912) cua Mexico, Sirilo Viaverde (1812- 1894) cua Cuba, Jorge Itsac (1837- 1895) cha Colombia. Th thap ky 60 cua the ky XIX, chu nghia lang man suy ye'u va van hoc My Latinh dan chuyen sang chh nghia hien thUc. Nha van Manuel 52 SO 02-2011 CHAU MY NGAY NAY Almeyda (1830-1861) cua Brazil va nha van Alberto Gana (1830-1920) cha Chile la hai ngudi khdi dau cho van hoc hien thUc My Latinh. Tac pham Hoi tic cua mot ngtibi dpi trtidng du kich cha M. Almeyda la tac pham hien thUc dau tien cua van hoc Brazil. Vao nhhng nam 1870, chu nghia hien thUc da chiem iiu the tren van dan cua My Latinh va day chng la thdi diem xuat hien nhhng tac pham hien thUc xuat sac. Nha van Luis Martinez (1868-1909) ngudi Ecuador cd tieu thuyet Tdi mien bd bien, nha van Machado Artsiz (1839- 1909) ngUdi Brazil cd cac tieu thuyet Kincaz Borba va Don Carmuaho Van hoc hien thUc da gat hai nhhng thanh cdng rUc rd, dude ddc gia va gidi chuyen mdn chau Au danh gia cao. Dac biet la nha van M. Artsiz dUdc goi la "Balzac cua chau My". 3.3 Van hoc giai doan 1880-1920 Vao nhhng thap ky cuoi the ky XIX dau the ky XX, van hoc My Latinh da. thqc sq trUdng thanh, khdng con la sU phan chieu cha van hoc Tay Ban Nha va chau Au. Nhhng vet tich ngoai lai cudi chng da. dude thanh toan, cac nha van da trd ve vdi nhhng van de can ban cha thqc tai My Latinh, sang tao ra nhhng tac pham cd tam vdc the gidi. Chu nghia hien thuc van la mot khuynh hudng phat trien manh d giai doan nay, gan ket kha chat che vdi chh nghia thnc chhng. Cac tac pham van xudi hien thqc thiidng dam nhan thay vai trd cha khoa hoc xa. hdi va nhan van van con chua phat trien d thdi diem nay. Chung thiidng mang nang sh menh chinh tri va mong muon tac ddng, thhc tinh y thhc dan tdc, y thhc cdng dan, dau. tranh cho sq cdng bang va tien bd xa hdi. Dac diem khac cua van hoc la con gan vdi ve dac thh cua thng qudc gia, vi vay tinh dia phiidng va tinh ban dia la nhhng net ndi bat cua phan ldn tac pham van hoc. Nha van thudng tim kiem cac yeu td' dac thu dan tdc qua viec tham nhap, kham pha sU da dang ve dia ly, van hda va con ngUdi. Vung rhng gia hoang da., vung binh nguyen, ngudi thd dan da do, ngiidi da den, dan ddn dien la nhhng yeu td' chh ye'u trong van xudi. Cac nha van xua't sac nha't d giai doan nay la Euchides da Cunha (Brazil) vdi tieu thuyet Cupc ndi loan d vung dat hoang (1912), mdt kiet tac ve cudc sdng cua con ngUdi bi quen lang, con ngUdi hoang da va mong mudi; Alcides Arguenas (Bolivia) vdi tieu thuyet Gid'ng dong hun (1919), cd ndi dung chinh la ddi sU cdng bang ve quyen sd hhu da't dai, ddi cdng ly cho ngUdi thd dan da dd; Mariano Azuela (Mexico) vdi tac pham ndi tieng la Nhiing ngtibi bi dp bite (1913), viet ve de tai each mang, "mdt ban anh hung ca tap the" day bi trang ve cudc chie'n tranh gianh ddc lap cua Mexico, nhhng thang ldi, nhhng sq Ida ddi, sq that vong; Horacio Quirago (Uruguay) vdi nhhng truyen ngdn xua't sac mieu ta cudc dau tranh day kich tinh vi sq song cua con ngiidi trong nhhng vung rhng gia. CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 