Nghien cUu - trao doi C^n lam sau site them bai hoc van dung sang tao va phat trien ly iuan Mac - Lenin trong Cuong linh N ghien ciiu du thao Cuong linh (bd sung, phat trie'n 2010), tren tinh than nhat tri la co ban, cbn mdt vai khia eanh xin dugc trinh bay de Ban dir thao xem xet: 1-Ten goi. Nen them van de "bao ve To qudc" de viet: "Cuong linh xay dung va bao ve Td qudc trong thdi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hdi". Xay dung va bao ve To qudc la bai nhiem vu chien luge deu quan trpng, deu quan he chat ehe trong sudt thcri ky qua dp. Nhan dan rat quan tam ea hai van de nay. Thuc tien dang eho thay tinh biic xiic va lau dai cua nd. 2-Ve "Qua trinh each mang va nhiing bai hoc kinh nghiem" - Nen viet "ky nguyen dpc lap tu do va chu nghia xa hdi" (hoae "di len chu nghia xa hdi"). Can them tinh chat che dp xa hdi de du nghia hon, phan biet ky nguyen trube va ky nguyen sau. - Trong 5 bai hpc Icrii. -I- Nen nhap bai hpc thii ba va thii tu lam mpt mdi du "Idn". Doan ket la van de Idn cua each mang. • PGS. LE THE LANG nhung chi "Idn" khi tao ra siic manh to Idn. Doan ket khdng chi de doan ket ma chi ed y nghia khi tao siic manh de da'u tranh va lao ddng, de xay dung va bao ve To' qud'c. Ndi dung chinh cua bai hpc doan ket ciing ndi den "ngudn sue manh" va "dai thanh cdng". Ca hai bai hpc deu ndi den dan tdc va qudc te; Viet Nam va thbi dai; ben trong va ben ngoai va tap trung vao •viec tao ra sue manh. Bai hpe sau la ket qua cua bai hpc tnrcie. Bai hpe truoc la ngudn gd'c cua bai hpe sau. Hai bai hpc nay neu tach rbi thi phan trung nhau nhieu hon khac biet. Hai cau tho cua Hd Chu Tieh khdng bao gib tach rbi nhau de neu rd sir thd'ng nhat dd: Doan ket doan ket, dai doan ket - Thanh cdng, thanh cdng, dai thanh cdng. -f- Bai hpe thii nam la quan trpng, can phai cd. Nhung dugc viet "nhan td' hang dau quyet dinh thang lgi". Hai tir "hang dau" se dan tdi van de: ebn bai hpc nao niia diing cimg "hang" vdi bai hpc nay. Bai hpc thii hai neu vai trb cua nhan dan ("Chinh nhan dan la ngubi Fam nen nhiing th^ng lpi lich sir") d "hang" nao va nhiing bai hpe 36 TUYEN GlAO SCD 10 - 2010 ^•.i£U»M^X Nghien cUu - trao doi Xoa doi, giam ngheo cho dong bdo ddn tpc thieu sd la nhiem vu hdng ddu dugc neu trong cdc nghi quyet cua Ddng Anh:TV cdn lai niia? Nhan dan va Dang la hai nhan td true tiep ndi ve eon ngubi, nen can xep ciing mpt cum van de, cd nghia Fa dua bai hoc thii hai thanh bai hpc diing lien trutie bai hpc ve Dang va dien dat nhu the nao de hieu ro: khdng cd Dang lanh dao each mang khdng thang lpi; khdng cd nhan dan each mang cirng khdng thanh edng. Dang va dan khdng bao gib tach rbi nhau trong each mang Viet Nam. Dien dat nhu the nao de khdng venh nhau giiia cac qui luat pho bien. -t- Cd mpt bai hpe rait Icin va rat can eho lanh dao eua Dang trong mpi thai ky. Dd Fa bai hpe ve sir van dung sang tao va phat trie'n ly luan Mac - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, kinh nghiem lich su the gicri va Viet Nam vao dae diem nube ta; lam the nao de ehu nghia Mae- Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh trd thanh nen tang tu tudng va kim chi nam cho hanh ddng tren thuc te. Chdng nhirng gi, tranh nhirng gi va xay nhiing gi de tao dugc nang lire tu duy khoa hpc, ly luan nham giai dap diing nhiing yeu cau dat