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WhitePapersonAdvancedManufacturingQuestions
PreparedfortheAdvancedManufacturingWorkshopofthe
President’sCouncilofAdvisorsonScienceandTechnology’s
StudyonCreatingNewIndustriesthroughScience,Technology,andInnovation
DRAFT
April5,2010
Disclaimer:Thisdocumentisadraftanalysisofthescientific,technical,
andpolicyissuesregardingadvancedmanufacturing.Itwaspreparedby
theScienceandTechnologyInstitute(STPI)forusebythePresident’s
CouncilofAdvisorsonScienceandTechnology(PCAST).STPIisa
federallyfundedresearchanddevelopmentcenter(FFRDC)forthe
OfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy(OSTP).Theanalysiswas
conductedbySTPIanddoesnotrepresenttheviewsofPCASTorOSTP.
ScienceandTechnologyPolicyInstitute
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Washington,DC20006
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Foreword1
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Overview
ThissetofwhitepaperswaspreparedattherequestoftheOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy(OSTP)asinput
fortheAdvancedManufacturingWorkshopofthePresident’sCouncilofAdvisorsonScienceandTechnology
(PCAST)StudyonCreatingNewIndustriesthroughScience,Technology,andInnovation.Thepapersaremeantto
presentissues,stimulatethought,andframediscussion.ThequestionstheyaddresswereprovidedbythePCAST
studyco‐chairsastheagendafortheworkshop.Inpreparingthesepapers,STPIstaffreviewedthecurrent
literatureandhelddiscussionswiththefollowingexpertsinindustryandacademia:
• YungC.Shin,DonaldA.andNancyG.RoachProfessorofAdvancedManufacturing,PurdueUniversity9
• SanjaySarma,AssociateProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,FormerChairmanofResearch&Co‐FounderoftheAuto‐
IDCenteratMIT,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
• AlbertLink,Ph.D.ProfessorofEconomics.ScienceandTechnologyPolicy,UNCGreensboro
• DavidAudretsch,DistinguishedProfessorandtheAmeritechChairofEconomicDevelopmentandDirectorofthe
InstituteforDevelopmentStrategiesatIndianaUniversity,IndianaUniversity
• PaulFowler,ResearchDirector&NACFAMWeeklyEditor,NationalCouncilforAdvancedManufacturing
• ChuckWilliams,SeniorVicePresidentofSupplyChainandManufacturinginNorthAmerica,andLukasRuecker,Senior
VicePresidentofStrategyinNorthAmerica,LuxotticaGroup
• LordBhattacharya,ProfessorofManufacturingSystems,UniversityofWarwick
• RichardLester,FoundingDirectoroftheIndustrialPerformanceCenterandProfessorandHeadoftheDepartmentof
NuclearScienceandEngineeringattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
• WarrenSeering,ProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringandProfessorofEngineeringSystems,MassachusettsInstituteof
Technology
• IrenePetrick,ProfessorofPractice,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity
• MartinCulpepper,AssociateProfessorofMechanicalEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
• LewisBranscomb,ProfessoremeritusofPublicPolicyandCorporateManagement,HarvardUniversity
• BruceBrown,ChiefTechnologyOfficer;R.KeithHarrison,GlobalProductSupplyOfficer;andPaulFox,Corporate
ExternalRelations,Proctor&Gamble
Toprovideaninitialfocusingofoureffortstoaddressthesequestions,STPIfirstlookedintothedefinitionof
“advancedmanufacturing,”asisdiscussedbelow.
WhatIsAdvancedManufacturing?
Severalperspectivesonwhatconstitutesadvancedmanufacturinghavebeenofferedbyleadingexperts,
businesses,andgovernmentorganizations.Thefollowingparagraphslayoutthesevariousperspectivesas
understoodfromdiscussionswithleadingexperts(listedabove)andreviewofliteraturefromtrade,business,and
governmentorganizations.Whileadvancedmanufacturingisvieweddifferentlybydifferentpeople,itprobably
shouldincorporateaspectsofallthefollowingperspectiveswhenconsideringthepublicpolicyquestionsposedby
PCAST.
