[...]... 20.1 Amino acids 20.2 Peptide formation 20.3 Protein structure and function (20.3.1 Protein shape, 20.3.2 Fibrous proteins, 20.3.3 Globular proteins, 20.3.4 Denaturation) CHAPTER 21 Nucleic Acids and Heredity 13 21.1 Nucleotides 21.2 Nucleic acids (21.2.1 Formation of nucleic acids; 21.2.2 Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of DNA; 21.2.3 Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of... solutions, are visually uniform (microscopically as well) throughout the sample Heterogeneous mixtures reveal visual differences throughout the sample (pepper and salt, sand and water, whole blood) 1.2 MEASUREMENT AND THE METRIC SYSTEM Most of the above considerations depended upon the establishment of the quantitative properties of matter This required a system of units, and devices for measurement The measuring... be expressed as X~l For example, l/5 = 5~', and l/cm = cm"1 CHAPTER 1 4 Chemistry and Measurement Therefore, each of the above cases may be written Note that in each case, the whole number to which 10 is raised is equal to the number of places the decimal point is moved to the right Therefore, moving the decimal point to the right requires a minus sign before the power of 10, and moving the decimal... substances which are elements, sodium and chlorine Therefore table salt is a pure compound called sodium chloride (e) Sea water is homogeneous and contains a number of pure substances such as sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium carbonate Sea water is therefore a mixture, and it is also a solution (/) Milk is heterogeneous, consisting of a continuous fluid phase and fat droplets which can be visualized... by the centimeter ruler and the meter stick, both of which measure length Other devices measure mass, temperature, volume, etc The units for these measures have been established by convention and promulgated by authority This 1 CHAPTER 1 2 Chemistry and Measurement assures that a meter measured anywhere in the world is the same as any other meter This standardization of units for measurement is fundamental... Ans When exponential numbers are divided, the coefficients are divided and the exponents are subtracted Here again, we will illustrate this rule with a simplified calculation First, remember that 0.01 in exponential form is 1 X 10~2 Writing 0.01 in fractional form: Now we write numerator and denominator in exponential form: Therefore (1.6 X 105)/(2.0 X 102) = 0.80 X 103 = 8.0 X 102 U.I Logarithms From... taxes You purchase an item for $12.99, for example, and you pay an additional 7.25% in tax By calculator, the result is $12.99 X 0.0725 = $0.941775 The clerk then adds $0.94 to the bill Your accountant finds that you owe the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) $161.74 and instructs you to send a check for $162 to the IRS Your favorite shortstop came to the plate 486 times last season and hit successfully 137... coal is burned, heat and light (also a form of energy) are emitted The source of this released energy is the chemical bonds of the substances which are broken and then rejoin to form other substances The potential energy of the chemical components has been thereby reduced We will use these ideas about work, potential energy, heat, and light in the description of atomic structure and chemical bonds ADDITIONAL... 10 raised to a whole number power The number between 1 and 10 is called the coefficient, and the factor of 10 raised to a whole number is called the exponential factor Problem 1.2 Express the numbers 1, 10, 100, and 1000 in scientific notation Ans We must first choose a number between 1 and 10 for each case In this example, the number is the same for all, 1 This number must be multiplied by 10 raised... are both visualizable and variable in composition (g) Tobacco smoke is heterogeneous and contains particles and gases in variable amounts It is therefore a heterogeneous mixture of solids and gases (h) Blood is similar to milk in character, a continuous fluid phase of dissolved substances in variable amounts, along with visually distinguishable particulate components Milk, smoke, and blood are also called . General, Organic, and Biochemistry for Nursing and Allied Health SCHAUM'S outlines This page intentionally left blank General, Organic, and Biochemistry. and Biochemistry for Nursing and Allied Health Second Edition George Odian, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry The College of Staten Island City University