Dieter Stoye, Werner Freitag (Editors) Paints, Coatings and Solvents 8 WILEY-VCH Other Titles of Interest: Industrial Inorganic Pigments Edited by Gunther Buxbaum Second, Completely Revised Edition 1998 ISBN: 3-527-28878-3 W. Herbst, K. Hunger Industrial Organic Pigments Second, Completely Revised Edition 1997 ISBN: 3-527-28836-8 Automotive Paints and Coatings Edited by Gordon Fettis First Edition 1995 ISBN: 3-527-28637-3 Hans G. Volz Industrial Color Testing First Edition 1995 ISBN: 3-527-28643-8 Heinrich Zollinger Color Chemistry Second, Revised Edition 1991 ISBN: 3-527-28352-8 Dieter Stoye, Werner Freitag (Editors) Paints, Coatings and Solvents Second, Completely Revised Edition @3 W I LEY-VC H Weinheim New York - Chichester - Brisbane - Singapore Toronto Dr. Dieter Stoyr Am Geckahach 42 D-462M Dorctcn Federal Repuhlic of Germany Dr. Werner Freitag Creanova Spezialchernie GrnhH Gehaude 132Xilh D-45764 Marl Federal Repuhlic ot Germany This hook was carefully produced. Nevertheless. authors. editors and publisher do not warrant the infor- mation contained therein to he free of errors. Readers are advised to kcep in mind that statements. data, illustrations. procedural details or other items may inadvertently he inaccurate. First Edition lW3 Second. Conlpletely Revised Edition. 1YW Library of Congreaa Card No.: British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Paints, coatings and solvents I Dieter Stoye ; Werner Freitag (ed.). - 2 completely rev. ed. - Weinheim ; New York : Basel : Cambridge ;Tokyo : Wiley-VCH. 1998 ISBN 3-527-28863-5 0 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmhH, D-69469 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany). IYYX Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free paper. All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form - by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means - nor transmitted or translated into a machine lan- guage without written permission from the publishers. Registered names. trademarks. etc. used in this hook. even when not specifically marked as such. are not to he considered unprotected by law. Composition, Printing and Bookbinding: Graphischer Betrieb. Konrad Triltsch. D-97070 Wurzhurg Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Preface to the Second Edition The work at hand offers a wealth of information about coating materials and coating processes in a form that is clearly laid out. The swift pace of developments in the past few years has made a revised edition seem appropriate. The organization and structure of the work have been maintained, but changes and additions to content have been made where necessary. In particular, attention has been paid to updating economic data and information on standards, laws, and regulations. Com- mercially available products and their producers have also been subject to clearly recognizable changes, and these changes have been in part caused by the growing tendency of companies to merge and concentrate on their core businesses. Among products and processes, the trend to environmentally friendly alternatives has also increased, even though the share of solvent-containing coating materials still dominates the market. Therefore, the article on solvents will remain indispensable for some time to come. The second edition will serve to confirm the book in its role as a standard reference for anyone working with coatings. Marl, April 1998 WERNER FRE~TAC Preface to the 1st edition Paints and coatings are used to protect substrates against mechanical, chemical, and atmospheric influences. At the same time, they serve to decorate and color buildings, industrial plants, and utensils. Coatings are of high economic importance because they provide protection against corrosive and atmospheric attack. It is therefore understandable that in industrialized countries such as the European Community, the United States, and Japan the annual consumption per capita is high and is continuing to rise. There are numerous paint systems, production and process technologies due to the many demands made on quality, processibility, and economical importance. These have been fully discussed in this book, which presents the articles “Paints and Coatings” and “Solvents” as published in the 5th Edition of Ullmann’s Encyclope- dia of Industrial Chemistry. Comprehensive information on all paint systems and binders, pigments, tillers, and additives has been given in individual chapters. Modern, low-emission paints such as high-solids paints, water-borne paints, powder paints, and radiation-curing systems are also discussed in detail. There are special sections which deal with different production and processing technologies. Recommendations for each target application of a coating system are provided. Finally, special treatment of state-of-the-art paint testing, analysis, envi- ronmental protection, recycling, and toxicology is offered. Although the paint industry has made great efforts to substitute volatile and organic solvents for environmental reasons, the majority of paints today still contain these solvents since they are useful processing agents. A knowledge of their physical data, their toxicological and environmental properties as well as the interaction