[...]... acid–base disorders Acidosis, alkalosis and compensation − Pco − Davenport diagram Pco Pco Respiratory acidosis Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis − − Pco Pco acute respiratory failure − respiratory acido- Pco sis Respiratory alkalosis buffer line − respiratory alkalosis chronic respiratory failure compensated + + − − Pco Control of acid–base balance Structure and function 29 r 11 Control of breathing... diaphragm abdominal breathing diaphragm central tendon inspiratory muscles cles sternomastoids right crus left crus medial lumborum thoracic breathing accessory scalene musserratus anterior pectoralis major median arcuate ligament lateral arcuate ligaments psoas major quadratus abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis external oblique) The thoracic cage and respiratory muscles internal Structure and function 13... vena cava Left phrenic nerve Central tendon of diaphragm Right phrenic nerve Oesophagus Median arcuate ligament Vagi Costal part Aorta L1 Medial arcuate ligament Lateral arcuate ligament L2 12th rib To avoid the neurovascular bundle, needles being passed through the intercostal space (for example to drain a pleural effusion) should pass close to the top of the rib 12 L3 Right crus L4 The Respiratory System. .. Published 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd The effect of pressure and temperature on gas volumes Boyle’s law Fractional concentration and partial pressure of gases in a gas mixture Charles’ law ∝ = ∝ + ◦ Dalton’s law ambient temperature and pressure saturated with water (ATPS) ∼ = = F ≈ body temperature and pressure saturated with water (BTPS) standard temperature and Ph o = pressure dry (STPD) ◦ ≈ Gases dissolved... bronchopulmonary tracheobronchial nodes posterior nodes mediastinal nodes upper respiratory tract lower respiratory tract cricoid cartilage right left main bronchi sternal angle pulmonary embolus alveolar dead space physiological dead space tidal volume respiratory frequency minute ventilation = × Alveolar ventilation Airways trachea generation main bronchi = − Bohr method × ∼ ∼ segmental bronchi Alveolar gas... of abbreviations 9 r 1 Structure of the respiratory system: lungs, airways and dead space (a) Lung lobes RU (b) The airways LU RM Nasal cavity LL RL Right lateral aspect Pharynx Left lateral aspect Epiglottis Larynx Cricoid C6 C7 T1 Sternal angle (angle of Louis) RU LU T2 Sternum LL Anterior aspect Carina T4 RM RL Trachea (generation 0) T3 Manubrium T5 T6 Body T7 R and L main bronchi (generation 1)... gas end-tidal gas Pco ideal alveoli Structure of the respiratory system: lungs, airways and dead space Structure and function 11 r 2 The thoracic cage and respiratory muscles (a) The sternum and ribs and their relationship to the lungs and pleural cavities (b) Inferior aspect of a rib Head T1 Neck Tubercle Clavicle 1 Manubrium 2 Horizontal fissure Body Sternum Articular facets of the head Angle Xiphoid... kPa) (b) Davenport diagram (a) Relationship between PCO2, HCO3 and pH, and the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation io n at ns 20 7.4 Respirator y alkalosis 7.5 7.6 Metabolic alkalosis 0 7.6 7.7 Chronic respiratory acidosis 0 10 20 2 30 4 40 50 PaCO2 (mmHg) 6 PaCO2 (kPa) The Respiratory System at a Glance, 3e By J.P.T Ward, J Ward, R.M Leach Published 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 60 8 70 80 10 + = renal... epithelial cells Goblet cells submucosal glands mucus mucociliary clearance pulmonary nerve plexus vagi sympathetic trunk ganglia type I alveolar pneumocytes squamous epithelium alveolar–capillary membrane type II pneumocytes β surfactant visceral pleura parietal pleura costodi- Dead space aphragmatic recess intercostal nerves pleurisy phrenic nerve conducting airways anatomical dead space Lymph channels... retro ambiguus Cut here Abolition of breathing – apnoea Respiratory muscles Damage, inhaled irritants (d) Descending respiratory motor neurones to diaphragm, intercostals and ancilliary respiratory muscles Lung volume and muscle load Spinal cord (e) Lung receptors Stretch Proprioceptors Irritant Juxtapulmonary 32 The Respiratory System at a Glance, 3e By J.P.T Ward, J Ward, R.M Leach Published 2010 Blackwell . crus Psoas major Quadratus lumborum Lateral arcuate ligament Medial arcuate ligament Median arcuate ligament Aorta Oesophagus Vagi Left phrenic nerve Central.