TRIET HOC, SO 7 (230), THANG 7-2010 BnN CHRT TU'ONG TRC XH HOI CUR Glfl IM NGO T0LAP'*' Bdi viit dUa ra nhiing ludn gidi nhdm ldm ro bdn chdt tttcfng tdc xd hgi cua gid tri. Theo tdc gid, mdc do ddp dng cdc nhu cdu cua con ngUdi chinh la gid tri. Gid tri bao gom gid tri vdt ly dugc xde dinh bdi cdc yiu to'vdt chdt vd gid tri xd hgi dUdc xde dinh bdi cdc yiu tdxd hgi thdng qua trao ddi. Td do, tdc gid ludn chdng vd iing hd quan diem gid tri khdng phdi chi do lao dgng tqo ra, md cbn do cdc yiu to'khdc diidc ggi la "cdc yiu to'duy tdm". 1. Gid tri la khai niem trung tam cfla kinh te hgc. Nen kinb te la tap hdp nhflng cd sd vat chat va xa hdi d mgt trinh do phat trien nhat dinh cd nhiem vu tao ra, thay ddi, dich chuyen va tieu tbu eac gia tri; cdn kinh te hgc, ndi mgt each van tat, la mdn khoa hgc nghien cflu quy luat hinh thanh, lflu chuyen, thay ddi va tieu thu cac gia tri ay. Khdng phai ngau nhien ma Adam Smith da danh nbieu trang ngay trong phan dau cud'n The Wealth of Nations (Sii thinh vUdng cua cac qud'c gia) nd'i tieng de ndi ve gia tri. Vi the, trUdc khi di sau hdn vao viec phan tfch cac hien tUdng kinh te, chflng ta can phai trd lai vdi van de ban chat cfla gia tri. Day la cau hdi ldn cfla cac nha kinh td hgc va triet hgc tfl hang ngan nam nay. Nhfl chflng ta da bidt, neu khdng ke xu hfldng dao dflc, tflc nd lflc xac dinh cai ggi la "gia tri dung" hay "gia tri hdp ly", cac quan niem mang tfnh kinb te hgc ve gia tri cd the dfldc chia thanh ba trfldng phai chfnh: trfldng pbai khdch quan, trUdng phai chu quan va trUdng phai chi chfl trgng de'n md'i tUdng quan gifla cung va cau. Tdi mud'n ggi trfldng phai thfl ba nay la trfldng phai thi triidng. Trfldng phai khdch quan cho ring, gia tri cfla hang hda cd the do dUdc mdt each khach quan va dUdc quyet dinh bdi cac nhan td' cfla qua trinh san xua't, nhfl da't dai, lao dgng, nguyen vat lieu va vd'n. Den lUdt minh, trong dai ban, gia tri lai dUdc the hien qua gia ca tren thi trUdng. Dai dien cfla trUdng phai nay la St.Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), John Duns Scotus (1265-1308), William Petty (1623-1687), Richard Cantillon (168?-1734), dac Met la cac nba kinb te hgc cd dien, nhfl Adam Smith (1723-1790), David Ricardo (1772- 1823) va C.Mac (1818-1883), nhflng ngUdi eho rang ngudn gd'c duy nha't cfla gia tri la Ifldng lao dgng xa hgi cin thidt de san xua't ra hang hda trong mgt bd'i canh cu the. Trfldng phai chu quan, trai lai, cho rang vdi bat ky chi phf san xua't nhfl the nao, gia tri cfla hang hda cflng chi dfldc xac dinh bdi ldi ich (utility) ma ngUdi mua va ngUdi ban xac dinb (mgt each kba chfl quan) vdi nhau thdng qua trao ddi. Vdi trfldng phai nay, trong dai ban, gia tri chfnh la gia ca. Dai dien cfla trfldng phai nay la cac nha kinh vien (Scholastics), cac nha trgng thUdng (Mercantilists), Bernardo Davanzati (1529- 1606), Nicolas Barbon (1640-1698), Ferdinando Gahani (1728-1787) va cac nha kinh te bgc tdn CO dien nhu William Jevons (1835- (*) Tien si, Chu nhiem bp mon Khda hpc Xa hpi, Nhan van va Kinh te, Khda Quo'e te, Dai hpe Qud'c gia Ha Npi. 63 NGO TULAP 1882), Carl Monger (1840-1921), nhflng ngfldi da dgc lap - va ddng thdi vdi Leon Walras - phat trien ly thuyet ve ldi fch bien (marginal utility). Trfldng phai thi trUdng tfl bd sfl tim kiem mdi quan he nhan qua trflc tidp gifla cac yeu to' khach quan hoac chfl quan vdi gia tri; cho rang gia tri cfla hang hda dfldc xac dinh bdi md'i tfldng quan gifla cung va cau tren thi trfldng. Dai dien sdm nha't eua trfldng phai nay cd le la John Law (1671- 1729), ngfldi da sfl dung quy luat cung ciu de giai thfch nghich ly ve gia tri cfla nfldc va kim cUdng. Nhflng ngUdi hoan chinh ly thuyet cung cau ve gia tri la Leon Walras (1834-1910) vdi md hinh cdn bdng tdng qudt (General Equilibrrum) va Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) vdi md hinh cdn hdng cue hg (Partial Equilbrum). Hai trUdng phai khach quan va chu quan deu khdng dfl kha nang giai dap cau hdi ldn nha't cfla kinh te hgc, do la ldi nhudn din tU ddu, cdi gi ldm cho nen kinh ti tdng trUdng? Ke tfl khi trUdng phai thi trUdng xua't hien, ngUdi ta dUdng nhU da tfl bd cugc tim kiem mgt each ly giai mang tinh triet hgc ve ban chat eua gia tri, ma chi cdn quan tam den gia ca vdi tU each kdt qua cua sfl tfldng tac gifla cung va cau tren thi trUdng. Theo tdi, day chfnh la nguyen nhan co tfnh ly thuyet cfla sfl tdn sflng thuyet thi trUdng hieu qua trong nhieu thap ky. Tuy nhien, cugc khflng hoang kinh te the gidi nam 2008 da bugc cac nha kinh te phai xem xet lai eac ly tbuyet cfla minh. Va tbeo tdi, dieu dau tien can xem xet lai, chinh la ly thuyet ve gia tri. 2. Trfldc het, ta phai tha'y ring gia tri la mgt khai niem xa hdi. Dieu nay cd nghia la mgt vat chi cd gia tri khi nd dUdc dem ra trao ddi gifla ngudi vdi ngUdi. Mat khac, trUdc khi dUdc dem trao ddi, vat do phai dUdc lam ra. Nhu vay cd nghia la pbai cd lao ddng. NbUng chUa het, sfl trao ddi ludn dUdc tien hanh trong nhflng hoan canh xd hgi va tU nhien khac nhau. Ta't ca nhflng nhan to' nay deu tham gia vao viec xac dinh gia tri; bdi le, ndi cho cflng, con ngfldi chfnh la mgt ddng vat xa hgi. Vi con ngUdi la mgt dgng vat xa hgi, nen chflng ta phai xem xet cdi ngudn vat ly cua nd. Chung ta deu biet rang, sfl vat cd hai xu hfldng chfl dao: xu hUdng thU nhdt la duy tri sfl tdn tai cfla minh, xu httdng thU hai la anh hfldng den cac sii vat xung quanh. Mgt each triic quan, xu hUdng thfl nha't, tflc xu hfldng duy tri sfl tdn tai, dfldc the hien d lite qudn tinh; cdn "xu hudng thfl hai, tflc xu hfldng anh hudng den eae sfl vat xung quanh, dfldc the hien d lite hdp ddn. Mgt vat chi thay ddi trang thai neu cd mgt lilc tac ddng dfl manh de thang quan tfnh cua nd, nhflng ddng thdi vat dd cflng hflt cac vat khac. Hdn nfla, vat ldn cd nhieu kha nang hut dfldc vat nhd hdn, va trong trfldng hdp hflt dfldc, nd se nhan tbem khd'i Ifldng cfla vat nhd de trd thanh vat ldn hdn nfla. O con ngfldi, hai xu hudng tU nhien ndi