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South Africa 2007
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SoN 2007 Half Title 2.pdf 10/6/2006 1:06:05 PM
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
South Africa 2007
Edited by Sakhela Buhlungu, John Daniel,
Roger Southall & Jessica Lutchman
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SoN 2007 Title.pdf 10/6/2006 10:05:21 AM
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Published by HSRC Press
Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
First published 2007
ISBN 978-0-7969-2166-6
© 2007 Human Sciences Research Council
The views expressed in this publication are those of the
authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies
of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or
indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors.
In quoting from this publication, readers are advised to
attribute the source of the information to the individual
author concerned and not to the Council.
Copyedited by Vaun Cornell and Lee Smith
Typeset by Christabel Hardacre
Cover photograph by Mandla Mnyakama of Iliso Yabantu
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Contents
List of tables viii
List of figures x
Foreword xiii
Acronyms xv
Introduction
The ANC state, more dysfunctional than developmental? 1
Roger Southall
Part 1: Politics
Introduction 27
1The state of the African National Congress 35
Anthony Butler
2Taking to the streets: has developmental local government
failed in South Africa? 53
Doreen Atkinson
3 ‘Things fall apart, can the centre hold?’ The state of coalition
politics in the Cape Metropolitan Council 78
Zwelethu Jolobe
4Municipal elections 2006: protests, independent candidates
and cross-border municipalities 95
Mcebisi Ndletyana
5A silent revolution: South African voters, 1994–2006 114
Collette Schulz-Herzenberg
6Local government budgets and development: a tale of two towns 146
Neva Seidman Makgetla
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Part II: Economy
Introduction 171
7Disability and welfare in South Africa’s era of
unemployment and AIDS 179
Nicoli Nattrass
8The ANC, black economic empowerment and state-owned
enterprises: a recycling of history? 201
Roger Southall
9Technological choices in South Africa: ecology, democracy
and development 226
David Fig
10 Old victories, new struggles: the state of the National Union
of Mineworkers 245
Andries Bezuidenhout and Sakhela Buhlungu
11 Rainbow, renaissance, tribes and townships: tourism and
heritage in South Africa since 1994 266
Heather Hughes
12 The promise and the practice of transformation in
South Africa’s health system 289
Helen Schneider, Peter Barron and Sharon Fonn
13 Public hospitals in South Africa: stressed institutions,
disempowered management 312
Karl von Holdt and Mike Murphy
Part III: Society
Introduction 345
14 ‘Some of us know nothing except military skills’:
South Africa’s former guerrilla combatants 351
Lephophotho Mashike
15 The state of South Africa’s prisons 379
Julia Sloth-Nielsen
16 ‘Truck and trailer’: rugby and transformation in South Africa 402
Ashwin Desai and Zayn Nabbi
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17 Violence against women in South Africa 425
Lisa Vetten
18 Kingdom deferred? The churches in South Africa, 1994–2006 448
Anthony Egan
19 Improving learner achievement in schools: applications
of national assessments in South Africa 470
Anil Kanjee
Part IV: South Africa in Africa
Introduction 503
20 South Africa in Africa: trends and forecasts in a changing
African political economy 508
John Daniel, Jessica Lutchman and Alex Comninos
21 South Africa in the DRC: renaissance or neo-imperialism? 533
Claude Kabemba
22 The Zimbabwean community in South Africa 552
Elinor Sisulu, Bhekinkosi Moyo and Nkosinathi Tshuma
Contributors 575
Index 576
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List of tables
Ta ble 1 Racial composition of the civil service, 1993 and 2003 7
Ta ble 5.1 Aggregate electoral results, 1994–2004 116
Ta ble 5.2 Registration, turnout and percentage of voting age population
(VAP) voting for governing party and opposition 117
Ta ble 5.3 ANC identifiers in each social group, by percentage 128
Ta ble 5.4 Opposition identifiers in each social group, by percentage 128
Ta ble 5.5 Independents in each social group, by percentage 129
Ta ble 5.6 Government performance evaluations: identifiers vs.