UseofNewMethodstoProduceNewerorBetterProducts
Someexpertsdefineadvancedmanufacturingasanewwayoftheaccomplishingthe“howto”ofproduction,
wheretheemphasisiscustomizationandscalability,whileadvancingthetechnologiesnecessarytoimprove
capabilities.PaulFowleroftheNationalCouncilforAdvancedManufacturing(NACFAM)definesadvanced
manufacturingasanentitythat:
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DiscussionwithPaulFowlerfromtheNationalCouncilforAdvancedManufacturing.
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Makes extensive use of computer, high precision, and information technologies integrated with a high
performance work force in a production system capable of furnishing a heterogeneous mix of products in
smallorlargevolumeswithboththeefficiencyofmassproductionandtheflexibilityofcustommanufacturing
inordertorespondrapidlytocustomerdemands.
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AsimilardefinitionwasreportedinaU.S.DepartmentofLabor(DOL)EmploymentTrainingAdministration(ETA)
report,whichdefines“advancedmanufacturing”as“implementingprocessimprovements,increasingquality
controls,andinstallingadvancedroboticsandotherintelligentproductionsystems.”
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Alongthesamelines,the
CouncilonCompetitivenessemphasizedinitsarticle“U.S.Manufacturing—GlobalLeadershipThroughModeling
andSimulation”thatadvancedmanufacturingmustentailhigh‐performancecomputing(HPC)formodeling,
simulation,andanalysis.
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ManufacturinginNew(asDistinctfromTraditional)Industries
Otherssuggestadefinitionthatremainsbroadinspectrumbynotfocusingontheuseofparticulartechnologies,
butonmanufacturinginnewandemergingindustries.AreportbytheNewEnglandCouncilandDeloitte
Consulting
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offersadefinitionthatprovidesadistinctionbetweenthosesectorsthatareseenastraditional
manufacturing(e.g.,automotiveandsteelindustry)andothersectors(e.g.,aerospace,medicaldevices,
pharmaceuticals)inthreeways:(1)volumeandscaleeconomics,(2)laborandskillcontent,and(3)thedepthand
diversityofthenetworksurroundingtheindustry.Largevolumeproductmanufacturers(bothprocessand
fabricationindustries)thatcompetetraditionallybyleveragingscaleandlowcoststructures—andofteninclude
veryadvancedmanufacturingtechnologies—wouldnotbeincludedinthisdefinitionasadvancedmanufacturers.
TheFrontierofAdvancedManufacturing
Someexpertsindicatedthatmakingtheabovedistinctionbetweenadvancedmanufacturingandtraditional
manufacturingisshortsighted,astechnologicaladvancesandimprovementsinmanufacturingoccurinmore
matureortraditionalindustriesaswellasinemergingones.Theyalsochallengedthenotionoffocusingadvanced
manufacturingsolelyonaparticularsetoftechnologies.Intheirview,advancedmanufacturingwasdefinedsolely
byadvancesthatledtodecreasedcostorincreasedproductivity.Thisdefinitionappliestobothexistingproducts
andnewproductsbeingintroducedintothemarketplaceinallindustries.
Mostdiscussantsagreethatanappropriateadvancedmanufacturingdefinitionshouldbedynamicinnaturebe
treatedasmoreofabenchmark.Thatis,thereisaconstantiterationofimprovingmanufacturingfrontiers,which
oftenarecomprisedofpre‐commoditizedprocessesandproducts.Therefore,whatisclassifiedas“frontier”is
constantlychanging,and,likewise,advancedmanufacturingisalwayschanging.
S&T‐BasedManufacturing
Aconcisedefinitionofferedbysomewasthatadvancedmanufacturingismanufacturingthatentailsrapidtransfer
ofscienceandtechnology(S&T)intomanufacturingprocessesandproducts.Intoday’sglobalizedandinformation‐
richenvironment,competitorscanquicklyandeasilycopynewproducts.Duetothespeedofinformation
exchange,theclassificationofcuttingedgetechnologyisdynamicandoftenseenasamovingtarget.Tosustain
operatingonthecuttingedgeofinnovation,itiscrucialtoreducethetimefromresearchanddevelopment(R&D)
toproduction.Thisdefinitioniscorroboratedbya2002reportbytheNationalDefenseUniversitythatdefines
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SeeAdvancedManufacturingIndustry,U.S.DepartmentofLabor,EmploymentandTrainingAdministration,nodate(circa
2004),availableathttp://www.doleta.gov/BRG/pdf/Advanced%20Manufacturing%20Report%2011.1.05.pdf.
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See“U.S.Manufacturing—GlobalLeadershipThroughModelingandSimulation,”WhitePaper,CouncilonCompetitiveness,4
March2009,availableat
http://www.compete.org/images/uploads/File/PDF%20Files/HPC%20Global%20Leadership%20030509.pdf.
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See“ReexaminingAdvancedManufacturinginaNetworkedWorld:ProspectsforaResurgenceinNewEngland,NewEngland
Council,December2009,availableat
http://newenglandcouncil.com/pdf/rep_webReports/rep_2010.01.14_AdvancedManufacturing.pdf.
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advancedmanufacturingastheinsertionofnewtechnology,improvedprocesses,andmanagementmethodsto
improvethemanufacturingofproducts.
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AdvancedManufacturingIndustryStudy,NationalDefenseUniversity,2002.
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TableofContents
Question1.Whatscientificandtechnicaldevelopmentsapplytoawiderangeofadvancedmanufacturing
industries?Whatarethekeyadvancedcutting‐edgetechnologies,relevantacrossmultipleindustriesthat
showthemostpotentialforadvancedmanufacturing? 1‐1
Question2:Whataresomepossiblenewconceptsofadvancedmanufacturingthatmightapplytoawide
rangeofindustries? 2‐1
Question3:WhatistheappropriateroleofGovernmentscienceandtechnologyprogramsandpoliciesin
advancedmanufacturing? 3‐1
Question4:WhatarehistoricalexampleswhereFederalorstatescienceandtechnologyprograms,policies,
oractivitieshaveenhancedadvancedmanufacturing? 4‐1
Question5:WhatFederalGovernmentscienceandtechnologyprogramsorpolicies,ifany,shouldbe
putintoplacetoacceleratethedevelopmentandadoptionofadvancedmanufacturingtechnologiesby
industry?HowmighttheGovernmentencourageincreasedfundingforpre‐competitiveresearch
byindustry? 5‐1
Question6:Whatbroadinfrastructuralimprovementsarecriticalfornewversusexistingenterprises?
Wheredopublic/privatepartnerships(PPP)playacrucialrole? 6‐1
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Question1.Whatscientificandtechnicaldevelopmentsapplytoawiderangeof
advancedmanufacturingindustries?Whatarethekeyadvancedcutting‐edge
technologies,relevantacrossmultipleindustriesthatshowthemostpotential
foradvancedmanufacturing?
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Introduction
Thereareclearindicatorsofatransformationintheproductionofgoodsthatwillusherinaneweraof
manufacturing.Thisneweraderivesfrom
• Scientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatarepushingabilitiestomanipulateandconsistently8
produce,especiallyatthemolecularlevel
• Focusedtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatenablesustainablemanufacturing
Thisnewerawilldrawuponandextendtherevolutioninmicroelectronicsandtheinformationtechnologiesthat
employthem.Manufacturerswillimplementincipientabilitiestoconsistentlyperformprecisemanipulationof
materialsatthemolecularlevel,creatingtheemergingprospectofnanoscalemanufacturinginwhichphysics,
chemistry,andbiologyconverge.Inaddition,futuretechnologicaldevelopmentswilldependonabetter
understandingoffundamentalbiologicalprocessesandwillapplytheseprocessestoabroadrangeofproducts
beyondhealth.Thesedevelopmentsareoccurringinahighlyconnectedandglobalizedmarketplacewheretimeto
productandreducedproductioncostsarecrucial.Additionally,thesustainabilityoftheproductionenterpriseis
becominganexplicitrequirementforwhichnewmanufacturingapproachesaswellasimprovedinformation
collection,analysis,anddisseminationcapabilitieswillbeneeded.
ConvergenceattheMolecularLevel
Thetrendtowardincreasinginterrelationshipandconvergenceacrosstraditionalscientificdisciplinesisdrivenby
theneedtoachievenewproductcharacteristics.Thedrivetorealizepropertiesbeyondthoseavailableincurrent
productshaspushedthefrontiersofphysics,chemistry,materialsscience,andbiologyandbegunaconvergence
ofthesedisciplines.Thisconvergenceisnowleadingtoinnovationsatthemolecularscale,atwhichnew
phenomenaemergeandconventionalrulesnolongerapply.
