HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND RELATED DISEASES – FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE A DIAGNOSTIC AND PREVENTIVE PERSPECTIVE Edited by Davy Vanden Broeck Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56594 Edited by Davy Vanden Broeck Contributors Miguel Angel Arrabal-Polo, Miguel Arrabal-Martin, Sergio Merino-Salas, Fernando López-Carmona Pintado, Salvador Arias-Santiago, Jacinto Orgaz-Molina, Maria Sierra Giron-Prieto, Santiago Melón, María De Oña, Marta-Elena Alvarez- Argüelles, João Paulo Oliveira-Costa, Giorgia Silveira, Danilo Figueiredo Soave, Juliana Silva Zanetti, Andrielle Castilho- Fernandes, Lucinei Roberto Oliveira, Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva, Fernando Augusto Soares, Manuel Rodriguez-Iglesias, Fátima Galán-Sánchez, Claudie Laprise, Helen Trottier, João Oliveira-Costa, Mara Celes, Bruna Riedo Zanetti, Angela Adamski Da Silva Reis, Daniela De Melo Silva, Aparecido Divino Da Cruz, Cláudio Carlos Da Silva, Ralf Hilfrich, Evanthia Kostopoulou, Mueller, Penelope Duerksen-Hughes Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. 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Publishing Process Manager Danijela Duric Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published April, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective, Edited by Davy Vanden Broeck p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1072-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Section 1 Diagnostic and Preventive Aspects of HPV-Related Diseases 1 Chapter 1 Molecular Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus Infections 3 Santiago Melón, Marta Alvarez-Argüelles and María de Oña Chapter 2 Molecular Tools for Detection Human Papillomavirus 27 Angela Adamski da Silva Reis, Daniela de Melo e Silva, Cláudio Carlos da Silva and Aparecido Divino da Cruz Chapter 3 HPV Diagnosis in Vaccination Era 57 Fátima Galán-Sánchez and Manuel Rodríguez-Iglesias Chapter 4 HPV L1 Detection as a Prognostic Marker for Management of HPV High Risk Positive Abnormal Pap Smears 93 Ralf Hilfrich Chapter 5 Ancillary Techniques in the Histopathologic Diagnosis of Squamous and Glandular Intraepithelial Lesions of the Uterine Cervix 117 Evanthia Kostopoulou and George Koukoulis Chapter 6 Human Papillomavirus Prophylactic Vaccines and Alternative Strategies for Prevention 149 Lis Ribeiro-Müller, Hanna Seitz and Martin Müller Section 2 Clinical Aspects of HPV-Infections 185 Chapter 7 Clinical Manifestations of the Human Papillomavirus 187 Miguel Ángel Arrabal-Polo, María Sierra Girón-Prieto, Jacinto Orgaz-Molina, Sergio Merino-Salas, Fernando Lopez-Carmona Pintado, Miguel Arrabal-Martin and Salvador Arias-Santiago Chapter 8 Human Papillomavirus Infection and Penile Cancer: Past, Present and Future 221 João Paulo Oliveira-Costa, Giórgia Gobbi da Silveira, Danilo Figueiredo Soave, Andrielle de Castilho Fernandes, Lucinei Roberto Oliveira, Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva and Fernando Augusto Soares Chapter 9 The Role of Human Papillomavirus in Pre-Cancerous Lesions and Oral Cancers 241 Danilo Figueiredo Soave, Mara Rubia Nunes Celes, João Paulo Oliveira-Costa, Giorgia Gobbi da Silveira, Bruna Riedo Zanetti, Lucinei Roberto Oliveira and Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva Chapter 10 Epidemiology of Anogenital Human Papillomavirus Infections 269 Claudie Laprise and Helen Trottier Chapter 11 Modern Molecular and Clinical Approaches to Eradicate HPV- Mediated Cervical Cancer 287 Whitney Evans, Maria Filippova, Ron Swensen and Penelope Duerksen-Hughes ContentsVI Preface Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer among women worldwide, mainly af‐ fecting young women. Infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been identified as the causal agent for this condition. The natural history of cervical cancer is characterized by slow disease progression, generally taking over 10 years from the initial infection with HPV till cancer. In essence, cervical cancer is a preventable disease, and treatable if diagnosed in early stage. Historically, the introduction of the Pap smear has markedly reduced the num‐ ber of new cases countries with an effective prevention program. The burden of disease is highest in developing countries, with peak incidence in Eastern Africa. Recently, prophylac‐ tic vaccines became available, equally contributing to a better disease prevention. Unfortu‐ nately, the global burden of disease is still very high In the first section, diagnostic and preventive aspects of HPV related diseases are highlight‐ ed. The first two chapters describe in detail molecular approaches in HPV detection. With the introduction of the vaccine, novel challenges arose, Dr. Rodriguez-Iglesias highlights the need for differential screening strategies in the post-vaccine era. Prognosis towards progres‐ sion of lesions has for many years been an important challenge, and Dr. Hilfrich describes how the L1 protein can be instrumental in disease prediction. In the following chapter, ancil‐ lary techniques in