ra cua thuc tien Viet Nam. Kinh nghiem eua Dang ta ve van de nay rat phong phii va cirng la uu diem ndi trdi cd tinh thai dai. Can tach bai hpe nay khdi bai hpc thii nam de thanh bai hpe Idn, bai hpe rieng biet. Bai hpc thii nam can tang lieu lugng ve xay dung Dang, nhat la xay dung td chuc. 3-Ve "Qua do len chii nghia xa hoi 6" nude ta". - Dac trung "Dan giau, nube manh " (dac trung thii nha't) dat d day Fa ehua that diing chd va ndi dung chua hpp ly, -vi: Mdt loat nhiing pham tru dugc ke ra nhu the van chua du. Cd the cdn ke tiep nhirng pham tru khac: hoa binh, ddc lap, tu do, hanh phiic, phat trien (tiep theo sau "van minh"). Bay dae trung cbn lai dugc thuc hien se dat duge muc tieu "dan giau, nucic manh "; nen khdng can neu muc tieu dau tien nay. "Dan chu" la van de ban khoan qua may ky Dai hdi. Nd ehi hpp ly khi muc tieu "dan giau, nude manh " diing doe lap. Neu dat vao he thdng dac trung eira ehu nghia xa hdi lai thanh phi ly, •vi tiep lien dd la dac trung "nhan dan lam chu" (dac trung thii hai), "nhan dan lam chu" khae gi "dan chu". Chang le chu nghia xa hdi cd hai thii dan chu. Tat ca van de dan ehu eua chu nghia xa hdi nen tap trung vao ndi dung cua dae trung thii hai: "nhan dan lam ehu". Chd diing phu hgp cua muc tieu "Dan giau, nuoc manh " nen de d cudi mue tieu tong quat: "tao co sd lam cho nude ta trd thanh mpt nude xa hoi chu nghia dan giau, nude manh, dan chu, cdng bang, van minh". (That ra chi ndi, "dan giau, nube manh", hoae "ddc lap, tu do, hanh phiic" theo each ndi cua Hd Chu Tich la day du, khdng nen ke ra lam thii, gay them rac rdi trong nhan thiie). Trong he thdng dae trung cua Cuong linh 91 cd mdt van de quan trpng khdng dugc ghi lai: "con ngubi dugc giai phdng khdi ap biic, bdc lot, bat cdng, lam theo nang lire, hudng theo lao ddng". Nhan TUYEN GlAO SO 10-2010 37 Nghien cUu - trao doi dan Viet Nam di theo Dang lam each mang tir nam 1930 la do cd phan hap dan Icrii cua khau hieu chien luge nay. Vay nd edn diing niia hay khdng. Giai thich the nao trong thue tien hien nay de cd siic thuyet phue. Trdng ebb eira nhan dan Fa bao gib dieu dd dugc thuc hien. Cum tir "cd eupe sdng am no, tu do, hanh phiic " chua ndi du khat vpng neu tren va chua phan biet dugc vcri chir nghia xa hdi dan chu. - Bdi eanh qudc te duge trinh bay rd net. Tuy nhien cd nhiing tir ngii va ndi dung can dieu ehinh, bd sung: "Cae mau thuan eo ban tren the gidi", nen viet: "Cac mau thuan hien nay eua thcri dai" va •viet rd ndi dung cac mau thuan ay. La Cuong linh cua thbi ky qua dp, khdng nen bd qua ndi dung mau thuan eira thbi dai, vi nd Fa mdt can cii de hieu nhieu van de chien luge va ehu truong, chinh sach cua Dang. Nen bd "(trudc day)" d "Lien Xd (trube day)". Vi khdng cd hai Lien Xd sao lai phan biet "trudc", "sau". Khdng ai ndi nube "Dai viet (trudc day)", ciing nhu khdng viet nude "Tiep Khac (trudc day)" - De cap nhiing thuan lpi eua Viet Nam di len chu nghia xa hdi (sau nhung dae trung) nhung khdng neu khd khan se dan tcri chu quan, mat canh giae khi hoach dinh dubng ldi, chinh saeh Thuc te eua nube ta, khd khan khdng phai it, tinh the nguy hiem ludn ludn tdn tai. thuong dugc gpi Fa nguy co. Can trinh bay day du, nhiing tdn tai khach quan ay. - Ve phutmg hucriig eo ban: Tir "gan lien" trong "cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa gan lien vcri phat trie'n kinh te tri thiic" se lam ngubi dpc hieu kinh te tri thiic nam ngoai cdng nghiep hoa hien dai boa. Nen thay bang tir khae. Van de lien minh cdng, ndng, tri thiic - nen tang he thdng ehinh tri - ehua dupc nhae den d day va nhirng ncri cSn thiet khac trong cutmg linh. 4. Nhiing dinh hudng Ion ve phat trien kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi, qudc phong, an ninh, ddi ngoai. - Ve van hoa, can ndi rd nen tang tu tudng hay cdt ldi tu tudng ehi dao mpi boat ddng cua nd. Van hoa bao gdm nhieu ndi dung, nhieu loai hinh hoat ddng, neu khdng cd diem tua tu tudng se phat trien tuy tien va phan tan. Tdn trpng tinh da dang cua van hoa la dirng, nhung cang da dang cang phai dinh hudng rd mcri tap trung cho "siic manh npi sinh" nham tdi muc dich "phue vu cd hieu qua sir nghiep xay dung va bao ve Td qud'c". - Ve xa hoi. Quan niem trudc day vcri ndi dung ban hep nen ehi thuc hien "chinh sach". Quan niem hien nay dugc md rdng thanh "chien luge" eon ngubi. Vira phat huy tiem lire eua cac giai cap, dan toe, tdn giao, kieu bao a nude ngoai de tao siic manh xay dung va bao ve Td qud'c vira cham lo nang eao cibi sd'ng vat chat va tinh than cua mpi ngubi, thuc hien timg budc muc tieu chien luge eua chu nghia xa hpi. Vl vay phai eoi day Fa van de chien luge nhu cae chie'n luge kinh te, van boa Thieu tam nhin chien luge van de xa hpi se anh hudng den cae linh 'VUC boat dpng khae. Lai eang khdng nen eoi van de xa hdi "an theo" van de kinh te, van de van hoa de •viet "kinh te - xa hpi", "van boa - xa hdi", khdng coi van de xa hpi tdn tai ddc lap. Do vay de van de van hoa va xa hdi gdp chung vao muc 6 la khdng hpp ly. Can de muc 7 cho van de xa hdi va bd tir "chinh sach" trudc cum tir "chinh sach xa hdi diing dan" thay bang tir khac. Cd the la "chien luge" hay "dirbng ldi", hoae "van de" Qudc phdng va an ninh di lien nhau bang dau ndi (-) la hgp ly. Cau cudi eimg eua "muc tieu, nhiem vu qudc phong va an ninh" nen bd sung cum tir "va sir ung hd tieh cue eua nhan dan" de thanh cau: "Tang cubng sir lanh dao tuyet ddi, true tiep ve mpi mat eua Dang, sir quan ly tap trung thdng nhat cua Nha nube va su img ho tieh cue eua nhan dan ddi vdi Quan dpi, Cdng an nhan dan, va su nghiep qud'c phong - an ninh". - Ve dubng Idd ddd ngoai. Chi ndi mdt chieu hpp tac khdng ndi chieu dau tranh la su ne tranh tao the bat lpi ve phia ta, trudc bet la nhiing' 38 I TUYEN GlAO SO 10 - 2010 ngubi lam cdng tac ddi ngoai. Trong thuc te ta da da'u tranh va lire lugng chd'ng ddd cd y thiie day du dang ra siie chdng pha sir nghiep cua dan tpc ta. Ne tranh quan dem •vira hop tac •vira da'u tranh se dan tdi nhirng sai lam khac. 5. He thdng chinh tri va vai tro lanh dao cua Dang. - Xay dung Mat tran Td' qudc ciing can nhan manh vai trb khdi lien rninh cdng, ndng, tri thirc - mdt nguyen ly tuyet ddi dung trong xay dung khdi dai doan ket dan tdc. - Ve Dang Cdng san Viet Nam. • Trudc khi viet ve tu tudng Hd Chi Minh can viet ve khai niem chir nghia Mac- Lenin vi hien nay khdng it nhirng nhan thirc mo hd, chdng chenh hoae giam siit long tin ddi vcri ly luan nen tang nay. Chu nghia Mae - Lenin la gi, khdng phai ai cirng hieu va ndi diing. Hien nay dang ddn siic nghien ciiu tu tudng Hd Chi Minh nen ed phan lo la nghien ciiu ehu nghia Mae- Lenin. Chay