02-2011 53 Ve thd, nhiing thanh tUu md d&u cua thdi ky thi ca giai doan nay la chu nghia hien dai (modernism) do Jose Marti phat ddng. Chu nghia hien dai that su la mdt cudc each mang trong van hoc My Latinh. Ve mat tu tudng, chu nghia hien dai chu trUdng khac phuc tinh chat ban dia, dem den cho van hoc My Latinh tinh dan tdc phd' quat; ve nghe thuat, chu nghia hien dai chu trUdng dd'i mdi ngdn tii, van dieu trong thd va cau true van xudi, md rdng kha nang lien tudng va bieu hien cua hinh tUdng. Anh hudng cha chu nghia hien dai khdng nhhng bao trhm khap My Latinh ma con vUdn sang tan Tay Ban Nha. Tac pham dau tien cua Jose Marti danh dau cho sq ra ddi cha chu nghia hien dai la tap thd Itmaclio (1882), tiep theo la cac tac pham Thdi dai hoang kim (1886), Nhiing vdn tha gian di (1891) va Nhiing vdn tha til do (1892). Sau Jose Marti, nhhng tac gia ldn cua khuynh hudng nay la Manuel Nahera (1859- 1895) ngUdi Mexico, Jose Silvaz (1865-1896) ngudi Colombia, Rubel Dario (1867-1986) ngUdi Nicaragua. Chu nghia hien dai tdn tai khoang 40 nam thi ket thhc, nhung nd la mdt cot mdc het she quan trqng, danh dau sq trUdng thanh cha van hoc My Latinh, tao da cho nen van hoc cac .giai doan sau cat canh. 3.4. Van hoc giai doan 1920-1960 Th sau nhhng nam 1920, tren van dan My Latinh, chu nghia hien thqc van la khuynh hudng sang tac chu dao, khdng nghng dupe md rdng de tai, chu de, dupe each tan ve ky thuat. Ben canh dd la sU nd rd cua nhhng khuynh hudng mdi nhu, chu nghia tien phong (avent-gardisme), chu nghia bieu hien (expressionisme), chh nghia dada (dadaisme), chu nghia sieu thUc (surrealisme). Ve van xudi, cac sang tac giai doan nay, dac biet la truyen ngan va tieu thuyet, dupe xem la budc dem tao da cho thdi ky hoang kim cua van hoc My Latinh giai doan tiep theo. Dac diem chinh cua van xudi nhhng thap nien nay la dd'i mdi ve he de tai, each nhin mdi ve hien thuc va tim kiem nhhng phUdng thhc tq sq mdi. Nhin chung, cac nha van da nhan thhc ve lich sh - xa. hdi mdt each khac trUdc, budc dau gan viec ly giai thUc tai vdi "chh nghia hien thqc huyen ao" va "thqc tai ky dieu". Cd ba khuynh hudng chu yeu trong van xudi la khuynh hudng xung dot giha van minh va hoang da, khuynh hudng ve cudc ddi va sd phan ngudi thd' dan da dd va ngUdi da den, va khuynh hudng xa hdi - chinh tri. 6 khuynh hudng phan anh sq xung ddt giha van minh va hoang da cd cac nha van tieu bieu la Jose Rivera (Colombia) vdi tieu thuyet nd'i tieng Can loc (1924); Romulo Gallenos (Venezuela) vdi cac tieu thuyet Ndng Barbara (1929), Bdt ciia Chua (1934), Canaima(1935), Cong ram trong gid (1953); Enrique Amorin ( Uruguay) vdi cac tieu thuyet Ngiidi nong ddn Aguilar (1934), Con ngtia vd chiec 54 SO 02-2011 CHAU MY NGAY NAY bong (1941), Vang trang dtidc lam bang niidc (1944), Ldi thoat (1958); Jorge Arnado vdi cac tieu thuyet Dat dii (1942;, Mien dat qua vang (1944) 0 khuynh hUcing viet ve nguo'i thd dan da do va ngudi da den co cac nha van tieu bieu la Jonge Icazar (Ecuador) vdi tieu thuyet Ndi huyet mp ngtibi da do (1943); Ciro Allegoria (Peru) vdi cac tieu thuyet Ran vang (1935), Bdn chd doi (1939), Thi'gidi nay rpng ldn vd thupc ve ke khac (1941); Adalberto Ortiz (Ecuador) vdi tieu thuyet Juyungo (1934); Jose Arguedas vdi tieu thuyet Nhting ddng song sau (1958); Mario Toledo (Peru) vdi cac tieu thuyet Gitia dd vd thap tit (1948), Mot each de chet (1958) 0 khuynh hudng xa hdi - chinh tri cd cac nha van tieu bieu la Fransisco Velado (El Salvador) vdi tap truyen ngan Nude dtia (1926); Tomas Carrasquilla (Colombia) vdi tieu thuyet Tong trdn xit Yolambo (1928); Joan Bosch (Dominica) vdi tieu thuyet Con la Manosa (1936); Mariano Azuela (Mexico) vdi cac tieu thuyet Thdi tai hoa (1924), Bong chi Pantoja (1937); Martin Luis Guzman (Mexico) vdi cac tieu thuyet Dieu hau vd ran (1928), Cdi bong cua nhd dpc tdi (1938), tap hdi ky Hoi tic ve Pancho Villa, nhd lanh dao each mang; Jose Revuetaz (Mexico) vdi cac tieu thuyet Nhiing bite ttibng niidc (1941), Ndi tang toe ciia con ngtibi (1943); Augstin Yanez (Mexico) vdi tieu thuyet Dong niidc (1947) Mdt hien tUdng het she quan trong trong van xudi giai doan nay la sq xuat hien mdt each viet mdi, each nhin nhan mdi ve thqc tai, ma sau nay trd thanh mdt trao luu van hoc, dd la "chu nghia hien thqc huyen ao". Hai nha van chinh dat nen tang cho trao luu nay la Miguel Asturias (Guatemala) va Alejo Carpentier (Cuba). Ngoai ra, cd the neu them nhhng ddng gdp cha Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina) va Juan Rulfo (Mexico). Nha van M. Asturias dupe trao giai Nobel nam 1967, cho "nhhng sang tac chda dam ban sdc dan tdc va truyen thdhg da dd". Ong da ket hdp cac yeu td huyen thoai - tdn giao - chinh tri de tao ra mdt each viet mdi, khde hoa the gidi ngUdi da do trong qua khh va hien tai, vdi ndi khd dau va niem hy vong cua hp vao cai xa hdi ma hp hoan toan khdng thich hpp.' Asturias viet nhieu, nhhng tac pham ndi tieng nhat cua dng la Tap truyen ngan Nhting truyen thuyet Guatemala (1930), cac tieu thuyet Ngdi tdng thdhg (1946) va Nhting vi than Ngd (1949), Mat ciia nhiing ngUdi bi chon vui (1960), Co gdi lai (1963), Chiec gtidng soi ciia Lisa Sal (1967). Alejo Carpentier la nha van da chng Asturias khai pha ra con dudng de xam nhap vao "hien thqc ky dieu" My Latinh, sang lap nen chu nghia hien thqc huyen ao. Theo dng, nha van can phai nam bdt dupe cai ky dieu trong thqc tai (trong the gidi th nhien va trong xa hdi con ngiidi), cung nhu trong sq ky dieu cua y thhc dupe luu gih trong viec chng tdn tai cua nhieu CHAU:MY NGAY NAY SO 02-2011 55 nen van hoa d chau My. Sang tac cua ong the hien mot sU tdng hdp giha ly tri va ban nang, cai nhin duy ly va cai nhin huyen thoai, cai thqc tai va cai huyen ao. Cac tac pham quan trong nhat cua dng la ViCdng qudc trdn gian (1949), Nhiing ddu chan da mdt (1954), The ky anh sdng (1962), Su trao trd cua phtfdng phap (1974), Bdn hoa tau Bardc (1974), Bieu nhdy thieng lieng (1978). Ong da dUdc trao giai Cervantes nam 1978. Ve thd ca, giai doan nay danh dau sq phat trien phong phu, rUc rd cua thd ca My Latinh. Xet trong tinh