tren dUde the hien d cac nhu ciu vdt ly va cac nhu cau xd hgi. Cac nhu ciu vat ly, nhfl an, mac, sfldi am , ndi chung nham vao cae dd'i tUdng vat chat va cd muc dfch duy tri Sli tdn tai cfla con ngUdi. Cdn cac nhu cau xa hdi, nhU quyen lUc, sac dep, trf tue , ndi chung nham vao cac dd'i tUdng tinh than va cd muc dich gia tang Uu thi dd'i vdi ngudi xung quanh. Cac nhu eau vat ly la nhflng nhu cau tbiet yeu nha't nhUng cd tinh hflu han, nghia la cd the dUdc dap flng trgn ven; trong khi do, cac nbu ciu xa bdi it thiet yeu hdn, nhUng lai ed the tang vd ban. Bat ky vat nao dUdc con ngudi san xua't va dem trao dd'i cung nham dap flng hai nhu cau do, nhUng vdi mflc do khac nhau. Chang ban, mgt con ga ran cd the dap flng 64 BAN CHAT TUONG TAC XA HQI CUA GlA TRI nhu cau vat ly vdi tu each la thiic pham, nhflng vdi nhflng each che bien nha't dinh, nd cdn dap flng nhu cau xa bgi cua thflc khach. Mflc do dap flng cac nhu cau cua con ngfldi chfnh la gia tri. Dieu khang dinh nay khdng mdi; bdi le, dd chfnh la dinh nghia gia tri eua Arixtd't, ngUdi dau tien tren the gidi nghien cflu va'n de ban chit cua gia tri. Ta cd the tdm tit nhflng dieu vfla trinh bay 6 tren bang cdng thflc: V = Vp-fVs Trong do, V la gia tri, Vp la gia tri vat ly va Vs la gia tri xa hgi. Trong cdng thflc nay, nhin chung, Vp dUdc xde dinh hdi cdc yiu to' sdn xudt, cbn Vs dUdc xde dinh hdi cdc yiu tdxd hgi thdng qua trao ddi. Viec nghien cflu sfl thay ddi ty trgng eua Vp va Vs trong cdng thflc nay cho ta tha'y lich sfl phat trien cua nen san xuat nhan loai. Trong nen kinh td tfl cung tfl cap thuan tuy, khai niem gia tri khdng tdn tai, bdi nhu tren da ndi, gia tri cbi xua't bien khi cd sfl tfldng tac cfla ft nha't hai ngfldi. Tuy nhien, mdt nen kinh te nhfl the khdng tdn tai. Bdi ngay ca trong nen kinh te sd khai nha't cung da cd sfl trao ddi trflc tiep, vat doi vat — xin nhac lai vf du ndi tidng ve cai riu ddi lay con cflu cfla C.Mac. Neu trong nen kinh td chi cd hai ngfldi trao ddi vdi nhau thi cae vat trao ddi eung se khdng cd gia tri xa hdi, mac dfl sfl trao ddi ddn gian nay cd tac dung td'i da hda gia tri vat ly thdng qua sfl chuyen dd'i sd hflu den ngUdi ed nhu cau vat ly cao hdn. NhUng neu xua't hien ngUdi thfl ba, chang han ed hai ngUdi cung mud'n ddi riu lay cflu, thi gia tri xa bgi xuat hien. So' ngfldi quan tam den viee sd hflu vat eang ldn thi itu thi tUcfng ddi cfla ngfldi sd hflu dfldc nd cang cao, nghia la gia tri cfla vat cang tang. Ngfldc lai, ndu so' dd'i tUdng dUde quan tam cang nhieu thi Uu the tUdng dd'i cua ngUdi sd hflu nd cang it, nghia la gia tri xa hgi cua no cung cang it. Vi the. ta cd the ndi ring gia tri xa hdi cfla vat ty le thuan vdi so' ngUdi quan tam va ty le nghich vdi sd'lUdng dd'i tUdng dUdc quan tam. Khi nang suit cfla nen kinh td cdn rat tha'p va Sli trao ddi hang hda chUa phat trien, hiu nhU mgi thfl deu thidu thdn, md'i quan tam chfl yeu cfla dai da so' cac thanh vien cfla xa hdi (trfl rat ft nhflng ngfldi dflng dau boac gidi dac