Thereisavastdifferencebetweendemonstratingaconceptinasmallsampleandproducingitinvolumewhilestill
maintainingabsolutecontrolofthemolecularcomposition,morphology,andproperties.Workingatthemolecular
scalerequiresanalyticaltoolsthatanalyzeandsimulatediverseprocesseswithunprecedentedscalesof
granularity,detail,fidelity,andcomplexity.Meetingtheserequirementsdemandssophisticatedinformation
processingcapabilitiesfortheintegrationofproductdesignandproductionprocesses.Itisalsonecessaryto
developandimplementreal‐timeprocesscontrolsforthehighlypreciseexecutionofcomplex,interdependent
processes.Thesenewprocessesandcontrolswilldrawuponsensingandmeasurementthatiswellbeyondthe
currentstateoftheart.
Thetransitiontofabricationofgoodsusingprocessesatthemolecularlevelisusheringaneedtofundamentally
improveupontherigorousmetricsandcontrolsthatthemicroelectronicsindustryintroducedasitshrank
dimensionstothenanometerscale.Inthatindustry,theroadmapsproducedthroughindustryconsensusand
public‐privatepartnershipsenabledtheequipmentandmaterialssupplychaintodeveloptheappropriate
materials,tools,andprocessestocontinueproductdevelopmentattherateofMoore’sLaw.
Thisneweraofmanufacturing,however,facesamoredauntingtaskthanthatfacedbymicroelectronics.Notonly
mustitextendmanufacturingtonanoregimes,itmustalsobringtogetherscientistsandengineersfromdiverse
disciplineswiththeirdifferentterminologies,methodologies,andprocessestoestablishthetechnicalbasisforthe
manufacturingenvironment.
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Implementationofnoveltechnologieswillvarybyapplication,butthedevelopmentofthetechnicalcapabilitiesto
producegoodsemployingthesetechnologieswillbuildoncrosscuttingdevelopmentsintools,equipment,
processes,andanalyticalcapabilities.
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ISSUE:WhatshouldbetheFederalGovernment’sroleinthedevelopmentofproductionprocessesandrelated4
sensing,measurement,andanalyticalcapabilitiesformolecular‐level,atomicallypreciseproduction.
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Threeexampletechnologyareasinwhichsuchcapabilitiesarebeingdevelopedare(1)next‐generation
optoelectronics;(2)structuralmaterialsbasedonnanocompositematerials;and(3)biomanufacturing.Theseareas
representthescientificandtechnicalchallengesthatneedtobeaddressedtorealizethevalueofproductsbased
onnext‐generationmanufacturing.EachoftheseareasisreviewedinAppendix1‐Atothispaper.
Next‐GenerationMaterials
Expertscharacterizeadvancedmanufacturingas“newwaystomanipulateandmanufactureoldmaterialsorthe
processingofnewmaterialsfornewapplications.”Anexampleofthiscouplingistheinnovativetechniqueofusing
nanophosphatepowderonthecathodeofbatterycellsatA123Systems.Thismaterialitselfisnotinnovative,but
themanufacturingprocessandapplicationofthismaterialisanovelwaytomakethebatterymoreefficientand
morecompetitive.Otherexamplesofadvancedmaterialsincludecarbonnanotubesandadvancedcomposites.
Creationof“metamaterials,”artificialmaterialsengineeredtoprovidepropertiesthatmaynotbereadilyavailable
innature,wasdescribedasagoalofadvancedmanufacturing.Thesematerialsgaintheirpropertiesfromstructure
ratherthancomposition,usingtheinclusionofsmallinhomogeneitiestoenacteffectivemacroscopicbehavior
resultinginchangesinnovelcharacteristicssuchasanegativerefractiveindex,electricalproperties,orstrength.
Potentialapplicationsofmetamaterialsallowsforexpansionofproductsinnovelways.Forexample,
metamaterialshavebeenusedinphotovoltaicmaterialsintheformofanovelthincoatingonthephotovoltaic
paneltoincreasepossibleinstallationenvironmentssuchasdesertsbecausethethincoatingpreventssand
particlesfromscratchingthepanels.Additionalapplicationsofmetamaterialsincludehigh‐resolutionoptical
microscopes,datastorage,nanocircuitsforhigh‐poweredcomputersandsuperlensesthatfocusonobjectstoo
smalltobeseenwithconventionaloptics.
