NANG CAO TRINH DO NGOAI NGU UA CHUYEN MON CUA SINH VIEN CAC TRUDNG DAI HOC THONG QUA VIEC DAY VA HOC BANG SONG NGU O PGS.TS. NGUYEN TAN HUNG* H du het sinh vien (SV), hoc vien cao hoc d cdc trudng dqi hqc nude ta rdt yeu kem ve ngoai ngu, khdng su dung duqc ngoai ngu de dqc tdi lieu vd giao tiep qudc te trong hnh vyc chuyen mdn cua minh. Li do chu yeu Id sy tach rdi giua viec gidng day ngoai ngu vdi viec gidng day chuyen mdn d cdc trudng dqi hqc, cao ddng. De gdp phdn khdc phuc tinh trqng ndy, bdi viet chi ra sy can thiet phdi gidng day chuyen mdn bang song ngu vd de xud't nhung bien phdp, chinh sdeh cy the ddm bdo viec thyc hien. 1. Nguyen nhdn tinh trqng yeu kem ve ngoai ngu cua SV hien nay Dqi da so SV, ke cd hqc vien cao hqc, nghien cuu sinh hqc trong nude (tru mdt vdi chuyen ngdnh nhu ngoai ngu, tin hoc.) khong dpc dirge tieng nude ngodi ve chuyen mdn cua minh, rdt lung tung trong khi nghe vd trd Idi cdc cdu hdi phdng van cua cdc cdng ti nude ngodi. Nguyen nhdn yeu kem ve ngoai ngu khdng phdi d khd nanq tie'p thu cua ngudi Viet Nam, md Id do phuang phdp day vd hqc, chu yeu Id sy tach roi giua day vd hpc ngoai ngu vdi day vd hpc chuyen mdn, Idm cho hqc sinh, SV coi ngoai ngu nhu Id mdt mdn trang diem, khdng lien quan gi den chuyen mdn; nguqc Iqi khi day vd hqc chuyen mdn thi thuan tuy dung tieng Viet, ndi dung hqc khdng cd lien quan gi den ngoai ngu, coi tieng Viet dd Id mdt ngdn ngu du chuyen tdi tdt cd cdc ndi dung khoa hqc. Ngodi ra, cdn mdt nguyen nhdn khdc nua Id chua cd mdt sue ep true tiep, truoc het Id Igi ich cd nhdn. Neu ye'u ngoai ngu md khdng dnh hudng gi den thu nhdp cua gidng vien (GV), ket qud ra trudng cua SV thi may ai (tru mdt so rdt it ngudi cd tdm huyet) chju lao vdo cdng viec khd nhqc Id day vd hqc bang ngoai ngu. Tinh trqng ndy khdng chi d nude ta md d cd nhieu nude khdc tren the gidi. 2. Mdi lien he giua ngoai ngu vd chuyen mdn Mudn ndng cao chd't luqng ngoai ngu cua GV vd SV, trudc het can phdi Idm cho hq hieu rd vai trd cua ngoai ngu trong viec nghien cuu, hqc tap chuyen mdn. Hdu het cdc mdn khoa hqc duqc day trong cdc trudng dqi hqc, cao ddng hien nay d nude ta deu cd ndi dung dugc lay tu gido trinh nude ngodi, chu yeu tu cdc ngudn tdi lieu tieng Anh. Ddi vdi cdc mdn khoa hqc kT thuqt, cdng nghe thdng tin thi khdng can phdi bdn cdi. Cdc mdn kinh re cung vdy, cdc chuang trinh, gido trinh, bdi gidng ve kinh te vT md, vi md, ke todn, qudn trj kinh doanh, tdi chinh, ngdn hdng, v.v cua cdc trudng dqi hqc kinh te nude ta hien nay deu duqc cap nhqt tu cdc ngudn tdi lieu nude ngodi, nhdt Id cdc ngudn tdi lieu tieng Anh. Rieng cdc ngdnh xd hdi nhdn vdn, vi dy triet hqc, chinh tri hqc duqc gidng day d nude