tuyen(l)) la lam sao dap flng dfldc cac nhu ciu vat ly. Khi a'y, phan ldn cac san pham cfla nen kinh te dUdc tao ra nham dap flng cac nhu ciu dd. Dieu nay cd nghia la, mgt each gin dflng, ngfldi ta cd the bd qua phin gia tri xa hdi cda da sd sdn phdm va cdng thflc gia tri se la: V = Vp Hdn nfla, vi cd the bd qua phan gia tri xa hdi, ta cflng cd the ndi ring gia tri cua vat dfldc quyet dinh bdi cae yeu to' san xuat. Do phan ldn cac yeu to' san xuit khi do cd lien be trflc tiep vdi lao dgng, nen ngfldi ta ngbi rang ngudn gd'c duy nha't cfla gia tri la lao dgng. Day chfnh la each ly giai cfla cac nha kinh te cd dien. Khi nang suit cua nen kinh te cao hdn va sfl trao ddi bang hda phat trien hdn, phan gia tri xa bgi (Vs) cfla hau bet cac san pham khdng the bd qua. Trong qua trinh nay, thi trfldng ddng vai trd chfl chd't. Di nhien, thi trfldng cd giflp lam tang gia tri vat ly cfla hang hda thdng qua viee hdp ly hda sd hflu, nhflng vai trd chinh cfla nd la lam tang dot bien so' ngUdi quan tam den mgt dd'i tUdng (hang hda) nha't dinh. Thi trUdng cang phat trien va cang tU do thi cang cd nhieu ngUdi mong mud'n sd hflu dd'i tUdng do. Dieu nay cd nghia la Uu the cfla ngfldi sd hflu dfldc dd'i tfldng se tang len, hay ndi each khac, gia tri xa hdi cua dd'i tUdng se tang len. NhU da phan tich d tren, (1) Ddi khi cdn diidc gdi la gidi tinh hda (elite). (Tac gia - N.T.L). 65- NGO TULAP de tang gia tri xa hdi cua hang hda ngUdi ta cflng cd the chgn each giam so' Ifldng tUdng dd'i cfla hang hda so vdi sd ngfldi quan tam - day khdng pbai cai gi khac hdn la quy luat cung cau. Trong thiic te, de tang sd ngUdi quan tam, ngUdi ta cd the sfl dung nhieu hien phdp nhdn tqo khac nhau, thudng gap nhit hien nay la quang cao. De giam mdt each tUdng ddi so' lUdng hang hda so vdi sd' ngUdi quan tam, each thudng dflng la thay ddi miu ma, tfnh nang cfla hang hda. Ngoai ra, ngudi ta eung cd the van dung nhflng dac diem tu nhien cfla hang hda de tao ra sil khac biet, chang ban lUa chgn thdi diem de san xua't cac loai hoa qua trai vu. Trai vdi gia tri vat ly, gia tri xa hgi khdng c6 gidi ban. Chinh dieu nay se giflp chflng ta dUa ra cau tra ldi cho eau hdi d tren: nguon gdc cua sit tdng trttdng chu yiu ndm d sit gia tdng gid tri xd hgi dudi tac dgng cfla cac yeu to'duy tam(2). 3. Nhflng dieu trinh bay sd Ifldc d tren cd mgt thdng diep ro rang: gia tri la mgt san pham cfla tfldng tac xa hdi. Nd khdng bat bien va ehung ta cflng khdng the xac dinh mgt each khach quan. Tuy nhien, chflng ta cd the nghien cflu cae nhan td' tae ddng den sfl bien ddi cfla gia tri de giai thfch cac hien tfldng kinb te hoac dieu hanh nen kinh te. Mgt vi du la nghien cdu ly do cua tinh trqng chdm phdt triin. Bi kich eua eac nen kinh te kem phat trien la d chd, vi chi san xuat cac loai san pham dap flng nhu ciu vat ly, nen nhflng ngfldi san xua't se gap phai nhflng gidi han khdng the vUdt qua ve phat trien. Do eac nhu ciu vat ly la hflu ban, nen eang san xuat nhieu thi gia tri hang hda cang giam. Neu sd Ifldng hang hda vfldt qua kha nang tieu thu cua xa hgi, •gia tri eua hang hda se giam de'n mflc rat tha'p, tham chf gay ra tinh trang khung hoang thfla. Vi vay, cae qud'c gia cd nen kinh te chfl yeu diia vao ndng nghiep, danh ca, tbu cdng nghiep ludn luan quin trong vdng ngbeo ddi. Chung ta cung co thi sff dung ly thuyit gid tri not tren di gidi thich cugc khung hodng kinh tindm 2008. De di hieu hdn, ta cd the hinh dung xa hgi chi bao gdm nhflng ngfldi trdng lua va hai ngfldi budn ban bit ddng san la A va B. Gia sfl A ban cho B mgt ngdi nha gia 100 trieu ddng, B lai ban lai ngdi nha dd cho chfnh A vdi gia 120 trieu ddng, nghia la anh ta dfldc lai 20 trieu ddng. Sau dd, A lai ban chfnh ngdi nha nay cho B vdi gia 140 trieu ddng va rdi B tiep tue ban ngdi nha cho A vdi gia 160 trieu ddng. Neu khdng cd mdt nguyen nhan nao do chat dflt chudi mua ban nay, thi qua trinh dd cd the keo dai vd tan va sau mdi lan giao dich, ngUdi ban deu cd lai. Trong khi dd, vi nhu cdu vdt ly ve gqo Id hqn chi va each trdng Ifla ndi cbung khdng thay doi nen gia tri cfla gao ndi chung la cd' dinh. Nhin tren quy md toan xa hdi, td'ng gia tri tai san khdng ngflng tang len. Khi dd, de nen kinh td van hanb binh thfldng, mgt khoan tien tfldng flng vdi sfl gia tang tdng gia tri dd phai dfldc bdm vao theo mgt each nao dd. Trong xa hdi gian Ifldc nay, vd dai the, mflc sd'ng cfla nhflng ngfldi kinh doanh bat dgng san tang len rat nhanh, bdi gia tri xa hdi cfla nhflng bit ddng sin ma hg sd hflu tang nhanh, cdn mflc sd'ng cfla ngfldi trdng lua khdng he bi anb hudng, neu khdng ndi la cd the dUde cai tbien ddi chflt (Chang han cd the la vdi ldi nhuan thu dUdc, A va B (2) Nen kinh te duy tdm: nen kinh te diia tren nhiing yeu td va thUdc do tinh than, khae vdi nen kinh te truyen tho'ng diia tren nhiing yeu to' va thiide do vat chat. Xin chd nham \hn duy tam vdi me tin di doan (N.T.L). Xem them bai Go cda nin kinh ti' duy tdm trong "Minh triet cua gidi han". Nxb Hpi Nha van. Ha Npi, 2005. 66 BAN CHAT TUONG TAC XA HOI CUA GlA TRI se nang cap cd sd ha tang, cai tie'n cong nghe, phat trien giao due, hay tham chf con trd giup cho ngUdi trdng lua de nang cao nang suit). Bflc tranh nay ndi chung la tfch Clic, ngoai trfl mgt dieu la sU khac biet ve mflc sd'ng, hay ndi khac di la khoang each giau ngheo gifla nhflng ngfldi kinh doanh bat dgng san vdi ngUdi trdng Ifla tang len nhanh chdng. Qua trinh nay se tiep tuc dien ra nhfl vay cho den khi cd mgt ly do nao dd lam gian doan chudi mua ban gifla AvaB. Khi do dieu gi se xay ra? TrUdc hdt, gia nha se dot ngdt rdi xud'ng, mac dfl cd le khong bao gid cd the xud'ng den mflc bang hoac thip hdn gia ban diu. Tuy nhien, lUdng tien da bdm ra thi trUdng trUde dd de tUdng flng vdi mflc tang gia bit dgng san van cdn lai va se tac ddng len toan bd cac tai san cfla xa hgi, d day la ca bat dgng san lan Ifla gao. Dieu cd the dfl doan se la lam phat. Bflc tranh tren day tuy rat gian Ifldc, nhUng ve ban chat chinh la nhflng gi da dien ra tren thiie te. Va, dieu nay dien ra vdi sfl hd trd die lflc cfla nha nude thdng qua ngan hang qud'c gia vdi cdng cu chfnh cfla nd la dong tien phap dinh. Vi, tren thiic te, ddng tien phap dinh chi ddn thuan la mgt y niem, nha nUdc cd the de dang bdm vao thi trUdng mgt lUdng tien khdng ban che ma khdng gay ra lam pbat, mien la lUdng tien bdm them do tUdng flng vdi sii gia tang cfla td'ng gia tri tai san. NhUng, nhu chung ta tha'y d phan trfldc, tdng gia tri tai san eua xa hdi bi anh hfldng bdi nhflng ye'u to' duy tam va vi the, bat ky lflc nao sfl rd'i loan cflng ed the xay ra. Dl nhien, tren thflc te khdng ehi ed nganh kinh doanh bat ddng san mdi cd kha nang gay ra bit dn tai chinh. Cd the ndi, trong nen kinh te hien dai, tuyet dai da so' cac nganh kinh doanh deu chfla diing nguy cd nay. Tuy nhien, nhflng nganh dich vu chfla dung nhieu nguy cd hdn la cac nganh san xua't, va nganh nao cang ft yeu to' vat chat thi lai cang tiem an nhieu nguy cd. Nganh kinh doanb ba't dgng san la nganh dUdc nhic den nhieu tfl kbi xay ra cugc khflng hoang tai chfnh den nay, nhflng nguy cd chfl ydu dfldc tao ra tfl viec dinh gia bat dgng san, chfl khdng phai la trong qua trinh xay dflng. Nganh kinh doanh chflng khoan tham chf cdn chfla dflng nhieu nguy cd hdn. Dieu nay ed the tha'y rd qua nhflng gi dien ra vdi thi trfldng chflng khoan Viet Nam. Trong mgt thdi gian rat ngin, gia tri tai san cfla nhieu nha dau tfl da tang len vfldt mgi du doan, khien nhieu ngUdi nhanh chdng trd nen giau ed. Khi dd, Nha nUde da bdm rat nhieu tien vao lUu thdng cho tUdng flng vdi tdng gia tri tang them, giup cac nha giau mdi ndi nhd chflng khoan nay cd the vat chat boa cac gia tri tang them. Dieu dien ra sau do mgi ngUdi deu biet rd. Khi gia chflng khoan dot ngdt giam xud'ng cflng vdi gia bat dgng san, Ifldng tien bdm them nay da gay ra lam phat d mflc hai con so'. O day, chflng ta phai lflu y mgt van de mang tfnh dao dflc. Chung ta da tha'y trong bflc tranh tren, khi kinh te tang trUdng, sU giau cd mdi chfl yeu rdi vao tay nhflng ngfldi kinh doanh d khu vflc duy tam hda cao, tflc la vao tay nhflng ngfldi giau, va hiu nhU khdng ed tac dung cai thien mflc sd'ng cua nhflng ngfldi lao dgng trong cac khu vflc truyen thd'ng cd mflc do duy tam hda thap, tflc la nhflng ngUdi ngbeo. Tuy nhien, khi xay ra khflng hoang, tac dgng cfla lam phat se dUdc phan phd'i len mgi thanh vien trong xa hgi. Dieu nay dung tren quy md qud'c gia va cung dflng tren quy md qud'c te. Khi kinh te the gidi eat canh, eac gia tri mdi dUdc tao ra chfl yeu rdi vao nhflng qud'c gia phat trien va hau nhu khdng giflp fch gi cho cac nUdc ngheo. Tuy nhien, khflng khoang lai tac dgng den mgi qud'c gia. Q 67 . doanh chflng khoan tham chf cdn chfla dflng nhieu nguy cd hdn. Dieu nay ed the tha'y rd qua nhflng gi dien ra vdi thi trfldng chflng khoan Viet Nam mdi ndi nhd chflng khoan nay cd the vat chat boa cac gia tri tang them. Dieu dien ra sau do mgi ngUdi deu biet rd. Khi gia chflng khoan dot ngdt giam