the histopathologic diagnosis of squamous or glandural lesions are dis‐ cussed. Dr. Mueller contributed a holistic chapter on HPV prevention. The second section focusses on updated clinical aspects of HPV infections, including general clinical manifestations of HPV infections, penile cancers, head and neck tumors. Dr. Trottier describes the epidemiology of anogenital HPV infections, and dr. Duerksen-Hughes provid‐ ed an overview of modern molecular approaches to eradicate HPV induced cervical cancer. The last chapter provides insights in the analysis of the native virus. This book will be a useful tool for both researchers and clinicians dealing with cervical can‐ cer, and will provide them with the latest information in this field. Prof. Dr. Davy Vanden Broeck, MSc, PhD. Team leader HPV/cervical cancer research International Centre for Reproductive Health Ghent University Belgium Section 1 Diagnostic and Preventive Aspects of HPV- Related Diseases [...]... Norway 2004 In: Proceedings of the 21st International Papillomavirus Conference; 2004.p.55 [abstract] [98] Kalantari M, Calleja-Macias IE, Tewari D, Hagmar B, Lie K, Barrera-Saldana HA, et al Conserved methylation patterns of human papilomavirus type 16 DNA in asympto‐ matic infection and cervical neoplasia J.Virol 78: 12762-2 23 24 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside A Diagnostic. .. telomerase RNA component Adapted from Gravitt et al [135] Table 2 Screening and progression prognostic biomarkers technologies 15 16 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective Author details Santiago Melón, Marta Alvarez-Argüelles and Mar a de O a Virology Unit (Microbiology Service), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo,... predominately driven by the need to increase 9 10 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective positive predictive value and reduce over-manegement of low-grade and often transient abnormalities In these situations, several surrogate markers are in research 4.1 HPV viral load Several studies have suggested that a high HPV-DNA viral load may be a. .. detection of genital human papillomaviruses Cancer Cells 1989; 7:20 9–1 4 [51] Bauer HM, Greer CE, Mannos MM Determination of genital human papillomavirus infection using consensus PCR C.s Herrington and J.O.D Mc Gee (ed.) Diagnostic 19 20 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective molecular pathology: a practical approach Oxford University... 12 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective HPV16 variants from European and North American samples were classified as European prototype (EP) [107] Several studies have shown that the infection by the European L83V HPV16 variant, harbouring a nucleotide substitution at position 350 in the E6 gene (E6-T350G), is a risk factor for advanced... phosphorylation and inactivation of retinoblastoma (pRb), which E2F released and which allows cells to enter S phase It has been demonstrated existence of a correlation between pRb and p16 reciprocal, which is why there a strong overexpression of p16 both in carcinomas 5 6 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective as in lesions premalignant... mediante secuencia directa en mujeres com citolog a normal Rev Colomb Cancer 2003;7: 18-24 [75] Fontaine V, Mascaux C, Weyn C, Bernis A, Celio N, Lefevre P, et al Evaluation of combined general primer-mediated PCR sequencing and type-specific PCR strategies 21 22 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective for determination of human papillomavirus. .. cervical cancer screening Vaccine 2008, 26(suppl) 42-52 Chapter 2 Molecular Tools for Detection Human Papillomavirus Angela Adamski da Silva Reis, Daniela de Melo e Silva, Cláudio Carlos da Silva and Aparecido Divino da Cruz Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55710 1 Introduction The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has been shown to play a causative... mRNA assay as a triage test for cervical cytology and HPV DNA test J Clin Microbiol 2011;49(7):2643-5 [93] Perez S, Iñarrea A, Lamas MJ, Saran MT, Cid A, Alvarez MJ, et al Human Papilloma‐ virus (HPV) E6/E7 mRNA assay as a triage test after HPV16 and 18 DNA detection J Med Virol, 2012; in press [94] Lamarcq L, Deeds J, Ginzinger D, Perry J, Padmanabha S, Smith Mc Cune K Measure‐ ments of human papilomavirus... human papillomavirus types: phylogenetic and medical implications Int J Cancer 2006;118:107 1–6 [33] Picconi MA, Alonio LV, Sichero L, Mbayed V, Villa LL, Gronda J, et al Human papillomavirus type-16 variants in Quechua aboriginals from Argentina J Med Virol 2003;69:54 6–5 2 [34] Muñoz N, Bosch FX, Castellsague X, Diaz M, de San José S, Hammouda D et al Against which human papilomavirus types shall we vaccinate . HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND RELATED DISEASES – FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE A DIAGNOSTIC AND PREVENTIVE PERSPECTIVE Edited by Davy Vanden Broeck Human Papillomavirus. cytology Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective 6 and histology, but two limitations of