AquaFit4Use is co-financed by the European Union’s 7 th Framework Programme The project for sustainable water use in chemical, paper, textile and food industries New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production Authors : S. Mauchauffée, M P. Denieul (VEO) B. Simstich, J. Rumpel, H. Jung, P. Hiermeier, G. Weinberger, D. Pauly, S. Bierbaum, H J. Öller, C. Hentschke (PTS) M. Engelhart, J.v. Düffel, M. Wozniak (ENV) D. Hermosilla, N. Merayo, R. Ordoñez, L. Blanco, H. Barndok, L. Cortijo, P. López, J. Tijero, C. Negro, A. Blanco (UCM) A. Rodriguez (HOL) M. Bromen, J. Vogt, J. Mielcke, (WED) January 2012 New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 Page | 2 Executive summary This report is a result of the project AquaFit4Use, a large-scale European research project co- financed by the 7 th framework program of the European Union on water treatment technologies and processes. In the Pulp&Paper industry a lot of effort is put into to water saving and closing water circuits, also reducing substantially the environmental impact, both by process modelling and Kidney technologies as internal process water treatment. However a number of problems around the removal of substances are not solved yet and further closing of the water cycle causes other problems. Challenges for water re-use in the Pulp&Paper industry are the following: - The elimination of residual (soluble) COD and BOD which can both affect the production process and the paper quality; - The removal of sticky solids and suspended solids, which can induce plugging of pipes and showers, deposit formation, abrasion, loss of tensile strength; - The treatment of concentrate streams containing calcium, sulphate, chloride and organics which can lead to salt accumulation in case of water loop closure, corrosion, scaling of pipes and showers in the paper production process. The removal of calcium carbonate is crucial in the last case. Therefore there is a need to find new and reliable (combinations of) technologies to solve this challenges to achieve the water quality target for water re-use and which are tailored to suit product demands and standards. The work described in this report concerned the laboratory and preliminary work for the implementation of pilot trials on two industrial paper mills. The emphasis was on different technologies as part of a global treatment line to solve the above challenges. On the basis of waste water characterization and the defined water quality requirements for paper mills, new treatment lines were defined to reach the water quality target including effectiveness, reliability and minimization in waste and concentrate production. These new treatment lines are focused on internal recycling. The emphasis was on different key steps of the global treatment train: - Biological treatment: anaerobic processes and MBR; - Filtration processes: 3FM high speed technology and nanofiltration; - Tertiary treatments to reduce hard COD: AOPs, coagulation/precipitation; - Integration of processes (evapoconcentration, electrodialysis and softening) in the treatment line: o To treat the concentrate streams containing calcium, sulphate, chloride, organics; o To minimize the waste production and enhance internal recycling. Technologies were tested at lab scale on the waste waters from 3 different paper mills: • Paper mill 1 (PM1), producing corrugated board and board; • Paper mill 2 (PM2), producing high quality coated and uncoated board from recycled paper; • Paper mill 3 (PM3), producing standard newsprint, improved newsprint (higher brightness) and light weight coated paper (for magazines). On basis of the obtained results, the best treatment combinations to be implemented and tested at pilot scale within WP5.1.4 were selected as summarized below for each type of paper mill: New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 Page | 3 a) Corrugated board paper mills (PM1 and PM2) Most important findings are: • Stable MBR operation is not possible at calcium concentrations > 400 mg/l due to scaling problems. Softening upstream of the MBR is than absolutely necessary. Trials with a lime softening stage showed a removal of 50 – 80 % of the Ca 2+ concentration in the feed (600 – 1000 mg/l). • Ozone trials with pre-filtered final effluent of both mills led to a COD reduction by about 20- 25%. Economical viable specific ozone dosages of 0.25 to 0.7 g O 3 /g COD 0 have been used. Overall it is more costly and complex to achieve COD levels below ~50 mg/l. The increased BOD 5 shows that a subsequent biological treatment can be promising for further COD reduction. The water can be reused in the production process, especially because the water after ozone treatment is visibly colour-free. Possible reuse processes are showers at the paper machine were it can be used instead of fresh water. Calcium concentrations may be a limiting factor for reuse. • NF membranes with high retention capacity for monovalent ions (Dow Filmtec NF 90 and Koch TFC ULP) are able to fulfil quality requirements for white grade paper reclamation water (for PM1 and PM2). • Intensive pre-treatment or conditioning is