ta hien nay cdn cu vdo cdc tdi lieu tieng Nga duqc djch ra tieng Viet khi Lien bang Xd-viet chua tan rd. Hien nay nhieu GV cua chung ta, do khdng dqc duqc tieng Anh nen cd khuynh hudng bdng Idng vdi nhung ndi dung vd cdch hieu cu md ngay d nude Nga hien nay ngudi ta dd thay ddi. Cho nen, de cap nhdt chuong trinh vd bdi gidng cua minh, GV cdc mdn khoa hqc triet hqc, chinh tr| hqc, xd hdi hqc cung khdng the khdng biet den nhung thdnh tuu nghien cuu mdi d phuang Tdy, phdi can cu vdo cdc tdi lieu nghien cuu cua hq md bien soqn thdnh bdi gidng cua minh. Ngay cd triet hqc phuang Ddng, nhu triet hqc Trung Qudc, An Dd cung duqc phuong Tdy nghien cuu rdt kT. Neu GV vd SV tham khdo duqc cdc tdi lieu phuang Tdy thi cdng cd hieu biet sdu sdc hon. GV yeu ngoai ngu khdng the cap nhdt bdi gidng, dua vdo bdi gidng nhung thdng tin mdi, ddng thdi khdng cd tdi lieu de thyc hien cdc de tdi nghien cuu khoa hqc, viet bdi cho cdc tap chi khoa hqc chuyen ngdnh. Dung Id tieng Viet co khd ndng chuyen tdi tdt cd nhung ndi dung khoa hqc, nhung van de Id hien nay cd nhieu thuqt ngu triet hqc, chinh trj - xd hdi trong tieng Viet duqc dich tu tieng nude ngodi mdt cdch chu quan, * fiai hpc Da Nang Tap chi Giao due so 251 (ki i. 12/20101 thieu chinh xac. Do do, cd nhieu diem khac nhau, tham chi nham lan ddng tiec trong cdch hieu cua chung ta so vai cdch hieu cua ngudi nuoc ngodi ve cung mot noi dung tu tudng. Vi dy, nhung thudt ngu: «chu nghTa thyc dyng", «chu nghTa hien sinh", «chu nghTa bdo thu", kecd «chu nghTa cdng sdn" vd rdt nhieu thudt ngu khdc duac dich sai nguyen nghTa cua nd trong tieng nude ngodi. Thi dy, communism, xud't phdt tu tieng latin communis cd nghTa Id chung, do dd phdi dich ra tieng Viet Id «chu nghia cong ddng", chu khdng phdi Id «chu nghia cdng sdn"; pragmatism xudt phdt tu tieng latin pragma (cd nghTa Id hdnh ddng, thyc tien) nen neu dich chinh xdc phdi Id cfiu nghia hdnh ddng hay triet hgc thyc tien, chu khdng phdi Id «chu nghTa thyc dyng", v.v (1). Chung ta bdt chudc cdch dich cua ngudi Trung Qudc mot cdch may mdc md khdng chiu khd tim hieu xem cdch dich cua ho cd chinh xdc hay khdng. Ngodi ra, cd nhieu thudt ngu Hdn Viet rdt khd hieu ddi vdi ngudi Viet Nam, thi dy «thdi ki qud dd", nhung neu truy ngudn gdc cua thudt ngu ndy tu mdt so ngdn ngu nude ngodi nhu «transitional period" trong tieng Anh, "nepexoAHbiii nepMo/r" trong tieng Nga thi nghTa cua nd Id «thdi ki chuyen tiep", «thdi ki chuyen ddi" - rdt dan gidn vd de hieu. Ddi vdi SV, viec gidng day vd hqc tap chuyen mdn bdng tieng nude ngodi cd nhieu tien ich: - Khdng chi ndng cao trinh dd ngoai ngu md cdn Idm cho viec hqc chuyen mdn cua SV dqt ket qud tdt han, bdi vi nd kich thich