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Innovativeusesofbothnewandexistingmaterialscreateopportunitiesforcompaniestodevelopnichesand
increasedemandfortheirproducts,whileincreasingcompetitivenessbydecreasingcosts.Anotherexampleisthe
company1366TechnologiesthathasrecentlyreceivedbothARPA‐Eandprivateventurefunding.Usingan
approachofprocessingsiliconinnovelways,1366Technologiesplanstomakethecostofsolarpowercompetitive
withthecostofcoalpower.
BioinspiredManufacturingUsingSelf‐Assembly
Duetotheadvancesatthemolecularlevel,thisneweraofmanufacturingfacesamoredauntingtaskthanthat
facedbymicroelectronics.Whilethetypicalmicroprocessorintegratesgreaterthanahundredmillionnanoscale
electronicparts,miniaturizedsystemsofthefuturewillalsoneedtoincorporatephotonic,mechanical,chemical,
andevenbiologicaldevices.Beyondtheintegratedcircuit,therearedevelopmentstocreatemultifunctional
integratedsystemsthatincorporatesensing,processing,andactivationintoincreasinglysmallpackagesizes,but
mass‐manufacturingofsuchcomplexdeviceshasprovedchallenging.Manufacturingprocessestomass‐produce
usefulmultifunctionalminiaturesystemshavenotyetbeendeveloped.Severalresearchersarelookingtonature
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ProductiveNanosystems:ATechnologyRoadmap,BattelleMemorialInstitute,2007,discussesthemanytechnology
challengesentailedindevelopingandimplementingatomicallyprecisemanufacturing.
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KevinBullis,“SuperlensesandSmallerComputerChips,”TechnologyReview,March2007.
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andbiologicalstructurestosolvethisproblem.Naturalsystems,withtheircomplexityandsophistication,exceed
whatcurrentmicrofabricationornanofabricationtechniquescancurrentlyachieve.
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Themassproductionusing“biologicalmachines”isafundamentallynewwayofmanufacturingbecause,innature,
componentsself‐assembletoproducecomplexfunctionalsystems.Theideainthefutureof“growing”an
integratedcircuitorabiomedicalsensorwithadvancedfunctionalityandcomplexitymayaltertheapproachto
manufacturingatthemicro‐andnanoscale.
Asanexample,AngelaBelcherandcolleaguesatMIThaveharnessedthepowerofself‐assemblytoproduce
microscopicbatteriesthatmaybeusedtopowersmallmedicaldevicesorlabsonachip.Theyusedaviruscalled
M13tomaketheanodeofthebattery.Theviruswasgeneticallymodifiedtogeneratestructuredarraysofcobalt
oxidenanowiresontopofasolidelectrolyte.Thiswasthenassembledontoanetchedsiliconsurfacewiththin
bandsofplatinumandcoppertocompletetheconstructionofthebattery.
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NewApplicationsofThree‐DimensionalPrinting
Three‐dimensional(3D)printingtobuildprototypesandtoaidnewproductdevelopmentandrealizationisnotan
entirelynewconcept.However,3Dprintingisnowbeingappliedtoemergingfieldssuchastissueengineeringand
nanotechnology.Recently,twocompanies,OrganovoandInvetech,havepartneredtogethertobuildthefirst
commercial3Dbioprintertomanufacturehumantissuesandorgans.Thetechnologyoriginatedfromuniversity‐
basedresearchandholdsthepromiseofonedaybeingabletoproduceorgansandreplacementbodypartson
demand.
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Arecentarticledescribes3Dtissuestructuressuchasmyocardialpatchesbeingformedthroughthepost‐printing
fusionofthebioinkparticlesresemblingtheself‐assemblyphenomenainearlymorphogenesis.
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3Dprintingisalso
beingemployedtoassistsurgeonswithdifficultproceduresandallowthemtopracticeonrealisticmodelsbuilt
from3DCTscanimages.While3Dprintershavebeensoldsincethemid‐1990s,thequalityhassignificantly
improvedwhilecostshavebeguntocomedown.Z‐Corpcurrentlysells3Dprintersrangingfrom$10,000to
$50,000,dependingonsizeandsophistication.Thecompanyisworkingonbuildingaproductforlessthan$5,000.
