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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY FOOD BORN DISEASES SHIGELLA BACTERIA Student BUI THIEN LOC Major Food T.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY FOOD-BORN DISEASES SHIGELLA BACTERIA Student: BUI THIEN LOC Major: Food Technology Student ID: 18125170 Course: K44 Class: DH18TP Instructor: Nguyen Hoang Nam Kha, PhD December 2021 - Ho Chi Minh city I Introduction • Shigellosis is a form of bacterial diarrhea caused by gram-negative bacteria Shigella species The dysentery bacilli include four Shigella species, S dysenteriae, S flexneri, S sonnei, and S boydii It is common in developing countries and results from contaminated food, poor sanitation conditions, or direct person-to-person contact The source of Shigella contamination of food is mainly from raw materials, water, or processing workers Shigella can cause infection in all age groups High-risk groups include very young, elderly, and immunocompromised people • Detection methods for Shigella include conventional culture methods, immunological methods, and molecular microbiological methods Molecular microbiological methods such as PCR (Shigella spp can be detected by PCR method based on the invasion plasmid antigen H(ipaH) gene from food and fecal samples.), oligonucleotide microarrays, and repPCR have also been developed for the detection and identification of Shigella • The reason why I choose Shigella bacteria is that it is an important human pathogen besides E coli that is responsible for most cases of endemic bacillary dysentery, and it is also common in developing countries such as Vietnam In addition, Shigella is highly infectious and spreads very easily, it takes just a small number of bacteria to make someone ill, and the very young, the elderly, and the immunocompromised may even die from this disease if not treated promptly II Literature review 1) Detection of Shigella in lettuce by the use of a rapid molecular assay with increased sensitivity by Jiménez, Kenia Barrantes McCoy, Clyde B Achí, Rosario on the Brazilian Journal of Microbiology in 2010 (Jiménez et al., 2010) • What authors have done: - Show that Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method have many advantages compared to the conventional culture method in detecting Shigella such as: ➢ Multiplex PCR detection limit was 104 CFU/ml, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 100% accurate Meanwhile, the culture method detection limit was 106 CFU/ml, diagnostic sensitivity was 53% and diagnostic specificity was 100% ➢ Multiplex PCR detection produced results in to days while the conventional culture method required to days ➢ Multiplex PCR method for detection of virulence genes in Shigella was shown to be effective in terms of diagnostic sensitivity, detection limit, and amount of time as compared to Shigella conventional culture • What authors have not done: - The authors have not mentioned any disadvantages of Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method compared to the conventional culture method - Some disadvantages can be mentioned as: the cost for PCR method is more expensive than the conventional culture method 2) Anti-Shigella dysenteriae activity by probiotic lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus pentosaceus); an in vitro study by Srividya, D Prakash, Shobha Dharmesh, Shylaja M Agrawal, Renu on The Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences in 2015 (Srividya et al., 2015) • What authors have done: - The authors pointed out that Probiotic Lactic acid Bacteria (PLB) Pediococcus pentosaceus can be an effective natural agent against Shigella-mediated infection - PLB lysate at 250 µg/mL protein concentration inhibited approximately 70% of Shigella dysenteriae growth in vitro - Red blood cells and buccal cells protection against the lysis induced by Shigella dysenteriae lysate substantiated the cytoprotective role of PLB - Regular intake of probiotic food supplements is beneficial in enteric infections like shigellosis • What authors have not done: - The authors have not given a specific amount of the daily intake of probiotic food supplements to maintenance effectiveness against Shigella bacteria - The authors have not stated whether stopping the use of probiotic food supplements will still maintain the effectiveness of protection against shigella bacteria 3) Growing antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates by Shai Ashkenazi, Itzhak Levy, Vered Kazaronovski, Zmira Samra on Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy in 2003 (Ashkenazi et al., 2003) • What authors have done: - The authors indicated that: ➢ The resistance of shigellosis to antimicrobial agents, namely trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin which is used to treat shigellosis in young children, reached 94% and 85%, respectively ➢ The resistance of shigellosis to tetracycline, which is used in children older than years, increased from 23% to 87% ➢ S sonnei is currently significantly more resistant than the other Shigella species in Israel, especially to the commonly used antimicrobial agents ➢ Physicians should be aware of the high antimicrobial resistance rates of Shigella species, especially S sonnei • What authors have not done: - The authors have not yet provided a solution to this problem - Because resistance varies according to the specific location, continuous local monitoring of resistance patterns is necessary for the appropriate selection of empirical antimicrobial therapy 4) Growth and Survival of Shigella flexneri in Common Bangladeshi Foods under Various Conditions of Time and Temperature by M S Islam, M K Hasan, and S I Khan on the Applied and Environmental Microbiology journal in 1993 (Islam