between solvent and binder forms the basis for practice-oriented paint development. The inclusion of the chapter on Solvents is an ideal addition to this presentation of coating systems. The special value of this book is that it provides a concise, up-to-date overview of all the properties of paints and coatings, their production and processing technolo- gies, and applications for a wide readership. The book is generously illustrated with numerous figures that aid further understanding, and the extensive literature refer- ences serve to deepen one’s knowledge of the topics described. The publisher has successfully gathered together authors of international renown. Undoubtedly, the book will become a standard work for all producers of raw materials, paints and coatings, for users of paints and coatings, as well as for institutes and public authorities. August 1993 Dieter Stoye Authors DIETER STOYE, Hiils AG, Marl, retired, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 1, Chap. 14) WERNER FREITAG, Creanova Spezialchemie GmbH, Marl, Federal Republic of Germany (Revision of Sections 2.1, 2.6, 3.3, Chapter 11, apart from Sections 11.4 and 11.9, Chapter 13) WERNER FUNKE, Institut fur Technische Chemie, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 2.1) LUTZ HOPPE, Wolff Walsrode AG, Walsrode, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 2.2.1) JURGEN HASSELKUS, Krahn Chemie GmbH, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 2.2.2) LARRY G. CURTIS, Eastman Chemical Products, Kingsport, Tennessee 37662, United States (Section 2.2.2) HANS KERRES, Bayer AG, Dormagen, Federal Republic of Germany (Revision of Section 2.3.1) KLAUS HOEHNE, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 2.3) JURGEN SCHWIND, Bayer AG, Leverkusen. Federal Republic of Germany (Revision of Section 2.3.2) HANS-JOACHIM ZECH, Hiils AG, Marl, Federal Republic of Germany (Sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.2) PETER HEILING, Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Federal Republic of Germany (Sections 2.4.1 -2.4.7, apart from Section 2.4.3.3) MASAAKI YAMABE, Asahi Glass Co. Ltd., Hazawa-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan (Section 2.4.3.3) KLAUS DOREN, Polymer Latex GmbH & Co. KG, Marl, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 2.4.8) HANS SCHUPP, BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 2.5) ROLF KUCHENMEISTER, Bayer AG, Leverkusen. Federal Republic of Germany (Section 2.6) MARTIN SCHMITTHENNER, Creanova Spezialchemie GmbH, Marl, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 2.7) WOLFGANG KREMER. Bayer AG. Krefeld, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 2.8) MANFRED MULLER, Bayer AG, Leverkusen. Federal Republic of Germany (Revision of Section 2.8) WOLFHART WIECZORREK, Bayer AG. Leverkusen. retired, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 1.9) HANS GEMPELER. WOLFGANG SCHNEIDER. Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc Basel. Switzerland (Section 2.10) JAMES W. WHITE, ANTHONY G. SHORT, Dow Corning Ltd., Barry. South Glamorgan, CF6 7YL, United Kingdom (Section 2.11) WERNER J. BLANK, LEONARD J. CALBO, King Industries, Norwalk, Connecticut 06851, United States (Section 2.11) DIETER PLATH. Hoechst AG, Wiesbaden, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 2.13) PAUL OBERRESSEL, Vianova Resins GmbH, Wiesbaden, Federal Republic of Germany (Revision of Section 2.13) FRIEDRICH WAGNER t. Sika-Chemie, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 2.14) KEKSTEN OBDENBUSCH. Deitermann. Datteln, Federal Republic of Germany (Revision of Section 2.14) WERNER HALLER, Henkel KGaA. Diisseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 1.15.1) ELMAR VISCHER. Keimfarben. Diedorf, Federal Republic of Germany (Revision of Section 1.1 5.1) KARL-MARTIN RODDER t, Huls AG, Troisdorf, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 2.15.2) ROLAND EDELMANN, Hiils AG, Rheinfelden. Federal Republic of Germany (Revision of Section 2.15.2) HANS-JOACHIM STREITBERGER, BASF Coatings AG, Miinster, Federal Republic of Germany (Sections 3.1 and 3.8) EDMUND URBANO, Vianova Resins AG, Graz, Austria (Section 3.2) RICHARD LAIBLE, Akzo Coatings GmbH, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 3.3) BERND D. MEYER, Akzo Nobel Powder Coatings GmbH, Reutlingen, Federal Republic of Germany (Sections 3.4 and 8.3.5) ENGIN BAGDA, Deutsche Amphibolin-Werke, Ober-Ramstadt. Federal Republic of Germany (Section 3.5) FREDERICK A. WAITE. ICI Paints, Slough, Berkshire SL2 5DS, United Kingdom (Section 3.6) DAVID TAYLOR. 1CI Paints. Slough, Berkshire SL2 SDS. United Kingdom (Revision of Section 3.6) MICHEL PHILIPS. UCB Chemicals Corp., Smyrna. Georgia 380. United States (Section 3.7) KLAUS KOHLER. Bayer AG. Krefeld, Federal Republic of Germany (Section 4.1) PETER SIMMENDINGER. Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc Basel, Switzerland (Section 4.2) WOLFGANG ROELLE, Bassermann & Co. KG, Mannheini. Federal Republic of Germany (Section 4.3) WILFRIED SCHOLZ, WOLFGANG KORTMANN. BY K-Cheniie GmbH, Wesel. Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 5. apart from Section 5.7) ANDREAS VALET, MARIO SLONGO. Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc., Basel. Switzerland (Section 5.7) THOMAS MOLZ, Henkel KGaA. Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 6) RAINER HILLER, DIETMAR MOLLER. BASF Coatings AG, Munster, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 7) JURGEN STEFFENS. BASF Coatings AG, Munster. Federal Republic of Germany (Revision of Chapter 7) KLAUS WERNER THOMER. ABB Flexible Automation. Butzbsch, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 8, apart from Section 8.3.5) KLAUS VOGEL. Herberts GmbH, Wuppertal, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 9) ULRICH SCHERNAU. BERNHARD HUSER, BASF Coatings AG. Munster. Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 10) ALFRED BRANDT, ICI Lacke Farben GmbH. Hilden. Federal Republic of Germany (Sections 11.1 - 11.3, 11.5- 11.8) ALEX MILNE, Occam & Morton. Newcastle. NE2 2DE. United Kingdom (Section 11.4) HELMUT WEYERS, IC1 Lacke Farben GmbH. Hilden. Federal Republic of Germany (Section 11.9) WOLFGANG PLEHN, Umweltbundesanit. Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (Chap. 12) HANNS-ADOLF LENTZE. CEPE. Brussels, Belgium (Chap. 13) MARTINA ORTELT, Creiinova Spezialcheniie GnibH, Marl. Federal Republic of Germany (Revision of Chapter 14) [...]... be manufactured that are consistently of the highest quality Paints, Coatings and Solvents Second, CompletelyRevised Edition Dieter Stoye, Werner Freitag copyright 0WILEY-VCH Verlae CirnhH I Y Y X 2 Types of Paints and Coatings (Binders) In this chapter paints and coatings will be discussed according to their binders 2.1 Oil-Based Coatings ~2.11 Composition Oil-based paints (oil paints) are among the... 366 368 372 401 Paints, Coatings and Solvents Second, CompletelyRevised Edition Dieter Stoye, Werner Freitag copyright 0WILEY-VCH Verlae CirnhH I Y Y X 1 Introduction 1.1 Fundamental Concepts Paints or coatings are liquid, paste, or powder products which are applied to surfaces by various methods and equipment in layers of given thickness These form adherent films... flexibility, and adhesion properties Chemically, plasticizers are largely inert and do not react with the binder components Most binders used today are inherently flexible and can be regarded as "internally plasticized" resins For this reason, use of plasticizers has declined 1.3.3 Pigments and Extenders Pigments and extenders in coatings are responsible for their color and covering power, and in some... ventilation and air exhaust are necessary To protect the environment, incineration and sometimes solvent-recovery plant is installed to prevent solvents entering the atmosphere Other measures for the protection of the workplace and the environment from solvent vapors include the development and use of new low-solvent or solvent-free coatings, e.g., high-solids paints, waterborne coatings, and powder coatings. .. 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.8 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 Asphalt, Bitumen, and Pitch Coatings Asphalt and Asphalt Combination Bitumen Coatings 92 Bitumen Combination Coatings 93 Pitch Coatings 94 Silicate Coatings Water Glass Coatings Alkyl Silicates ... components to be overcome, improve pigment wetting and dispersion, and control storage stability and viscosity of the coating They promote the release of included air from the liquid coating film, control the drying behavior of the coating, and optimize flow properties and luster Organic solvents are used in most liquid coatings systems, including, waterborne coatings, in which they perform important fluctions... the handicraft and DIY areas Modern mechanized and automated application methods are used today for industrial-scale application because of greater efficiency, low material losses, qualitatively better results, and lower labor costs They include high-pressure spraying using compressed air or electrostatic charging, modern automatic and environmentally friendly dipping and electrophoretic processes, and. .. aldehydes, acetals, and other volatile compounds are released In practice drying of coatings and paints does not take place by one method alone With solvent-containing and waterborne heat-curing coatings, physical drying by solvent evaporation always precedes chemical drying Depending on the composition of the binder system, physical and chemical drying can take place simultaneously, and the various mechanisms... countries of Europa and in North America, annual paint consumption of coatings per capita is > 20 kg, and high growth rates can be expected in the less industrialized countries of Eastern Europe, Asia, and South East Asia The volume of coatings produced in Western Europa in 1994 was ca 5.4 x lo6 t, and in the United States, 6.2 x lo6 t The annual growth rates of solvent-containing conventional coatings are... 11.4.1 11.4.2 11.4.3 XVI 11.8 260 Coatings for Packaging (Can Coatings) Furniture Coatings 261 11.9 11.9.1 11.9.2 Coatings for Buildings Exterior-Use Coatings Interior-Use Coatings 262 263 265 12 Environmental Protection and Toxicology . Dieter Stoye, Werner Freitag (Editors) Paints, Coatings and Solvents 8 WILEY-VCH Other Titles of Interest:. Second, Revised Edition 1991 ISBN: 3-527-28352-8 Dieter Stoye, Werner Freitag (Editors) Paints, Coatings and Solvents Second, Completely Revised Edition