Atsuchapricepoint,“DesktopManufacturing”becomesmuchmoreachievable.Somebelievethroughthe
combinationofopeninnovationandtoolssuchas3Dprinters,entrepreneursarepoisedtoacceleratethepaceof
innovation.Other3Dprintingapplicationsincludebuildingmodelsforprosthetics,creatingprototypepartsfor
robotics,andbuildingarchitecturalmodels.
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SustainableManufacturing
Sustainablemanufacturingreferstotheproductionofgoodsusingprocessesandmaterialsthataredesignedto
minimizetheproduct’senvironmentalfootprint.Sustainabilitygoalsincludeminimizingenergyusageand
materialswaste,monitoringandreducingeffluents,andmitigatingotherenvironmentalimpacts.Sustainability
goesbeyondthesimpleactofproducing:itextendstotheproduct’sexpectedlifetimeuseandthecomplexsystem
ofcomponents,energy,andtransportationrequiredtomaketheproductandbringittomarket.
Traditionalapproachestoreducingemissionshaveoccurredatthepointofemission—thetailpipemodel.
However,sustainablemanufacturingismostfullyrealizedwhensustainabilityprinciplesareappliedatallstepsof
thedesignprocess,frommaterialchoicetowastestreamminimizationandmanagement.Theexpansionof
sustainabilityintotheentiretyoftheproductandproductioncyclewillrequireinnovativeprocessesand
thoughtfulproductdesign.
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BabakParviz,“TheFutureofManufacturing,”TechnologyReview,September/October2007.
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LaurenRugani,“Virus‐AssembledMicrobatteries,”TechnologyReview,August2008.
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OrganovoWebsite:http://www.organovo.com/index.php
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CyrilleNorotteetal.,“Scaffold‐freevasculartissueengineeringusingbioprinting.”Biomaterials30(2009)
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RachaelKing,“Printingin3DGetsPractical,”BusinessWeek,October2008
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TheOECDframeseco‐innovationasaspectrumofnovelprocesses,designs,organizations,andinstitutionsthat
combinetohaveapositiveimpactontheenvironmentalsustainabilityofamanufacturingprocess(seeFigure1‐2).
Amongtheseinnovations,changesinprocessesandproductsrelyheavilyontechnologicaladvances.These
advancesarelikelytovarysubstantiallyfromproducttoproduct;however,improvedsustainabilitywilldrawon
expertisefromavarietyoffields,includingprocessmanagement,mechanicalengineering,andmaterialsscience.
Source:OECDPublicAffairsDivision(2009),“SustainableManufacturingandEco‐innovation:TowardsaGreenEconomy,”OECD
PolicyBriefs,June2009.
Figure1‐1.Eco‐innovation
Duetothecomplexproductionenvironment,sustainabilityrequiresthedevelopmentofsophisticatedproductlife
cycleanalysistoolssothatenvironmentalmanagerscantrackthefootprintofaproductthroughoutthe
distributedproductionsystem.Italsorequiresdataonprocessesandtheireffects,thecollectionofwhichis
beyondthecapabilityofmostmanufacturingfirmstoday.Increasinglydistributedmanufacturingprocessesfurther
complicatetheassessmentandmanagementofprogresstowardsustainabilitygoals.
Whilesustainablepracticesareoftenbeneficialtotheenterpriseandcanevenreducethecostofproduction,their
developmentandimplementationcanentailconsiderableup‐frontcostsandrisks.Moreover,modifyingaqualified
manufacturingprocessmayreduceyieldsorproductperformanceintheshort‐term.Therefore,theremaybea
FederalGovernmentroleindevelopingandincentivizingthetechnologicalmeansforimprovingsustainability,
especiallyinsofarastheyfalloutsidethedirectinterestandcapabilitiesofindividualfirmsandintotherealmof
socialgoods.
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ISSUE:Needforaccessibleandaffordablemeasurementsystemsandanalyticaltoolsforassessingandmanaging21
sustainabilityacrosstheproductionprocess
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See“SustainableNanomanufacturing—CreatingtheIndustriesoftheFuture,”NationalNanotechnologyInitiativeSignature
Initiative,NSTCCommitteeonTechnology,SubcommitteeonNanoscaleScience,Engineering,andTechnology,February2010,
forarecentperspectiveonthisrole.
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