CELLS CELLS Structure and Function Structure and Function Cell = smallest unit of life Cell = smallest unit of life Two Major Cell Types Two Major Cell Types Cell Type Cell Type Example Example Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Bacteria Bacteria Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Protists Protists Fungi Fungi Plants Plants Animals Animals Prokaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell (protist, animal) (protist, animal) Eukaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell (plant) (plant) Differences Between Cell Types Differences Between Cell Types Prokaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Single circular Single circular chromosome chromosome Multiple linear Multiple linear chromosomes chromosomes Chromosome found Chromosome found in a cytoplasmic in a cytoplasmic region called the region called the nucleoid. nucleoid. Chromosomes found Chromosomes found in a membrane- in a membrane- bound nucleus. bound nucleus. No internal No internal membranes membranes Some infolded Some infolded plasma membrane plasma membrane Extensive network of Extensive network of internal membranes internal membranes Common Components Common Components and Cellular Organization and Cellular Organization • Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane – boundary surrounding the cell boundary surrounding the cell • Genetic material: DNA Genetic material: DNA – located in a membrane-bound nucleus located in a membrane-bound nucleus for eukaryotic cells for eukaryotic cells • Cytoplasm Cytoplasm – Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes and organelles and organelles (enzyme = biological catalyst) (enzyme = biological catalyst) • Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton – network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm that maintains cell shape, allows movement that maintains cell shape, allows movement Features of Features of Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells All prokaryotic cells contain All prokaryotic cells contain Structure Structure Function Function Plasma Plasma Membrane Membrane Regulates flow of Regulates flow of substances into and out substances into and out of cell of cell Nucleoid Nucleoid Cytoplasmic region Cytoplasmic region containing genetic containing genetic material material Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cytosol: fluid Cytosol: fluid Ribosomes Ribosomes Enzymes Enzymes Features of Features of Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Other possible prokaryotic structures Other possible prokaryotic structures Structure Structure Function Function Cell Wall Cell Wall Supports cell Supports cell Maintains shape Maintains shape Capsule Capsule Protects from drying Protects from drying Protects against Protects against white blood cells white blood cells Infolded Plasma Infolded Plasma Membranes Membranes Metabolism Metabolism Cell division Cell division Features of Features of Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Other possible prokaryotic structures Other possible prokaryotic structures Structure Structure Function Function Bacterial Bacterial Flagellum Flagellum Movement Movement Plasmid Plasmid Small circular DNA Small circular DNA Replicates Replicates independently independently [...]... Plasma Membrane Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Peroxisome Function Removes harmful oxidants from cells Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Mitochondrion Function Captures energy from organic molecules, producing ATP Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function Chloroplast Photosynthesis: Uses light (protists, plants) energy to produce organic molecules Functions of... Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Cytoskeleton Function( s) 1 2 3 Maintains cell shape Anchors organelles and proteins Allows for organelle movement and cellular movement in some cell types Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function Centriole Gives rise to basal bodies that produce cilia or flagella Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function( s) Vacuole 1 Central vacuole... cell? B Which organelle contains digestive enzymes? C Which site acts as a protein packaging and distribution center? Thought Questions 1 What are similarities for a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? b animal and plant cells? 2 What are differences between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? b animal and plant cells? Analogy If the cell were a factory the would be (name a cell component) a... Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) 1 2 3 Lipid Synthesis Drug detoxification Transport of proteins from RER Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function( s) Golgi Apparatus Collects, modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids from ER Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Lysosome Function( s) Contains digestive enzymes to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles Endomembrane... Nucleoid In bacterial cells • where is the genetic material located? • which one is used for movement? • which one provides structural support for the cell? Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function( s) 1 Regulates passage of Plasma materials into and out of cell Membrane 2 Cell-Cell Recognition Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Cell Wall (protists, fungi, plants) Function( s) 1... cell shape, protects, supports Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Nucleus Function( s) 1 Carrier of genetic material DNA + protein = chromatin 2 Governs cell activities 3 Directs cell reproduction 4 Surrounded by Membrane = nuclear envelope 5 Contains nucleolus— produces ribosomes which synthesize proteins SER RER Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function( s) Rough 1 Associated... vacuole (plants) stores waste, maintains turgidity 2 Contractile vacuole (protists) maintains water balance 3 Food vacuole (protists) fuses with lysosome for digestion Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Cilia and Flagella Function( s) 1 Move substances across cell surface in lungs, fallopian tubes 2 Cell movement in sperm, protists Applying Your Knowledge 1 2 3 4 5 Cilium Rough ER Golgi... Messenger  Second Messenger initiates Cellular Response Cellular Interactions  Cell Adhesion: joining of cells controlled by proteins called Cellular Adhesion Molecules (CAMS) important in  Inflammatory Response  Placenta Formation  Learning and Memory Lack of cell adhesion is implicated in cancer and arthritis