et al., 1993) • What authors have done: - The authors have shown that: ➢ Cooked rice, lentil soup, cooked fish, and similar dishes can act as vehicles of Shigella infection ➢ Wet foods such as milk and cooked wet rice (Pantha bhat), which are frequently used as infant foods in Bangladesh, contribute to the onset of acute diarrhea in children ➢ S flexneri in boiled rice and milk can undergo extensive multiplication at 25 and 37°C and a population of > 108/g or ml can be achieved within to 18 hours ➢ Utensils used in food preparation may also act as a source of infection because S sonnei could survive on metal utensils for more than to 28 days at 15°C and to 13 days at 37°C ➢ S flexneri either showed a gradual decline or remained unchanged in number when refrigerated at a temperature of 5°C ➢ S flexneri could survive in feces for 12 days at 25oC so flies may also act as carriers of Shigella species from feces to foods left uncovered Thus, foods that were free of this infectious agent may again become contaminated • What authors have not done: - The authors have not mentioned much about the acid adaptation/resistance in S flexneri and the influence of pH on the growth and survival of Shigella flexneri besides time and temperature such as: ➢ S flexneri can grow at temperatures ranging from 12 to 30oC at a pH range of 5.0 – 7.3 The pathogen is able to survive longer at 4oC than at 12 to 48oC, regardless of pH (3.5 to 7.3) or prior exposure to acidic environments - Acid adaptation in S flexneri induces cross-protection against temperature stress (48oC) and maybe an important mechanism influencing survival in foods and in food processing environments 5) Shigella infection in children under years old in western French Guiana by M Parisot, N Parez, R Boukhari, S Breurec and A Jolivet on Epidemiology and Infection in 2018 (Parisot et al., 2018) • What authors have done: - Pointed out that shigellosis is a frequent cause of diarrhea among children under years of age, especially among children under year of age Similar to other developing countries, the main species isolated was S flexneri, and serotype 2a was highly represented - Confirms the usefulness of fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics in the treatment of shigellosis - The authors have shown that the seasonal peak of shigellosis coincided with the warm and dry season • What authors have not done: - The authors have not given a reason why children under years of age, especially those under year of age, are the most common group to get diarrhea caused by shigellosis - The authors have not yet provided a way to prevent or reduce Shigella infection for children under years of age 6) Acid and base resistance in Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri: role of rpoS and growth pH on Journal of bacteriology Pam Small, Darcy Blankenhorn, Diane Welty, Erik Zinser, and Joan L Slonczewski in 1994 (Small et al., 1994) • What authors have done: - They have shown: ➢ rpoS is required for extreme acid resistance in aerobic cultures of E coli and S flexneri and for base resistance in E coli ➢ Shigella flexneri grown to stationary phase can survive several hours at pH to 3, which is considerably lower than the acid limit for growth (about pH 4.5) ➢ S flexneri showed relatively little base resistance compared with E coli Survival at pH 9.8 decreased rapidly over h, even in low-sodium media ➢ Log-phase cultures of S flexneri is sensitive to acid ➢ Evidence for two environmental factors which contribute to acid resistance: (i) acid pH during growth and (ii) anaerobiosis, both of which assisted acid resistance significantly even in the absence of rpoS • What authors have not done: - Investigating further the components required for pH-dependent base resistance - Investigating the genetic requirements for rpoS-independent acid resistance in anaerobic acid-grown cultures - Investigating the connections between acid and base resistance 7) Isolation of Salmonella ssp and other members of Enterobacteriaceae from horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), sold in public markets of Istanbul, Turkey on Journal of Food and Health Science by Şehnaz Yasemin TOSUN, Didem ÜÇOK ALAKAVUK, Sühendan MOL in 2016 (Tosun, 2016) • What authors have done: - The authors have shown that: ➢ Horse mackerel, selling without any chilling treatment in the public markets of Istanbul might be a source of primary pathogens and opportunistic pathogens ➢ S dysenteriae and S sonnei were mostly seen in autumn ➢ Reported a high prevalence of Shigella spp in fish, harvested from Kenya ➢ The opportunistic pathogens were dominantly isolated during spring, while primary pathogens were dominant in autumn ➢ The air temperature was regarded as an important reason for pathogen growth ➢ Microbial contamination of fish selling in public markets can be prevented by good hygiene practices • What authors have not done: - The authors have not explained why opportunistic pathogens thrive in the spring, while primary pathogens dominate in the summer 8) Antibiotics for the treatment of Cholera, Shigella and Cryptosporidium in children on BMC Public Health by Jai K Das, Anum Ali, Rehana A Salam, Zulfiqar A Bhutta in 2013(Das et al., 2013) • What authors have done: - Recommend antibiotic use for the reduction in mortality and morbidity due to Shigella and Cryptosporidium diarrhea - Indicated that Cryptosporidium is responsible for persistent diarrhea in children, causing a major impact on child health - Treatment of Shigella dysentery with antibiotics can result in an 82% reduction in diarrhea mortality due to Shigella - Antimicrobial treatment of diarrhea due to cryptosporidiosis can result in a 54% reduction in mortality • What authors have not done: - A need for further