theo phong trao Fa benh kinh nien khd chira eira chiing ta. Trinh bay tu tudng Hd Chi Minh nen giu nhu Nghi Dai hdi IX d 2 die'm: Nen cd tir "Fa" trutic "ket qua cua sir van dung van hoa nhan loai". Doan nay coi la dinh nghia tu tudng Hd Chi Minh. Sau "van hoa nhan loai" nen xudng dbng de -viet: "Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh la di san tu tudng ". Day la danh gia cua khach quan. Danh gia du cao den may cirng khdng thude ndi ham cua khai niem. Chiing ta can ed mdt dinh nghia thdng nhat ve tu tudng Hd Chi Minh. Dinh nghia eira dai hdi IX da duge dn dinh. Neu cuong linh du thao bd sung va phat trien lan nay mudn eoi doan "ket qua eua su van dung van hoa nhan loai" la chii thich cua menh de tren dd ("tu tudng Hd Chi Minh la eua each mang Viet Nam" thi nen ed gaeh ngang (-) d trudc "ket qua" de cd the bao gdm dugc cac dau phay (,) sau dd. Phan "Dang lanh dao bang " cbn lung cung, chua siie tieh, thieu Idgie. Can •viet lai rd hon de de nam bat. Cd hai diem can luu y them: "Dang lanh dao bang cuong linh, chien lirgc, cac dinh huong ve chinh sach va chu truong Icm". Xua nay thudng viet "ehu trucmg" trude "ehinh saeh", vi quan niem ehu truong ed npi dung rdng va 1cm hon ehinh saeh. Nen viet "Chu truong va ehinh sach Icrii". Da "\6n" nen khdng can "cae dinh hudng". "Lanh dao bang cuong linh, chien lupe ". Chien luge, ehu truong, chinh sach la npi dung eira cuong linh va cac van kien khac cua Dang. "Xep hang" van kien va ndi dung cua nd eung loai la khdng on. Cd the viet: "Dang lanh dao bang cuong linh va cac van kien khae gdm nhiing van de chien luge va cae chu truong, chinh saeh Idn". Cau "Dang thuong xuyen nang eao nang lire cam quyen va hieu qua lanh dao" dat d day la thira, 'vi dang trinh bay npi dung cua lanh dao. Nghien cifu - trao aoi Trong phan cudi ve xay dung Dang mcri de cap den dau tranh ndi bd can them dau tranh chdng nhiing tac ddng tir ben ngoai, nhiing am muu chdng Dang cua cac the lire thu dieh. Trong dau tranh noi bd can neu rd them nhirng hien tupng thoai hoa, bien chat va tham nhung. Nhan dan rat quan tam va lo lang den van de nay. Can neu them van de Dang cd nhiem •vu dau tranh de bao ve va phat trien ly luan, ddng thdi neu rd chu nghia Qudc te cua Dang. Nhin chung, du thao cuong linh bo sung va phat trien cd nhiing van de can ban them: - Cuong linh ehua the hien rd lpi ieh eua nhirng ngubi lao ddng, ehua phan anh rd chu nghia xa hdi la giai phdng xa hoi, giai cap va cbn ngutri. - Chua the hien diing tam quan trpng cua khdi lien minh cdng, ndng, tri thirc - lire lugng quyet dinh su tdn tai cua Dang va che dp xa hdi. - Chua phan anh diing ndi lo thuang true cua toan dan ve bao ve To qudc, dac biet la bao ve bien gidi, hai dao, dat rirng (cho thue); bao ve Dang trudc nguy ca thoai boa bien chat va che dp xa hdi cdn non tre. Viee "mem hoa" nhirng van de chinh tri la can thiet, nhung tir dd di den rut re, ne tranh nhiing quan diem co ban, can ciing ran, se giam siit y chi phan dau cua toan dan /. TUYEN GlAOSCD 10-2010 39, . nhirng gi, tranh nhirng gi va xay nhiing gi de tao dugc nang lire tu duy khoa hpc, ly luan nham giai dap diing nhiing yeu cau dat ra cua thuc tien. nen khdng can neu muc tieu dau tien nay. "Dan chu" la van de ban khoan qua may ky Dai hdi. Nd ehi hpp ly khi muc tieu "dan giau, nude