Course in Molecular Biology Leuven, October – November 2002 Program I. Basics of molecular biology II. Transcription III. Translation IV. Regulatory pathways V. DNA and diseases VI. Biotechnology Lesson 1: Basics of molecular biology I. The Cell’s Organization II. Cell Cycle and Cell Division III. Cellular Molecules IV. The Genetic Dogma The Cell’s Organization All organisms: 1 or more cells PROKARYOTESEUKARYOTES The animal cell A plant cell A bacterium The Main Functions of the Membrane-bounded Compartments of a Eukaryotic Cell Compartment Main Function Cytosol contains many metabolic pathways protein synthesis Nucleus contains main genome DNA and RNA synthesis Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) synthesis of most lipids synthesis of proteins for distribution to many organelles and plasma membrane Golgi apparatus modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for either secretion or delivery to another organelle Lysosomes intracellular degradation Endosomes sorting of endocytosed material Mitochondria ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation Chloroplasts (in plant cells) ATP synthesis and carbon fixation by photosynthesis Peroxisomes oxidation of toxic molecules Compartimentation of the eukaryote cell: various organelles Cell nucleus Contains genetic information: DNA Nucleolus: Ribosome building machine Protein factories in the cytoplasm [...]... maintainance of cell shape and mobility  ancor for other cellular structures Presentation: DNA Cell Cycle and Cell Division Some Eukaryotic Cell- Cycle Times Cell Type Cell- Cycle Times Early frog embryo cells 30 minutes Yeast cells 1. 5-3 hours Intestinal epithelial cells about 12 hours Mammalian fibroblasts in culture about 20 hours Human liver cells about 1 year The eukaryotic cell cycle Separation of sister... sperm and egg cells) Meiosis I (continued) Meiosis II Cell division without DNA replication ⇒ Haploid cell Presentation: Chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis Cellular Molecules The four main families of small organic molecules in cells Macromolecules are abundant in cells The general reaction by which a macromolecule is made Condensation reaction: H2O molecule is released The four main families of small organic...Each human cell contains 46 chromosomes (except sperm or egg cells) Chromosomes in a cell that is about to divide Mitochondria: factories of energy glucose ADP Pi O2 CO2 H2O ATP smooth (metabolism+synthesis of lipids) The endoplasmic reticulum rough (protein synthesis) The Golgi apparatus trans cis medial → processing of secretory proteins → sorting cellular proteins Inside the cytosol:... (mitosis = normal cell division) Microtubuli: assist chromosomes during cell division (mitosis) Different stages of the M phase during cell division (mitosis) The three DNA sequence elements needed to produce a eukaryotic chromosome that can be replicated and then segregated at mitosis Kinetochores and kinetochore microtubules Gametogenesis: meiosis Meiosis I (= specialized form of cell division giving... in cells Macromolecules are abundant in cells The general reaction by which a macromolecule is made Condensation reaction: H2O molecule is released The four main families of small organic molecules in cells Glucose, a simple sugar Monosaccharides . Lesson 1: Basics of molecular biology I. The Cell s Organization II. Cell Cycle and Cell Division III. Cellular Molecules IV. The Genetic Dogma The Cell s. Course in Molecular Biology Leuven, October – November 20 02 Program I. Basics of molecular biology II. Transcription III. Translation IV.