lich sh cu the cua nd, nhhng thanh tuu cua thd ca giai doan nay gan vdi khai niem chu nghia tien phong (avent- gardisme), dupe du nhap vao th chau Au. Nhhng phan nhanh cua khai niem nay nhQ vi lai, dada, lap the, sieu thqc, da tao nen mdt nen thd ca My Latinh hien dai. Tuy cd rat nhieu diem rieng biet d cac khuynh hudng, nhUng cac nha thd deu thdhg nhat d mdt quan niem nghe thuat chung la, thay the nguyen tac thd ca "md phdng thqc tai" bang nguyen tac "sang tao ra thqc tai" thd ca. Thd ca nhhng thap ky nay cd dac diem chinh la th bd nhhng hinh thhc truyen thd'ng, han lam vdi sq gd bd cua van luat, am dieu; the hien cai hien dai gdn vdi cudc sdng dd thi; tao ra nhhng hinh thhc mdi, bd niem luat, tao ra cu phap thd mdi, chu trong tinh an du va tUdng trung Nhhng ten tudi ldn ndi tieng khap the gidi cua thd ca giai doan nay la Cesar Vallejo (Peru), Pablo Neruda (Chile), Ernesto Cardenal (Nicaragua), Nicolas Guillen (Cuba), Carlos Augusto Leon (Venezuela), Alfonso Reyet (Mexico), Luis Borges (Argentina) va dac biet la nh thi si Gabriel Mistral (Chile) dude tang giai Nobel nam 1945. Giai thudng danh gia nay cua ba dupe xem nhu cai mdc ghi nhan ve nhhng thanh tUu cua thd ca My Latinh. Nhin chung, nhhng nd lUc tim tdi, ddi mdi trong linh vUc thd ca cua cac nha thd ndi tren da nang thd ca My Latinh len binh dien qud'c te. Chinh hp da tao ra nen thd ca da dang, phat trien khdng nghng, vha ke thha, tdng hdp va ddi mdi nhhng gia tri cua thd ca the gidi, vha tim tdi nhhng each the hien rieng, gan vdi con ngudi va vung da't My Latinh. 3.5. Van hoc giai doan 1960-2000 Th sau nhhng nam 1950, van hoc My Latinh budc vao mdt giai doan het she rUc rd, tda sang tren toan the gidi. Tinh chat phat trien van hoc cua giai doan nay vha the hien d sd' liidng vha d chat lupng. Th nhhng diem chung nha't toat len th nen van hoc My Latinh, ngudi ta nhan tha'y ring, nd da dat den trinh dp phat trien cao nha't trong tUdng quan vdi van hoc toan the gidi. Dieu nay the hien ro qua hai ye'u td' chinh la trinh dp nghe thuat va nang hie nhan thhc - phan anh thqc tai cua cac nghe si My Latinh. Ve van xudi, day la thdi diem bung nd cha tieu thuyet My Latinh. Khao sat nhhng tac pham ldn cua nhhng nam nay, chhng ta nhan tha'y cac nha 56 SO 02-2011 CHAU MY NGAY NAY van My Latinh eta dat tdi trinh dd til duy nghe thuat cao nhat. Su uyen bac cua cac nha van da the hien d nhiing khai quat nghe thuat vdi nhiing hinh tudng cd tdm phd quat rdng ldn. Viec cac nha van sd dung nhieu phudng thdc nghe thuat trong phan anh ddi sdng da tao ra nhiing phong each da dang cua tieu thuyet. Thanh tuu dac biet cua tieu thuyet My Latinh d giai doan nay la "Chu nghia hien thqc huyen ao". Nguyen tdc sang tao cua cac nha van khuynh hudng nay la "bien hien thqc thanh hoang dudng ma khdng danh mat tinh chan that". Yeu td' huyen thoai nay dUdc nha van xay dUng dqa tren cac bien phap tUdng trUng, lien tudng, ngu y, am thi, Udc le, phdng dai, mong mi, giac quan thd sau Sq pha trdn phdi hdp giua hien thqc va hoang dudng de tao nen cai nghich ly da trd