needed to obtain steady NF membrane performance and high recovery rates due to the high scaling tendency (membrane blocking) of aerobic effluents of both PMs. Reduction of pH to around pH 6.5 (HCl) and dosing of anti-scalant was necessary to achieve recovery rates of 80%. Softening of wastewater allowed higher recovery up to 93% and lower chemical consumption for conditioning (no-use of hydrochloric acid). In this view, the Multiflo TM softening technology (lime softening) is well adapted to remove calcium carbonate. Long term stability of membrane treatment (plateau formation, high system recovery) needs to be evaluated on pilot scale continuously. • 3FM technology showed good performances at lab scale regarding TSS removal and turbidity reduction. These have to be confirmed at pilot scale. Most important findings concerning the treatment of concentrates of PM1 and PM2 are: • Evapoconcentration proved to be an adapted technology to treat NF concentrates in terms of production of a colourless water with a quality fulfilling the water quality criteria of both paper mills for re-use and to reduce the final volume of concentrates: o Reduction of wastes as a global volumic concentration factor VCF up to 50 for combined “NF+evapoconcentration” could be obtained at lab scale for PM2 and 25 for PM1. These global VCFs should be increased at industrial scale to 60 without NF membrane pre-treatment and up to 250 with 3FM/softening as pre-treatment provided conversion rate on NF process and pre-treatment processes are the same at pilot scale. Then the addition of evapoconcentration would lead to a final concentrate to be disposed off representing respectively 1.7% to 0.4% in the last case in volume of the waste water treated by the global treatment line. o Pre-treatments before NF process have a positive impact on the global VCF which could be reached at industrial scale leading to a very substantial reduction of the volume of final waste to be disposed off down to 0.4% in the case of 3FM combined with softening as pre-treatment. New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 Page | 4 • AOP treatment: High conductivity and chloride concentrations > 4,000 mg/l prevented biological degradation after AOP treatment. To reduce chloride intake to the wastewater, softening before membrane processes is preferable to acidification with HCl. • Re-injection of NF concentrates has a negative impact on anaerobic degradation rate in pellet sludge reactors. Based on these results, following treatment trains have been selected to be tested on site at pilot scale within WP5.1.4: Impact of reinjection??? Water to be re-used ? Final waste Water to be re-used ? Water to be re-used ? NF PM2 Anaerobic Multiflo softening AOP (O 3 ) AOP (O 3 ) Evapo MBR Water to be re-used ? Can be recycled into Anaerobic ??? Final waste Water to be re-used ? NF PM2 Anaerobic Aerobic AOP (O 3 ) AOP (O 3 ) Evapo 3FM Multiflo softening Water to be re-used ? Impact of reinjection??? Water to be re-used ? Final waste Water to be re-used ? Water to be re-used ? NFNFNF PM2PM2 AnaerobicAnaerobic Multiflo softening Multiflo softening AOP (O 3 )AOP (O 3 ) AOP (O 3 )AOP (O 3 ) EvapoEvapo MBRMBR Water to be re-used ? Can be recycled into Anaerobic ??? Final waste Water to be re-used ? NFNF PM2PM2 AnaerobicAnaerobic AerobicAerobic AOP (O 3 ) AOP (O 3 )AOP (O 3 ) EvapoEvapo 3FM3FM Multiflo softening Multiflo softening Water to be re-used ? b) Newsprint paper mill (PM3) Most important findings derived from PM3 effluent treatment are: • Although AOP treatments are efficient for bio-recalcitrant organics removal, due to the high amount of volatile fatty acids that are difficult to oxidize and consume high amounts of OH·, in the effluent of PM3 a previous biological treatment is expected to be more reliable. Despite this, colour removal was higher than 95% and COD removals vary between 20 to 40%. In addition, AOPs processes improve biodegradability of the treated effluent. • Anaerobic pre-treatment showed very good performance treating a low organic load wastewater as the effluent of a 100% recycled NP/LWC paper mill, and assisting the aerobic stage on removing organics and sulphates; besides it produced enough biogas for being considered as cost-effective. • The biological treatments studied in the two pilot plants achieved a final COD, BOD 5 and sulphates removal of 80-85%, 95-99% and 25-35%, respectively. Wastewater quality after biological treatment resulted suitable to further perform a posterior membrane treatment New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 Page | 5 • Membrane treatment by UF + RO is able to generate permeates of high water quality, fulfilling all the requirements for being used in critical points of the paper machine that require a very high water quality. • 3FM filtration followed by acidification seemed to have a positive effect on membrane treatment. A higher recovery rate was obtained and permeate with a very good quality was obtained. These results would have to be confirmed at pilot scale as the RO process was performed on a membrane test cell. Most important findings derived from the