THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET Edited by Berin Szoka & Adam Marcus THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET Berin Szoka Adam Marcus TECH FREEDOM This unique collection brings together 26 thought leaders on Internet law, philosophy, policy and economics to consider what the next digital decade might bring. Has the Internet been good for our culture? Is the Internet at risk from the drive to build more secure, but less “open” systems and devices? Is the Internet really so “exceptional?” Has it fundamentally changed economics? Who—and what ideas— will govern the Net in 2020? Should online intermediaries like access providers, hosting providers, search engines and social networks do more to “police” their networks, increase transparency, or operate “neutrally?” What future is there for privacy online? Can online free speech be regulated? Can it really unseat tyrants? These 31 thought- provoking essays tackle these questions and more. This book is essential reading for anyone gazing toward the digital future. THE BEST THINKING ABOUT THE FUTURE OF DIGITAL POLICY CONTRIBUTORS Rob Atkinson Stewart Baker Ann Bartow Yochai Benkler Larry Downes Josh Goldfoot Eric Goldman James Grimmelman H. Brian Holland David Johnson Andrew Keen Hon. Alex Kozinski Mark MacCarthy Geoff Manne Evgeny Morozov Milton Mueller John Palfrey Frank Pasquale Paul Szynol Adam Thierer Hal Varian Christopher Wolf Tim Wu Michael Zimmer Jonathan Zittrain Ethan Zuckerman TechFreedom techfreedom.org 1899 L ST NW, 12th Floor Washington, D.C. 20036 NextDigitalDecade.com ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET ! Edited by Berin Szoka & Adam Marcus ! NextDigitalDecade.com TechFreedom techfreedom.org Washington, D.C. !"#$%&'()%&*$%+, #$"/0%-1%!/2"3(//0'4%5TechFreedom.org67%*%8'89+(':#;% +, #2%+'.#21%;"#8)%;*8)%-*$/0%#8%<*$"#8=;'87%>?@?%%!/2"3(//0'4A$%4#$$#'8%#$% ;'%,8./*$"%;"/%+('=(/$$%':%;/2"8'.'=1%;"*;%#4+('B/$%;"/%",4*8%2'80#;#'8%*80% /C+*80$%#80#B#0,*.%2*+*2#;1%;'%2"''$/?%%</%=(*;/:, 1%*2)8'&./0=/%;"/%=/8/(',$% *80%,82'80#;#'8*.%$,++'(;%:'(%;"#$%+('D/2;%+('B#0/0%-1%E/(#F#=87%G82?%% % H'(/%#8:'(4*;#'8%*-',;%;"#$%-'')%#$%*B*#.* /%*;%NextDigitalDecade.com% % GFIJ%KLM9N9OPQL9RLMR9L% % S%TUNU%-1%!/2"3(//0'47%<*$"#8=;'87%>?@?%%% % !"#$%&'()%#$%.#2/8$/0%,80/(%;"/%@(/*;#B/%@'44'8$%V;;(#-,;#'89 J'8@'44/(2#*.9F"*(/V.#)/%P?U%W8+'(;/0%X#2/8$/?%!'%B#/&%*%2'+1%':%;"#$% .#2/8$/7%B#$#;%http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/%'(%$/80% *%./;;/(%;'%@(/*;#B/%@'44'8$7%NLN%F/2'80%F;(//;7%F,#;/%PUU7%F*8%3(*82#$2'7% @*.#:'(8#*7%KONUQ7%WFV?% % @'B/(%>/$#=8/0%-1%Y/::%3#/.0#8=? THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 7 Berin Szoka 25 Years After .COM: Ten Questions 9 Berin Szoka Contributors 29 Part I: The Big Picture & New Frameworks CHAPTER 1: The Internet’s Impact on Culture & Society: Good or Bad? 49 Why We Must Resist the Temptation of Web 2.0 51 Andrew Keen The Case for Internet Optimism, Part 1: Saving the Net from Its Detractors 57  Adam Thierer CHAPTER 2: Is the Generative Internet at Risk? 89 Protecting the Internet Without Wrecking It: How to Meet the Security Threat 91  Jonathan Zittrain A Portrait of the Internet as a Young Man 113 Ann Bartow The Case for Internet Optimism, Part 2: Saving the Net from Its Supporters 139  Adam Thierer CHAPTER 3: Is Internet Exceptionalism Dead? 163 The Third Wave of Internet Exceptionalism 165 Eric Goldman A Declaration of the Dependence of Cyberspace 169 Alex Kozinski and Josh Goldfoot Is Internet Exceptionalism Dead? 179 Tim Wu 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 230 of the CDA: Internet Exceptionalism as a Statutory Construct 189  "#!