thanh md thdc chinh trong cau true tac pham. "Chu nghia hien thuc huyen ao" My Latinh da cd anh hudng rdng ldn tren van dan qudc te. Cac nha van ndi tieng cua khuynh hudng nay, ngoai Alejo Carpentier (Cuba), Miguel Asturias (Guatemala) da. tao dude danh tieng td nhiing thap ky trUdc, con cd Julio Cortazar (Argentina), Carlos Fuentes (Mexico), Mario Llosa (Peru), Gabriel Garcia Marquez (Colombia). Julio Cotazar dude danh gia la nha van bac thay cua van hoc huyen ao Argentina.' Tac pham cua dng thUdng hudng den phia ben kia cua ddi sdng tinh than, trinh bay mot hien thqc dUdc che day, phan tich nhhng he che cha tinh cam bi cam doan. Theo dng, cd sq chng tdn tai giha tinh chat hien thUc va tinh chat huyen ao, giha tinh hdp ly - logic va tinh phi ly - phi logic. Hai binh dien nay tuy cd nhung diem rieng biet, nhUng khdng hoan toan tach biet, ma cd the ket hdp chhng trong chng mdt qua trinh dien dat. Nhhng tieu thuyet ndi tieng nhat cua dng la Tro chdi nhdy 6 (1963), Cudn sdeh cua Manuel (1973). Carlos Fuentes (Giai thudng Cervantes 1987) la mdt trong nhhng nha van hang dau cua My Latinh, la "nha each tan vi dai va ly thuyet gia cua nen my hoc mdi". Ong quan niem rang "van hoc la mdt phUdng tien dac biet de nhan thhc tdn tai. Nd sang tao ra mdt vu trq dac thh cao hdn thqc tai, cd kha nang dua ra anh sang nhhng cai dUdc dau kin va lam cho nd ton. tai". Van xudi cua dng la sU ddi mdi ve ngdn ngh va hinh thhc qua viec sh dung nhhng ky thuat tu sq mdi nhu dhng cac ngdi, cac thi, sU lien tudng, lien van ban, thu phap dan ghep. Cac tieu thuyet ndi t^eng cha Fuentes la Mien dat trong lanh nhdt (1958), Cdi chet cua Artemino Cruz (1962), Thay da ddi thit (1967), Terra Nosta (1975), Christopher Unborn (1977). Mario Llosa cung la nha van thudc nhdm dhng dau cua van hoc My Latinh. Tac pham cua dng chha dung mdt trinh dd nghe thuat rat cao, vdi each ke chuyen ra't hieu qua, phan anh mdt each sinh ddng tUc tai cua [...]... van hoa lai Bao Van nghe, so' 26 3 M Scorza (1981), Ve van hgc My Latinh Bao Van nghe, so' 15 4 Lai Nguyen An (chu bien) (1983), So phan cua tieu thuyet, Nxb Tac pham moi, Ha Noi 5 Le Huy Bac (2004), Gabriel Garcia Marquez: thiic tien vd sdng tao, Tap chi Van hoc, so 3 6 Le Huy Bac (2008), Chu nghia hien thiic huyen do trong van hoc My Latinh, Tap chi Chau My Ngay nay, so' 4 7 Nguyin Trung Due (1981),... thiic tai ky dieu My Latinh cua Carpentier", Tap chi Van hoc, so'8 10 Nguyen Trung Due (1998), Octavio Paz, thd vd tieu ludn, Nxb Da Nang 11 Nguyin Trung Due (1999), Con dddng ddn MA Asturias den Chu nghia hien thiic huyen do, Tap chi Van hoc nU6c ngoai, so' 6 12 Nguyin Trung Due (2000) Luis Borges, tuyen dich va gidi thieu, Nxb Da Nang 13 Nguyen Thi Khanh (chu bien) (1999), Van hoc My Latinh, Vien thong . My Latinh mdt khi My Latinh chiia dUdc hinh thanh". Quan diem cua Jose Marti cd y nghia soi sang vao sii hinh thanh dan tdc My Latinh, . My Latinh de th do soi vao lich sh van hoc cac thdi ky cua nen van hoc rat phat trien nay. 1. Ve lich suf, tinh dan toe va van hoc My Latinh