dugc sy hdng khdi cua ngudi hgc, ddi hdi SV phdi nghien cuu vd hieu biet sdu hon nhieu ndi dung khoa hgc cua mdn hgc vd nhd Idu hon, md rdng tdm hieu biet ve cdch ddt van de vd gidng day cdc van de ndy trong cdc gido trinh nude ngodi; - Giup cho SV dqc hieu, ndi dugc vd trao ddi dugc nhung van de chuyen mdn bdng ngoai ngu de sau ndy cd the Idm viec vdi ngudi nude ngodi hoqc hqc tap d nude ngodi. Neu SV dd cd qud trinh hqc chuyen mdn bdng tieng nude ngodi thi khi trd Idi phdng van cua cdc doanh nghiep nude ngodi se cd nhieu thuqn Iqi han; - Tqo co sd de SV tiep tyc hqc tap tdt han d bqc cao hqc, nghien cuu sinh, nhdt Id rut ngdn qud trinh chudn bi ngoai ngu cho viec hgc tap d nude ngodi. 3. Kinh nghiem vd phuang hudng QTrung Qudc, Hdn Qudc vd nhieu nude khdc, mdt trong nhung bien phdp cdi cdch gido dye hien nay Id dp dyng phd bien viec gidng day bdng song ngu (ngdn ngu qudc gia vd tieng Anh) trong cdc trudng phd thdng vd dqi hgc (2). Hien Tap chi Giao due so 251 (ki 1 • 12/2010) nay d nude ta dd cd mdt sd trudng trung hqc ca sd vd trung hqc phd thdng day mdt sd sd mdn khoa hqc nhu Todn, Li, Hoa bdng song ngu (Viet - Anh, Viet - Phdp) vua ddm bdo duqc chuang trinh gido dye cua Bd GD-DT, vua ndng cao trinh dd ngoai ngu cho hqc sinh. Cdn d bqc dqi hqc, nhieu trudng d Hd Ndi, thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh, Dd Ndng dd cd chuang trinh ddo tqo qudc te, day cdc mdn hqc bdng song ngu hoqc hodn todn bdng tieng nude ngodi. Tuy nhien, hqc phi cua cdc chuang trinh ndy rdt cao vi nhd trudng phdi ton mdt khodn chi phi rdt Idn cho viec mdi GV nude ngodi. Vi vdy, nhung chuang trinh ddo tqo qudc re ndy khdng the thu hut duqc nhieu SV, nhdt Id SV gidi nhd ngheo. Do dd, ben cqnh viec phdt trien cdc chuong trinh ddo tqo qudc te, theo chung tdi, nen thuc ddy viec gidng day bdng song ngu vdi viec su dyng dqi ngu GV tqi chd cua cdc trudng kit hqp vdi mdt sd GV thinh gidng tu cdc trudng nude ngodi. Hien nay d cdc trudng dqi hqc, sd GV cd khd ndng day cdc mdn chuyen ngdnh bdng song ngu tuy chua nhieu, nhung neu cd chinh sdeh khuyen khich tdt thi khd ndng ndy se duqc ndng len rdt nhieu so vdi hien nay vi chung ta cd mdt ddi ngu GV tre hgc nude ngodi vi nhung chua su dyng hit Hem ndng cua hg. Cdn viec su dyng GV nude ngodi cho den nay chua nhieu vd chua cd hieu qud, chu yeu Id gidng day ngoai ngu phd thdng. Theo chung tdi, nen thinh gidng mdt sd GV day chuyen mdn bdng tieng Anh. De ddm bdo viec gidng day cua hq cd hieu qud han, nhd trudng can yeu cdu hq phdi cd chuong trinh vd gidng day theo bdi gidng da chudn bi vd cho SV dqc trudc. Qua kinh nghiem gidng day hai mdn Thit hqc vd Chinh tri hqc bdng tieng Anh cho SV chuang trinh ddo tqo qudc te cua Trudng Dqi hqc kinh re, Dqi hqc Dd Ndng phdi hqp vdi Trudng Dqi hqc Towson, Hoa Ki, chung tdi nhdn thd'y, SV thudc ddi tuqng ndy tuy ddu vdo rdt thdp, Iqi phdi hqc chuyen mdn bdng tieng Anh, nhung nhd cd cd gang Idn nen da sd cdc em cung dqt duqc ket qud mong mudn. Tu do suy ra, cdc ddi tuqng SV hi chinh quy cua chung ta cd ddu vdo tdt hon nhiiu, viec day vd hqc bdng song ngu Id hodn todn co thi' thyc hien duqc. Trong hqc ki vua qua, Khoa Li ludn chinh trj - Dqi hqc Dd Ndng dd dp dyng thi diem viec gidng day hqc phdn «Mdt sd trdo luu triet hqc hien dqi" bdng song ngu Viet - Anh cho Idp 06SGC chuyen ban Triet hqc ngdnh Gido dye Chinh tri - Trudng Dqi hqc su pham. Tuy ke't qud budc ddu cd nhieu hqn che do trinh do Anh ngu cua SV con yeu, nhung chung toi xdc dinh ddy Id cdng viec can phai kien tri thuc hien. Cdng cd nhieu hoc phan dugc gidng day bang song ngu thi viec hqc tap cua SV ve chuyen mdn vd ngoai ngu cdng cd ket qud tdt hon. 4. Bien phdp vd Id trinh thyc hien Tu kinh nghiem ban ddu, chung tdi rut ra mdt sd bien phdp vd budc di can thiet cho viec gidng day bdng song ngu: - Cai cdch viec gidng day tieng Anh ca bdn trong cdc trudng dqi hqc, ddnh thdi gian nhieu hon cho viec luyen nghe hieu va giao tiep tren Idp. Can cu vao tung ddi tuqng SV md cd nhung chuong trinh khdc nhau de gdn ngoai ngu vdi nhung ndi dung vd thudt ngu chuyen mdn. - Thdnh lap cdc cdu Iqc bd, dien ddn ngoai ngd trong nhd trudng de SV cd dieu kien thyc hdnh giao tiep bdng ngoai ngu. - Lya chqn nhung GV cd trinh do ngoai ngu tdt, nhdt Id nhung GV dd cd thdi gian hqc dqi hqc, cao hqc d cdc nude ndi tieng Anh, khuyen khich hq dang ki gidng day mdt sd hqc phdn bdng song ngu. Cho phep nhung SV cd trinh do tieng Anh khd (dd qua sat hqch) ghi danh hqc cdc tin chi day bdng song ngu. - Mdi GV nude ngodi day mdt sd mdn chuyen ngdnh bdng tieng Anh (sau khi SV dd hqc mdt sd chuyen ngdnh bdng song ngu). De SV cd the nghe gidng true tiep bdng ngoai ngu thi phdi cd mdt budc qud dd tu thdp den cao. - Trong mdt hai ndm ddu, nhieu mdn hqc duqc gidng day bdng tieng Viet ket hqp vdi viec trang bi cho SVcdc khdi niem cua mdn khoa hqc bdng tieng Anh. - Tu ndm thu 2 hoqc 3 trd di, dp dung gidng day bdng song ngu. GV bien soqn bdi gidng bdng hai thu tieng: tieng Viet vd tieng Anh. Ndi dung tieng Anh khdng phdi do GV ty viet ra hay djch tu tieng Viet, md pndi trich tu cdc gido trinh, cdc tdi lieu nghien cuu nude ngodi. Cdc trudng dqi hqc can tqo ra budc dot phd khdng phdi bdng menh lenh, md bdng che dd, chinh sdeh nhu: - Ban hdnh che dd thanh todn gid gidng cd uu ddi dd'i vdi GV day chuyen mdn bang song ngu. Cd che dd phu cdp dd'i vdi viec bien soqn bdi gidng, tdi lieu hqc tdp bang song ngu. Uu tien tang luong trudc thdi hqn vd tdng cdc danh hieu thi dua cho nhung GV cd nhieu cd gdng trong cdng viec ndy; - Chu y tieu chudn ve trinh dd ngoai ngu khi tuyen chqn GV mdi cung nhu khi xet chuc danh GV chinh. Mdt trong nhung tieu chudn de phong gido su vd phd gido su Id phdi gidng day dugc bdng song ngu.G (1) Nguy§n Tan Hung. "Ve mot so' thuat ngu triet hoc, chinh tri - xa hpi co ngu6n goc tir tieng nunc ngoai". Tap chi Triet hoc, so' 4, 4/2009. (2) Nguyfin Tan Hung. "Ban them ve mQt so' thuat ngtr triet hoc, chinh trj - xa hoi co nguon goc tir tieng nude ngoai". Tap chi Triet hoc, so 1, 1/2010. Tai lieu tham khao 1. China to Promote Bilingual Education. 2. Zang Zongrang. A research on the Gain and Cost of bilingual teaching of non-English-oriented Course in Shangdong Institute of Business and Technology. http://www.celea.org.cn/pastversion/lw/pdf/ zhangzongrang.pdf. 3. Liming Yu. English-Chinese Bilingual Education in China, http://www.springerlink.com/content/ ht7341m70337060t/ Nang cao hieu qua (Tiep theo trang 36) phu, hinh thuc da dqng, hdp dan, ddp ung duqc nhung yeu cdu thiet thyc cua HS. 4. Ddi vdi mdt bdi LV, cdc hoqt ddng vd thao tdc thyc hdnh, chua Idi, rut kinh nghiem khdng phdi dd duqc ke't thuc vdi gid trd bdi tren Idp (45 phut) md vdn tiep tyc d mdt hinh thuc khdc cao han. Vi vdy, sau gid trd bdi, GV van phdi yeu cdu HS ve nhd thyc hien nhung cdng viec cdn thiet, nhu: xdy dyng Iqi ddn y chi tiet, viet Iqi it nhdt mdt trong nhung doqn vdn dd duqc gido vien luu y; sua chua nhung sai sot cy the ve chinh td, dung tu, dqt cdu, lien ket doqn trong bdi viet; luu bdi Idm trong hd sa hqc tap de thudng xuyen dd'i chieu, ty ddnh gid muc dd tien bq cua minh vd ty rut kinh nghiem cho cdc bdi LV tiep theo; khuyen khich HS suu tdm, ghi chep nhung doqn vdn hay, bdi viet td't cua ban be de hqc tap, ; thudng xuyen theo ddi, kiem tra, ddnh gid vd thdm chi cd the cho diem de khuyen khich tinh than nghiem tuc, thyc sy cdu thj cua HS. • (1) Phan Trong Luan. Phuong phap day hoc van. NXB Dqi hpc qudc gia Ha Nqi, 1998. Tai lieu tham khao 1. Mai Thi Kieu Phirqng. Giao trinh phwmg phap day va hoc lam van. NXB Dqi hqc Qudc gia Ha Nqi, 2009. 2. Nguyen Van Duong. "Mot so van de d6i mdi nhan thuc va phuang phap day hoc tap lam van d trudng THCS hien nay". Tap chi Day vd hqc ngdy nay, s6 5/2008. Tap chi Giao due so 251 (ki i -12/2010) . NANG CAO TRINH DO NGOAI NGU UA CHUYEN MON CUA SINH VIEN CAC TRUDNG DAI HOC THONG QUA VIEC DAY VA HOC BANG SONG NGU O PGS.TS. . tdi nghien cuu khoa hqc, viet bdi cho cdc tap chi khoa hqc chuyen ngdnh. Dung Id tieng Viet co khd ndng chuyen tdi tdt cd nhung ndi dung khoa hqc, nhung