$%&'(!")**'(+ Internet Exceptionalism Revisited 209 ,'%-!,'./'%012 CHAPTER 4: Has the Internet Fundamentally Changed Economics? 237 Computer-Mediated Transactions 239 "'*!3#!4'%&'( Decentralization, Freedom to Operate & Human Sociality 257 5).1'&!$6(-*6% The Economics of Information: From Dismal Science to Strange Tales 273  7'%%2!8)9(6: The Regulation of Reputational Information 293 ;%&.!<)*+='( CHAPTER 5: Who Will Govern the Net in 2020? 305 Imagining the Future of Global Internet Governance 307 ,&*0)(!,>6**6% Democracy in Cyberspace: Self-Governing Netizens & a New, Global Form of Civic Virtue, Online 315  8'?&+!3#!@)1(:)( Who’s Who in Internet Politics: A Taxonomy of Information Technology Policy & Politics 327  3)A6%0!8#!B0-&(:)( Part II: Issues & Applications CHAPTER 6: Should Online Intermediaries Be Required to Police More? 345 Trusting (and Verifying) Online Intermediaries’ Policing 347 C%'(-!D':E>'*6 Online Liability for Payment Systems 365 ,'%-!,'./'%012 THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 5 Fuzzy Boundaries: The Potential Impact of Vague Secondary Liability Doctrines on Technology Innovation 393  D'>*!FG2()* CHAPTER 7: Is Search Now an “Essential Facility?” 399 Dominant Search Engines: An Essential Cultural & Political Facility 401  C%'(-!D':E>'*6 The Problem of Search Engines as Essential Facilities: An Economic & Legal Assessment 419  <6)HH%62!B#!,'((6 Some Skepticism About Search Neutrality 435 @'=6:!<%&==6*='(( Search Engine Bias & the Demise of Search Engine Utopianism 461  ;%&.!<)*+='( CHAPTER 8: What Future for Privacy? 475 Privacy Protection in the Next Digital Decade: “Trading Up” or a “Race to the Bottom”? 477  ,&.1'6*!I&==6% The Privacy Problem: What’s Wrong with Privacy? 483 F069'%0!$'-6% A Market Approach to Privacy Policy 509 7'%%2!8)9(6: CHAPTER 9: Can Speech Be Policed in a Borderless World? 529 The Global Problem of State Censorship & the Need to Confront It 531  @)1(!<#!D'*H%62J!@%# The Role of the Internet Community in Combating Hate Speech 547  /1%&:0)K16%!L)*H! ! ! !  6 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 10: Will the Net Liberate the World? 555 Can the Internet Liberate the World? 557 ;?M6(2!,)%)G)? Internet Freedom: Beyond Circumvention 565 ;01'(!I> 6%='( ! THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 7 Foreword Berin Szoka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as 76++.'5/M% N$% )"+% "#$)'6#*-% O'&+6)% P#$&+)% $'% +3+,*-)3=%12)%#)B%L)"+%4' #)#'-%*$%:+33%*$%)"+%23)#5*)+%1261'$+%'7%16',6+$$%#$%)"+% ,6+*)+$)%1'$$#&3+%.+,6++%'7%76++.'5%'7%)"+%# #C#.2*3/M @ %!"#$%&''(Q$%):+-)=;$#D% 4'-)6#&2)'6$%+D13'6+%)"#$%)"+5+%* %#)$%#-)+6*4)#'-%:#)"%6+3+-)3+$$%)+4"-'3',#4*3% 4"*-,+%76'5%*%:#.+%C*6#+)=%'7%1+6$1+4)#C+$/% G+6$'-*33=9%)"#$%&''(%#$%)"+%1+67+4)%$=-)"+$#$%'7%)"+%)"+5+$%* %)'1#4$%)"*)%$+)% 5+% .':-% )"+% 1*)"% '7% $)2.=#-,% 0-)+6-+)% 1'3#4=% #-% )"+% 3*)+% @RR?$9% * % :+*C+$% )',+)"+6% 5'$)% '7% )"+% 5*K'6% &''($% * % *2)"'6$% )"*)% "*C+% #-732+-4+.% )"+% +C'32)#'-%'7%5=%':-%)"#-(#-,%'-%4=&+63*:%* %1'3#4=/%%0%"'1+%)"#$%4'33+4)#'-%'7% +$$*=$%:#33%'77+6%$)2.+-)$%'7%)"+%7#+3.%)"+%(# %'7%*2)"'6#)*)#C+%$26C+=%)"*)%:'23.% "*C+%,6+*)3=%*44+3+6*)+.%5=%':-%$)2.#+$/%%SC+-%5'6+9%0%"'1+%)"#$%C'325+%+D4#)+$% * % #-$1#6+$% )"'$+% :"'% 5*=% $'5+.