[...]... Photo K.5 Photo K.6 Small mangrove trees (Kandelia candel ) in Naha City, Okinawa, Japan Small mangrove trees in Naha City, Okinawa Mangroves on Iriomote Island, Okinawa About 200 ha of mangrove forests along the Nakama River, Iriomote Island, Okinawa Buttress roots of a very old specimen of Heritiera littoralis, Iriomote Island, Okinawa ... data Long-term studies on mangrove natural forests and mangrove plantations (as, for instance, in the Sundarbans of Bengal and Matang in Malaysia) show that 10 to 15 or more years of observation and measurements are required, before reliable and well-informed guidelines for sustainable management of the forest can be drawn Management plans must be revised periodically Techniques and methodologies cannot... Indonesia, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Viet Nam, and other countries Usually, the INTRODUCTION 5 main topics of research are the physiology of plants and animals, due to their intrinsic scientific interest and for practical management purposes Long-term studies of nurseries and of natural and plantation mangrove forests for cultivation purposes are still scarce, scattered, and unpublished, although... older inhabitants of Iriomote, Ishigaki, and other remote islands of Okinawa Prefecture, remember that mangroves have been very useful in the past: the bark of hirugi was used for dyeing and providing materials for fishing nets; the timber was used for roofing and other purposes; and mangroves are well known to provide protection against strong winds and waves Mangroves were highly praised by the ancestors... the Kokuba and Noha rivers of Okinawa Island Inhabitants of the island wrongly think that hirugi trees are very small also in the tropics Photos K.3 and K.4 show mangroves on Iriomote Island The total area of mangrove forests in Japan is only 400–600 ha, about 200 ha of which (the largest continuous mangrove area in Japan) is along the Nakama River (photo K.4) on Iriomote Here, even in the mangrove forest,... 18.1 Table 19.1 Table 19.2 Major and minor mangrove species in the Philippines Economic values placed on products and services of mangrove systems Total mangrove and brackish-water culture-pond area in the Philippines Some Philippine regulations on fish-ponds and mangrove conversion ... drastically change the structure and function of the mangrove ecosystem and can positively (or, more often, negatively) affect adjoining systems The yield and species composition of brackish waters and coastal fisheries are usually the most affected by the degradation of mangrove forests Empirical knowledge of the properties of the species of the flora and fauna of the mangroves has come down to us from... forest and the waters were used by Man and, in places, were managed to a certain extent Modern scientific research on mangroves started with Linnaeus, who named several species and genera Research on the biology of the species of the flora and fauna and on the ecology of the ecosystem grew in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries through the establishment of herbaria, nurseries, plantations, and intensive... South-East Asia and Okinawa Macrofaunal habitats and representative animals on Okinawan and Thai mangals Comparison of species composition and abundance of tree fauna between Okinawan and Thai mangals Crustacean species found at the mangrove swamp of the Okukubi River in 1979 and 1997, showing feeding habits and habitat... a ‘ mangrove science’’ or ‘ mangrove doctrine’’ for the rational use and management of mangrove ecosystems It is high time to bring together scientists and other professionals interested in mangrove studies from different points of view Taxonomists, physiologists, soil scientists, hydrologists, biochemists, palynologists, microbiologists, geneticists, plant pathologists, foresters, sociologists, and . Sustainable mangrove management in Indonesia: Case study on mangrove planting and aquaculture 270 Atsuo Ida 19 Sustainable use and conservation management of mangroves in. Pomeroy and Brenda M. Katon Part III Uses and policies 231 15 Towards sustainable use and management for mangrove conservation in Viet Nam 233 Motohiko Kogo and