research and recommend that more clinical trials should be conducted to evaluate efficacy and safety of first-and secondline drugs currently in use for treatment for diarrhea in both developing and developed countries 9) Differential gene expression profile of Shigella dysenteriae causing bacteremia in an immunocompromised individual by Dhiviya Prabaa Muthuirulandi Sethuvel, Naveen Kumar Devanga Ragupathi, Marilyn M Ninan, Joy Sarojini Michael1, Shalini Anandan and Balaji Veeraraghavan on Future Science OA in 2020 (Muthuirulandi Sethuvel et al., 2020) • What authors have done: - The authors have indicated that: ➢ The differential protein expression by S dysenteriae serotype observed in this research suggests that it has a specific response to particular intracellular environment ➢ Many uncharacterized genes with unknown functions demonstrate the complexity of the regulatory network in S dysenteriae ➢ This is the first Indian study that compares the gene expression profile of clinical S dysenteriae serotype with respect to their invasion • What authors have not done: - These genes need to be further characterized to understand unidentified strategies for infection and successful survival of this pathogen - The in vivo mechanism of S dysenteriae invasion are difficult to fully study until the intracellular environment is mimicked in vitro 10) In vitro adhesion and invasion inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei clinical strains by human milk proteins by Willer, Emerson Lima, Renato Giugliano, Loreny on BMC microbiology in 2004 (Willer et al., 2004) • What authors have done: - Demonstrated that exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life protects infants against many bacterial infections - Suggest that other human milk components, different from immunoglobulins, such as fSC and Lf glycoproteins could play an important role in protecting against the adhesion and invasion of Shigella, therefore, preventing shigellosis in infants • What authors have not done: - The protection mechanism of human milk proteins against diarrhea remains unclear III Conclusion In conclusion, all ten scientific journals above show that Shigella bacteria is a very dangerous pathogen for humans Besides that, it has a mechanism to resist the acidic environment Although Shigella can be treated with antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole Unfortunately, some scientific journals show that its rate of antibiotic resistance is increasing Overall, shigellosis is a global human health problem and remains an important problem in developing countries, especially Vietnam IV References Jiménez, K B., McCoy, C B., & Achí, R (2010) Detection of shigella in lettuce by the use of a rapid molecular assay with increased sensitivity Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 41, 993-1000 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822010000400018 Srividya, D., Prakash, S., Dharmesh, S M., & Agrawal, R (2015) AntiShigella dysenteriae activity by probiotic lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus pentosaceus); an in vitro study The Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 4, 317-320 Ashkenazi, S., Levy, I., Kazaronovski, V., & Samra, Z (2003) Growing antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 51(2), 427-429 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg080 Islam, M S., Hasan, M K., & Khan, S I (1993) Growth and survival of Shigella flexneri in common Bangladeshi foods under various conditions of time and temperature Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59(2), 652-654 https://doi.org/doi:10.1128/aem.59.2.652-654.1993 Parisot, M., Parez, N., Boukhari, R., Breurec, S., & Jolivet, A (2018) Shigella infection in children under years old in western French Guiana Epidemiology and Infection, 146(8), 980-984 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268818000912 Small, P., Blankenhorn, D., Welty, D., Zinser, E., & Slonczewski, J L (1994) Acid and base resistance in Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri: role of rpoS and growth pH Journal of Bacteriology, 176(6), 1729-1737 https://doi.org/doi:10.1128/jb.176.6.1729-1737.1994 Tosun, Ş (2016) ISOLATION OF Salmonella spp AND OTHER MEMBERS OF Enterobacteriaceae FROM HORSE MACKEREL (Trachurus trachurus), SOLD IN PUBLIC MARKETS OF ISTANBUL, TURKEY Journal of Food and Health Science, 82-89 https://doi.org/10.3153/JFHS16009 Das, J K., Ali, A., Salam, R A., & Bhutta, Z A (2013) Antibiotics for the treatment of Cholera, Shigella and Cryptosporidiumin children BMC Public Health, 13(3), S10 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S10 9 Muthuirulandi Sethuvel, D P., Devanga Ragupathi, N K., Ninan, M M., Michael, J S., Anandan, S., & Veeraraghavan, B (2020) Differential gene expression profile of Shigella dysenteriae causing bacteremia in an immunocompromised individual Future Science OA, 10 Willer, E., Lima, R., & Giugliano, L (2004) In vitro adhesion and invasion inhibition of Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei clinical strains by human milk proteins BMC microbiology, 4, 18 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-4-18 ... treatment for diarrhea in both developing and developed countries 9) Differential gene expression profile of Shigella dysenteriae causing bacteremia in an immunocompromised individual by Dhiviya Prabaa... network in S dysenteriae ➢ This is the first Indian study that compares the gene expression profile of clinical S dysenteriae serotype with respect to their invasion • What authors have not done:... Ninan, M M., Michael, J S., Anandan, S., & Veeraraghavan, B (2020) Differential gene expression profile of Shigella dysenteriae causing bacteremia in an immunocompromised individual Future Science