*=% 16'.24+% $#5#3*6% $4"'3*6$"#1% '7% )"+#6% ':-I1+6"*1$% )'% &+% 4'33+4)+.% #-% *% $#5#3*6% C'325+% 4+3+&6*)#-,% *-')"+6% 5*K'6% 0-)+6-+)%5#3+$)'-+/% 0%*5%.++13=%,6*)+723%)'%T"*-+%!+:$9%U#4+%G6+$#.+-)%7'6%V3'&*3%G2&3#4%G'3#4=%* % V'C+6-5+-)%O+3*)#'-$%*)%U+6#T#,-9%:"'%7#6$)%$2,,+$)+.%12&3#$"#-,%)"#$%$'6)%'7%*% 4'33+4)#'-% )'% 4'55+5'6*)+% )"+% >W)"% * #C+6$*6=% '7% )"+% 7#6$)% /FAX% .'5*#-% -*5+% Y6+,#$)+6+.% #-% @RZW[% &=% *$(#-,% :"*)% )"+% 72)26+% 5#,")% &6#-,% 7'6% )"+% 0-)+6-+)/%%<2$)%*$%0%"'1+%6+*.+6$%'7%)"#$%&''(%:#33%&+9%$"+%"*.%&++-%#-$1#6+.%&=% 6+*.#-,% Who Rules the Net? Internet Governance & Jurisdiction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`*=*$9%<+77%a+C=%* %`*4"%^6#+,%7'6%)"+#6% #-C*32*&3+% *$$#$)*-4+% :#)"% +.#)#-,% * % '6,*-#b*)#'-9% * % <+77% 8#+3.#-,% 7'6% )"+% &''(Q$%$)2 #-,%4'C+6%*6):'6(%* %.+$#,-/% X'$)%'7%*339%0%52$)%)"*-(%N.*5%!"#+6+6%* %4';+.#)'6%N.*5%X*642$/%%!"+%):'% * % *% "*37% =+*6$% 0% $1+-)% :'6(#-,% 43'$+3=% :#)"% )"+5% '-% *% :#.+% 6*-,+% '7% )+4"-'3',=%1'3#4=%)'1#4$%*)%G88%:+6+%)"+%"#,"3#,")%'7%5=%4*6++6%)"2$%7*6/% 0%3''(%7'6:*6.%)'%"+31#-,9%#-%$'5+%$5*33%:*=9%)'%.#$4'C+6%)"+%2-4+6)*#-%72)26+%'7% 16',6+$$9%76++.'59%* %)+4"-'3',=%#-%)"+%-+D)%.#,#)*3%.+4*.+I* %&+=' /% % ^+6#-%Tb'(*%% E+4+5&+6%@c9%>?@?% %% THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 9 25 Years After .COM: Ten Questions Berin Szoka L1&*6!1&:0)%&'(:!E>&AA*6!)?6%!016!N(06%(60O:!A&%01!+'06J!)(6! +'06!:0'(+:! )>0!':! 016!+'2!016!N(06%(60!.6':6+!A6&(M!'!(&.16!H)%!'!*&=&06+!(>=A6%!)H!>(&?6%:&0&6:J! 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N(06%(60!A6!%6M>*'06+!=)%6!*&-6!0%'+&0&)('*!.)==>(&.'0&)(:!=6+&'\!!! c# W)! H).>:! )(! )(6! ':K6.0! )H! 016! N(06%(60! 6[.6K0&)('*&:=J! 1':! 016! N(06%(60! H>(+'=6(0'**2! .1'(M6+! 6.)()=&.:\! ! L1'0! A6(6H&0:! '(+! %&:-:! +)6:! 01&:! .1'(M6!.%6'06\! S# L1)b'(+! 91'0! &+6':b9&**! M)?6%(! 016! ]60! &(! VdVdb'0! 016! 6(+! )H! 016! (6[0!+&M&0'*!+6.'+6\! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! V !! @)1(!/!BA6**J!&"'()"*%+#," '/"0%1'23'$%4/'5%2%45/*6#3J!LN3;8!,B<BIN];J!,'%.1!RSJ!VdRdJ! http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2010/03/0315-symbolics-first-dotcom/! [...]... Lessig’’s conviction that private power leads to perfect control, as mentioned above, ultimately split the Internet Exceptionalist consensus against THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 15 regulation of the 1990s into two camps Both camps carried the banner of Internet freedom but reached opposite conclusions about whether the real threat comes from government or the private... Professor of Law at Yale He writes about the Internet and the emergence of networked economy and society, as well as the organization of infrastructure, such as wireless communications THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 33 In the 1990s he played a role in characterizing the centrality of information commons to innovation, information production, and freedom in both its autonomy... democratizing potential Conclusion: Discovering the Future of the Internet & Digital Policy In these thirty-one essays, our authors paint a complex picture of the future of the Internet and digital policy: Technological change inevitably creates new problems, even as it solves old ones In the end, one’’s perspective ultimately depends on whether one thinks the ““net”” effect of that change is positive... adequacy of their self-regulation focused on net neutrality in the last digital decade, the battle over ““search neutrality”” may be just as heated in the next digital decade Are search engines now the ““essential facilities”” of the speech industry that can be tamed only by regulation? Or are they engines of empowerment that will address the very concerns they raise by ongoing innovation? 