application of evapoconcentration, coagulation / softening / flocculation treatment and AOPs to the treatment of RO concentrates from PM3 are: • Evapoconcentration proved to be an adapted technology to treat membrane concentrates of both tested treatment trains (Anaerobic  Aerobic  3FM  RO and Anaerobic  MBR  RO). In both cases the produced water (final VCF = 11.5-11.7) has a very good quality respecting all PM3 requirements for re-use as fresh water. Considering the VCF of the RO step, the addition of evapoconcentration would then lead to a final waste to be disposed off representing respectively 2.8% and 7% in volume of the waste water treated by the global treatment line. • Coagulation eliminated more than 95% of coloured compounds with a high level of resonance (A 500 ), however, high coagulant doses were needed, making the process economically unfeasible. Besides, PACl addition by itself increases conductivity. • Lime-softening was a good alternative to reduce conductivity. Organic matter was adsorbed on Mg(OH) 2 and CaCO 3 surface and, thus, additionally removed in the precipitation process. • Coagulating water with 2500 mg/L of PACl1 in the presence of lime and a PAM produces a 60% COD removal, independently of the pH and the dosage. • Fenton and photo-Fenton processes were optimised by response surface methodology. Low pH and high [H 2 O 2 ] were optimum conditions for both methods. Low ferrous ion concentration might achieve good COD removals with photo-Fenton process and Fenton process need higher ferrous ion concentrations. More than 50% of COD removal may be obtained at neutral pH. • AOPs led to a high removal of COD at laboratory scale. Photo-Fenton obtained the best COD removal (99%) followed by Fenton (90%) processes in comparison to the 40% achieved by ozone processes. • Photocatalysis at laboratory scale did not obtain so high COD and TOC removals from RO reject, but the combination of photocatalysis treatment (10 g/L of TiO 2 ) with biological treatments got a total removal of COD from the wastewater. Based on these results, following treatment trains have been selected to be tested on site at pilot scale within WP5.1.4 in PM3: New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 Page | 6 SCREENER LAMELLA C LARIFIER PRE-ACIDIF ICATION TANK AN AEROBIC REA CTOR AEROBIC REACT OR LAMELLA C LARIFIER U LTRAF ILTRATION REVERSE OSMOSIS Sludge Biogas Nutrients Backwash NaOH/HCl Permeate Wastewater from DAFs Pilot plant 1. SCREENER ANAEROBIC REACTOR REVERS E OSMOSIS Purge    Sludge Biogas Nutrients Permeate NaOH/HCl Permeate MEMBRANE BI OREACTO R Purge Wastewater from DAFs Antiscalant Backwash CONDITIONING TANK Pilot plant 2. Important note: This final deliverable is a compilation of all lab scale results performed within WP3.1, which have been reported in details in following internal results: • I3.1.1.1 Proof of concept of aerobic water treatment technologies and separation techniques on bench scale for Pulp & Paper • I3.1.1.2 Proof of concept of anaerobic water treatment technologies and MBR techniques on bench scale for Pulp & Paper • I3.1.1.3 Assessment of technologies for the treatment of membrane retentate streams for Pulp & Paper • I3.1.1.4 Assessment of technologies for the elimination of inorganic compounds for Pulp & Paper New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 Page | 7 Content EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 CONTENT 7 1 INTRODUCTION 9 1.1 S TATE OF THE ART 9 1.1.1 Waste water treatment in Paper industry (Jung and Pauly, 2011) 9 1.1.2 State-of-the-art of tested technologies within the study 14 1.2 O BJECTIVES 35 2 METHODS 36 2.1 M ETHODS 36 2.1.1 Paper mill 1 (PM1) 37 2.1.2 Paper mill 2 (PM2) 39 2.1.3 Paper mill 3 (PM3) 41 2.2 M ATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 43 2.2.1 MBR processes 43 2.2.2 3FM technology 44 2.2.3 Membrane technologies (UF, NF, RO) 46 2.2.4 AOP technologies 47 2.2.5 Evapoconcentration 50 2.2.6 Electrodialysis 51 2.2.7 Softening and controlled precipitation technologies 52 2.2.8 Biodegradability experiments (PM1, PM2 and PM3) 52 3 RESULTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS 55 3.1 M AJOR RESULTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS 55 3.1.1 Corrugated paper mill (PM1 and PM2) 55 3.1.2 News print paper mill (PM3) 58 3.2 T ECHNICAL PROGRESS OF THE WORK 60 3.2.1 Corrugated paper mill (PM1 and PM2) 60 3.2.2 Newsprint paper mill (PM3) 86 4 CONCLUSIONS 116 4.1 M AJOR ACHIEVEMENTS 116 4.1.1 Corrugated board paper mills (PM1 and PM2) 116 4.1.2 Newsprint paper mill (PM3) 117 4.2 F UTURE WORK 119 4.2.1 Within AquaFit4Use 119 4.2.2 General recommendations 120 5 LITERATURE 121 6 ANNEX 128 6.1 A NNEX ON EVAPOCONCENTRATION 128 6.2 D ETAILED RESULTS ON PM1 129 6.3 D ETAILED RESULTS ON PM2 130 6.4 D ETAILED RESULTS ON PM3 132 6.5 3FM FILTRATION TESTS ON PM1 AND PM2 ANAEROBIC EFFLUENT 133 6.6 NF90 APPLIED TO 3FM FILTRATE OF PM2 (O SMONIC FILTRATION CELL ) 135 New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 Page | 8 6.7 S OFTENING TESTS ON PM2 WASTE WATER 137 6.7.1 Softening on Aerobic effluent 137 6.7.2 Multiflo TM Softening on 3FM filtrate 138 6.8 E VAPOCONCENTRATION APPLIED TO NF CONCENTRATES FROM PM1 AND PM2 139 6.9 E LECTRODIALYSIS ON RO CONCENTRATES FROM PM2 AND PM3 140 6.10 3FM FILTRATION APPLIED TO PM3 ANAEROBIC / AEROBIC EFFLUENT 141 6.11 NF/RO SCREENING ON 3FM FILTRATE FROM PM3 (O SMONIC FILTRATION CELL ) 142 6.12 E VAPOCONCENTRATION ON RO CONCENTRATES FROM PM3 144 6.12.1 RO concentrates from “PM3 waste water  Anaerobic  Aerobic  3FM  RO” 144 6.12.2 RO concentrates from “PM3 waste water  Anaerobic  MBR  RO” 145 6.13 C OAGULATION / SOFTENING / FLOCCULATION OF RO CONCENTRATES FROM PM3 146 New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 Page | 9 1 Introduction This report is a result of the project AquaFit4Use, a large-scale European research project co- financed by the 7 th framework programme of the European Union on water treatment technologies and processes. The research objectives of AquaFit4Use are the development of new, reliable cost-effective technologies, tools and methods for sustainable water supply use and discharge in the main water using industries in Europe in order to reduce fresh water needs, mitigate environmental impact, produce and use water of a quality in accordance with the industries specifications (fit-for-use), leading to a further closure of water cycle. This report corresponds to the Task 3.1.1 “Evaluation of tailor-made water treatment concepts for different water qualities, sustainable water reuse and more reliable technologies connected with Pulp&Paper” of WP3.1 in SP3. For more information on AquaFit4Use, please visit the project website: www.aquafit4use.eu. In the Pulp&Paper industry a lot of effort is used to water saving and closing water circuits, and to reducing substantially the environmental impact, also by process modelling and Kidney technologies as internal process water treatment. However a number of problems around the removal of substances are not solved yet and further closing of the water cycle causes other problems. Challenges for water re-use in the Pulp&Paper industry are the following (Negro et al. 1995): - The elimination of residual (soluble) COD and BOD which can both affect the production process and the paper quality; - The removal of sticky solids and suspended solids, which can induce plugging of pipes and showers, deposit formation, abrasion, loss of tensile strength; - The treatment of concentrate streams containing calcium, sulphate chloride organics which can lead to salt accumulation in case of case of water loop closure, corrosion, scaling of pipes and showers in the paper production process. The removal of calcium carbonate is crucial in the last case. Therefore there is a need to find new and reliable (combinations of) technologies to solve this challenges to achieve the water quality target for water re-use and which are tailored to suit product demands and standards. The work described in this report concerned the laboratory and preliminary work for the implementation of pilot trials on two industrial paper mills. Focus was done on different technologies as part of a global treatment line to solve the above challenges. Comparison was done to select the best treatment combinations to be implemented at pilot scale. 1.1 State of the art 1.1.1 Waste water treatment in Paper industry (Jung and Pauly, 2011) 1.1.1.1 Preliminary mechanical treatment - Mechanical processes for solids removal Effluents from pulp and paper mills contain solids and dissolved matter. Principal methods used to remove solids from pulp and paper mills effluents are screening, settling/clarification and flotation. The method chosen depends on the characteristics of the solid matter to be removed and the requirements placed on the purity of the treated water. New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 Page | 10 The separation of solids from the effluents is accomplished with help of screens, grid chambers and settling tanks. Screens are units which operate according to the sieving/filtration process. The function of the screens is to remove coarse, bulky and fibrous components from the effluents. If necessary, fractionated particle separation can be achieved by graduating the gap width (bar screen, fine screen, inlet screen, ultra-fine screen). For reasons of operating reliability of waste water treatment plants, it is also necessary to separate the grit transported with the effluents and other mineral materials from the degradable organic material. Grit separation from effluents can prevent operational troubles such as grit sedimentation, increased wear and clogging. The grit separating systems currently in use are subdivided into longitudinal grit traps, circular grit traps and vortex grit traps, depending on their design and process layout. Sedimentation technology is the simplest and most economical method of separating solid substances from the liquid phase. High efficiency is achieved in subsequent effluent treatment processes when the solid substances suspended in the effluents settle in a sedimentation tank as completely as possible, and settled sludge is removed from the sedimentation tank. Sedimentation tanks must be appropriately designed and operated. Alternative sedimentation equipment with sets of lamella-shaped passages, are employed in the paper industry, especially for effluents with high fibre concentrations. Mechanical effluent treatment alone, however, is not sufficient to keep lakes and rivers clean, since it is incapable of removing colloidal suspended and dissolved substances. 1.1.1.2 Biological treatment Biological waste water treatment is designed to degrade pollutants dissolved in effluents by the action of micro-organisms. The micro-organisms utilize these substances to live and reproduce. Pollutants are used as nutrients. Prerequisite for such degradation activity, however, is that the pollutants are soluble in water and non-toxic. Degradation process can take place either in the presence of oxygen (aerobic treatment) or in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic treatment). Both naturally occurring principles of effluent treatment principles give rise to fundamental differences in the technical and economic processes involved (Table 1). Table 1: Advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic and aerobic waste water treatment (Chernicharo, 2007) Anaerobic treatment Aerobic treatment Usually needed COD > 1000 mg/l High amount of excess sludge Tolerance of high organic loads High energy demand Low production of excess sludge 3 to 5 times less than in aerobic processes Higher tolerance to toxic substances Energy generation by use of biogas High required space Low energy demand Fully biological degradation Low required space Higher tolerance to variations in the effluent Sensitive against high sulphate and calcium concentrations No fully biological degradation [...]... bioreactor performance Separation and thickening of the recirculated sludge is crucial for sludge volumes in biological treatment and also for the potential sludge loading Correct dimensioning of secondary clarification is therefore of maximum importance for overall plant performance Page | 12 New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste. .. the need for a tailored concentrate treatment, which will also be assessed during pilot trials in this project Page | 20 New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 1.1.2.5 Ozone/AOP technologies Today Ozone and UV are well known and proven in the field of water and waste water treatment. .. perspective of a re-use of the wastewater: the recycling of water can indeed induce salt accumulation and thus scaling issues Page | 29 New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 Generally, the physicochemical treatment of wastewater from industrial operations (softening, acid waste neutralization... Selective removal of precipitates inor outside the anaerobic reactor has to be accomplished There are some technologies for softening available, relying on precipitation of CaCO3 through pH-shift and oversaturation Page | 15 New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 • Softened water may... the water must be used several times and fresh water is also replaced by Page | 13 New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 circulation water at critical locations This means that more water must be treated and higher requirements are placed on the treated water • Development of production. .. concentrations of suspended solids in Displacement of biomass the feed flow Loss of pellets High sulfate concentrations Displacement of methane bacteria Inhibiting or toxic effects of sulfide Performance losses High calcium concentrations Precipitation of CaCO3 Displacement of biomass Page | 11 New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production. .. is water The vapour-liquid separations take place in a vapour-liquid separator called bodies, vapour heads, or flash chambers Finally, the circulation of solute assures the thermal transfer and the evaporation Page | 26 New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 For efficient evaporation,... treated water Page | 18 New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 Principle of 3FM filtration system: REJECT (SLUDGE) Alternation of filtration periods and backwash o Filtration process ( + ): Service water is FILTRATED WATER 3FM fibers fed through the inlet pipe of the lower part of. . .New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 Possibility of preservation of the biomass with no reactor feeding for several months Low nutrient consumption Application in small and large scale The paper industry uses a variety of effluent treatment systems The... evapoconcentration,….) in order to propose optimized treatment lines (efficient, reliable, cost effective); - To define the best use of AOP’s by comparison of full stream and concentrated stream ozonisation Page | 35 New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS, ENV, UCM, HOL, WED, January 2012 2 Methods Focus was done on technologies . of the treated water. New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste production VEO,PTS,. Precipitation of CaCO 3 Displacement of biomass New technologies or innovative treatment lines for reliable water treatment for P&P and minimization of waste