non-identifiers among black Africans by percentage, 2000 131
Ta ble 5.7 Comparison of turnout as percentage of registered voters 136
Ta ble 5.8 Provincial turnout at local elections as percentage of
registered voters 137
Ta ble 6.1 Average expenditure per person per year by quintile of
municipalities, 2004 150
Ta ble 6.2 Racial composition of population by municipality income
quintile, 2001 151
Ta ble 6.3 Municipal employment by groups of province, 2003 153
Ta ble 6.4 The cost of senior municipal management, 2004 155
Ta ble 6.5 Access to water and sanitation by percentage within quintiles of
municipalities, 2001 156
Ta ble 6.6 Percentage of households with access to selected services by
district-council quintile, 1996 and 2004 158
Ta ble 6.7 Incomes, employment and household expenditure by
district-council quintile, 2004 159
Ta ble 6.8 Access to free basic services by district-council quintile, 2003 159
Ta ble 7.1 The negative impact on household income of the cancellation
of a disability grant in rand, different scenarios 193
Ta ble 10.1 NUM membership data by region and sector, 2004 250
viii
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Ta ble 12.1 Public sector personnel in Mpumalanga and Western Cape
per 100 000 population, 1994 293
Ta ble 12.2 Supply of health professionals working in provincial
health services and percentage decline, 1996–2003 298
Ta ble 12.3 Training of professional nurses in nursing colleges and universities
for a four-year comprehensive course, 1996–2004 299
Ta ble 12.4 Examples of programmatic interventions since 1994 303
Ta ble 13.1 Resource allocations at public hospitals in Gauteng,
KwaZulu-Natal and North West provinces 316
Ta ble 15.1 Number of prisons in South Africa, 2005 382
Ta ble 15.2 Offence profile of sentenced prisoners by number and
percentage 387
Ta ble 18.1 Christian denominations in South Africa by size,
Census results 451
Ta ble 19.1 Participation of South Africa in international/regional
studies 474
Ta ble 19.2 Analysis of the literacy task at national level by different
domains 477
Ta ble 19.3 Total number of days lost across sample schools during
the school year, by percentage 478
Ta ble 19.4 Learner percentage scores by socio-economic status 486
Ta ble 20.1 Rand value of South African exports by region and
percentage change, 2002–05 515
Ta ble 20.2 Rand value of South African imports by region and
percentage change, 2003–05 516
Ta ble 20.3 South Africa’s top ten African trading partners 517
Ta ble 22.1 Experiences by Zimbabweans under various authorities 564
ix
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List of figures
Figure 2.1 National transfers to local government 59
Figure 5.1 Partisans vs. non-partisans among South African voters,
1994–2004 119
Figure 5.2 Direction of partisanship among South African voters,
1994–2004 120
Figure 5.3 Partisans by racial group 122
Figure 5.4 Partisanship by urban vs. rural voters 122
Figure 5.5 Partisanship among South African voters by age group 123
Figure 5.6 Partisanship among South African voters by class group 125
Figure 5.7 ANC partisans among South African voters across
class groups 127
Figure 6.1 Access to basic water and sanitation by race, 1996 and 2004 148
Figure 6.2 Access to basic electricity for cooking and lighting by race, 1996
and 2004 148
Figure 6.3 Households with access to basic services in predominantly
homeland and other areas, 1996 and 2004 149
Figure 6.4 Shares in total municipal revenue by quintile, 2004 151
Figure 6.5 Sources of municipal revenue by quintile, 2004 153
Figure 6.6 Municipal revenue from services by quintile, 2004 154
Figure 6.7 Municipal expenditure by quintile, 2004 154
Figure 6.8 Share of district-council quintiles in new infrastructure
and expansion in social grants, 1996 to 2004 157
Figure 7.1 A comparative perspective on AIDS and unemployment 180
Figure 7.2 National strict unemployment rates 182
Figure 7.3 Labour market participation and the disabled adult 189
Figure 11.1 Foreign tourist arrivals to South Africa, 1965–2004 270
x
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[...]... editors of State of the Nation – together with Adam Habib – speaks for itself Thank you all for a highly successful project Garry Rosenberg, Mary Ralphs, Karen Bruns, and all of the staff of the HSRC Press have also played their part in ensuring the success of the project and I convey the appreciation of their colleagues With an eye focused on both past and future editions of State of the Nation, I... with the challenge of providing a photograph which, in the view of an expert panel of judges, best depicts the state of the nation at the present time and which could hence be used on the cover of the volume The photographs submitted by the competition’s entrants were of a very high quality, and we will be proud to present the best ten to the general public when we conduct the volume’s ‘launch-workshops’... in the future Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za The success of State of the Nation is in large measure due to the commitment and effort of the current editorial team consisting of Sakhela Buhlungu (University of the Witwatersrand) and John Daniel, Roger Southall and Jessica Lutchman of the HSRC To all of them, I express my sincere gratitude The fact that John Daniel and Roger Southall are also the. .. various parts of the world In the South African context, the fourth edition of State of the Nation continues the tradition of being a regular contribution to such a dialogue, and a stimulus to informed and wide-ranging debate The original essays in this edition on South African politics, economy, society and international relations are a testament to the intensity of discussion that swirls around the major... October 2005, and thereafter the crisis saw, in broad terms, the ANC Youth League, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu), the South African Communist Party (SACP) and the National Student Council taking up cudgels on Zuma’s behalf, the thrust of their campaign being that the Mbeki camp was conspiring to use the machinery of state against him Such was the division that the NEC, fearing... the state of the nation In keeping with its commitment to ‘social science that makes a difference’ the HSRC is proud to present the selection of views contained in this edition of State of the Nation Neither the introductory editorials nor the perspectives presented in the individual chapters represent the views of the organisation and, as is the case with all publications from the HSRC, the editorial... Movement Pan Africanist Congress pebble bed modular reactor primary health care party identification Prevention of mother-to-child transmission Progressive Teachers’ Union of Zimbabwe Reconstruction and Development programme South African Airways Southern African Catholic Bishops’ Conference South African Council of Churches Southern African Consortium for Monitoring Education Quality South African Council... makes it an offence to receive benefits which have not been earned, in either the public or private sector), the improved professionalisation of the South African Revenue Service and of the Office of the Auditor-General, and the requirement that politicians and senior public servants disclose their private financial interests (Sole 2005) Even so, many would agree with the recent judgement of analyst... instalments that would have seen the debt repaid over four-and-a-half years A host of questions followed Not least of these was the extent to which senior members of the ANC might have known of the transaction These included the party’s Secretary-General Kgalema Motlanthe and party treasurer Mendi Msimang, to both of whom Imvume’s Chief Executive Officer, Sandi Majali, claimed a close professional and business... Rainbow Coalition National Co-operation Agreement National Council of Provinces national democratic revolution National Executive Committee (of the African National Congress) National Management Committee (of the Democratic Alliance) National Party New National Party Natal Rugby Board National Spatial Development Perspective National Strategy for Sustainable Development National Union of Mineworkers Operation . policy-makers
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