8 As the Internet. .. admonition about excessively narrow market definitions: ““This Court now approves this strange red-haired, bearded, one-eyed man-with-a-limp classification.”” Like Manne, New York Law School Professor James Grimmelmann expresses ““Skepticism about Search Neutrality,”” and the significant practical problems it THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 23 would create As the author of. .. approach but by their ultimate duty to shareholders, while Bricks-and-Mortars 8 See Adam Thierer & Berin Szoka, Cyber-Libertarianism: The Case for Real Internet Freedom, THE TECHNOLOGY LIBERATION FRONT, Aug 12, 2009, http://techliberation.com/2009/08/ 12/cyber-libertarianism -the- case-for-real -internet- freedom/ 20 25 YEARS AFTER COM: TEN QUESTIONS companies, professional groups, and unions generally work... NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 11 technology is accompanied by an equivalent improvement in the condition of man.”” Information technology is leading us into an oblivion of cultural amnesia, narcissism, and a childish rejection of the expertise, wisdom and quality of creative elites For Keen, a ““flatter”” world is one in which genius can no longer rise above a sea of mediocrity,... potential of the Internet, and announcing a commitment to ““supporting the development of new tools that enable citizens to exercise their rights of free expression by circumventing politically motivated censorship.””11 11 Hillary Rodham Clinton, Remarks on Internet Freedom, Jan 21, 2010, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 27 Internet. .. experiment? This question, unanswered here, offers perhaps the most tantalizing organizing theme for a future successor to this collection of essays Larry Downes closes this Chapter with an expanded version of the discussion of digital economics from his 2009 book The Laws of Disruption——a book in the same tradition as Varian and Shapiro’’s Information Rules (1998), Postrel’’s The Future and its Enemies... some degree of government meddling online: ““A world in which every local sovereign seeks to control the activities of netizens beyond its borders violates the true meaning of self-governance and democratic sovereignty.”” Johnson predicts that technology THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 19 will empower users to sidestep the traditional controls imposed by governments——not . THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET Edited by Berin Szoka & Adam Marcus THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE. /%*;%NextDigitalDecade.com% % GFIJ%KLM9N9OPQL9RLMR9L% % S%TUNU %-1 %!/2"3(//0'47%<*$"#8=;'87%>?@?%%% % !"#$%&'()%#$%.#2/8$/0%,80/(%;"/%@(/*;#B/%@'44'8$%V;;( #-, ;#'89 J'8@'44/(2#*.9F"*(/V.#)/%P?U%W8+'(;/0%X#2/8$/?%!'%B#/&%*%2'+1%':%;"#$% .#2/8$/7%B#$#;%http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/%'(%$/80% *%./;;/(%;'%@(/*;#B/%@'44'8$7%NLN%F/2'80%F;(//;7%F,#;/%PUU7%F*8%3(*82#$2'7% @*.#:'(8#*7%KONUQ7%WFV?% % @'B/(%>/$#=8/0 %-1 %Y/::%3#/.0#8=? THE NEXT DIGITAL DECADE: ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword