[...]... the basics of many aspects of MA The information will be useful to many different professions united by the common goal of removing the scourge of MA addiction from among us This would include scientists whose work spans the spectrum from neuropharmacology to treatment and prevention Also included are those who provide service to addicts and others touched by MA (e.g., teachers, social workers, treatment. .. of amphetamine/ MA by males in Tijuana increased from 0.7% to 1.6%, and use by males in Juarez increased from 0.1% to 2.0% (Villatoro et al., 2006) The increased use of amphetamine/MA in Mexico was partially due to the role of the country in the trafficking and production of illicit drugs Drugs are stockpiled in Mexican border towns before delivery to the United States, and this has increased the problem... (Villatoro et al., 1998) In the states on both sides of the U.S.–Mexico border, the proportion of MA/amphetamine admissions has increased It went from 7% in 1996 to 25% in 2003 in the Mexican border states, and from 12% to 27% in the U.S border states In the Mexican border states, the proportion of treatment clients smoking the drug increased from 45% to 74%, while those inhaling MA dropped from 38%... percent of the stimulant-related ED visits were male and 58% were white (SAMHSA, 2008b) Treatment Admissions According to substance abuse treatment admissions statistics from TEDS, between 1992 and 2006, the proportion of clients admitted to treatment with a primary problem with MA or amphetamine increased from 1% to nearly 9%, and the routes of administration changed as “ice” became more dominant (Figure... implications for treatment Mooney, Glasner-Edwards, Rawson, and Ling (Chapter 6) describe the impact of MA on major body systems Understanding the common medical conditions that arise as a result of MA addiction is important for those providing support or treatment to addicted individuals Understanding medical effects is crucial for developing pharmaceutical treatment approaches to address MA addiction To the... crystals (Maxwell, 2004) At the same time, large quantities of a smokable and highly pure form of d -methamphetamine hydrochloride (“ice, crystal”) began to be imported into Hawaii from Far Eastern sources (JoeL ­ aidler & Morgan, 1997) From Hawaii, use of “ice” moved to the West Coast 10 METHAMPHETAMINE ADDICTION In the 1990s in the United States, the first stage of the MA epidemic was characterized... federal levels have severely limited access to the precursor chemicals needed to produce MA, which has greatly curtailed local manufacture Although manufacturers are finding new ways to produce the drug, local production remains low relative to historic highs This is a bright spot in the “war against methamphetamine, ” as manufacture poses very serious risks to those in proximity (e.g., chemical exposures,... 2005) In 2004, in response to the proliferation of local laboratories, various U.S states began to limit access to over-the-counter pseudoephedrine products and in September, 2006, federal legislation imposed limits nationwide, 2 which resulted in a decline in clandestine laboratories and items seized and examined in forensic laboratories (Figure 2.1; National Clandestine Laboratory Database [NCLD], 2007;... limited to the individuals actually making the drug but also affect others 1 2 METHAMPHETAMINE ADDICTION in the environment, including first responders Manufacture also results in significant environmental degradation and property contamination as the precursors and byproducts are introduced into homes and the outdoors Concerned individuals from many social strata have contributed to efforts to prevent... graders, which represented a significant decrease from the percentage reported in 2006 (2.5%); past year use of “ice” was 1.6% (Johnston et al., 2008) Further, past year use of MA decreased significantly among 8th graders (from 1.8% in 2006 to 1.1% in 2007) and remained relatively stable among 10th graders (from 1.8% in 2006 to 1.6% in 2007) (Johnston et al., 2008) NSDUH in 2006 estimated that 5.8% .