QUAN HE VIET NAM - CHAU AU DfiU Tir TRirC TI€P (FDI) Gini DonN Loi mo" dau Dau tu qudc te ddng vai trd quan trgng t \ r r trong sy phdt trien cua nen kinh te the gidi hien dai, mdt trong nhiing yeu td quan trgng nhat ciia qua trinh todn edu hda. Nd vira la ddng lyc thiic day qud trinh ndy, vira chju sy r \ ehi ;)hdi ciia qud trinh todn edu hda sdu rdng tren the giai trong may thdp ky qua. Ddu tu qudc te ehu yeu la ddu tu tu nhan, ve ca bdn dugc chia thdnh ddu tu tryc tiep vd ddu tu gian liep Ddu tu tryc tiep hay ddu tu tryc tiep I udc ngodi (FDI Foreign Direct Investment) thudng gdn vai viec xdy dyng vd phat trien cdc nhd mdy, co so sdn xudt, tan dung cdc ngudn lyc gid re tai nuac tiep nhdn dau tu nhdm khai thde thi trudng npi dia eiing nhu xudt khdu bode mua lai cdc cdng ty thdng qua hinh thiic sdp nhdp vd chuyen giao (M&A). Do dd, FDI thudng gdn bd lau ddi, mat thiet vai nuac tiep nhdn ddu tu vd khd nit von d at khi chdng may rui ro bode khung hoang xdy ra. 6 Viet Nam, ben canh ngudn vdn trong nudc ddng vai trd quyet dinh, vdn ddu tu cun PHnp rni VICT Nn/vi • • 1993 - 2008 Ths. Vo Thi Thu Ha Trirdng Dgi hgc Hdi Phdng nuac ngodi Id mpt trong nhiing ngudn vdn quan trpng, trong dd FDI dugc coi la ngudn vdn thich hgp ddi vai Viet Nam Dau tu nude ngodi a Viet Nam hien chiem khoang 13%GDPcdnuae^ Trong thdp nien 80 vd ddu thap nien 90 the ky XX, ddng FDI vdo Viet Nam edn nhd. Den ndm 1991, tdng vdn FDI a Viet Nam mdi chi Id 213 trieu ddla My. Tuy nhien, con sd FDI dang ky da tang manh tir 1992 va dat dinh diem vdo 1996, vdi tdng vdn dang ky len den 8,6 ty USD Sy gia tang manh me cua FDI a Viet Nam trong thdri gian nay la do nhieu nguyen nhdn: Cdc nhd ddu tu nude ngodi bi thu htit bdi tiem ndng cua mdt nen kinh te dang trong thdi ky chuyen ddi vdi mpt thi trudng phdn ldn cdn chua dugc khai thde; Cdc nhd ddu tu nuac ngodi bj hap dan bdi hdng loai cae yeu td tich cyc khde nhu lyc lupng lao ddng ddi ddo, gid nhdn cdng re vd ty le bill chii cao. Ben canh nhimg yeu td ben trong edn cd cdc yeu td ben ngodi ddng gdp vdo viec gia ' Nguyen Duy Lgi: "Ddc diem vd xu huang phdt triin cua ddu tu true tiip nuac ngodi (FDI)", Tap chi Nghien ciiu Chau Au, s6 6 (60)/2004, tr.92. ^ Phuomg Nggc Thach (2003), "Thu hut ddu tit true tiip nu&c ngodi a Vi$t Nam: Tdn tgi vd kiin nghi ", Tap chi Phdt triln Kinh tl, thang 10/2003, tr. 12. ^ S6 liSu cua Cyc Dau tu nuoc ngodi - Bg KI hoach vd Dau tu. 'Nt. 46 NGHIEN ClfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 {135) J^^ tang ciia FDI vao Vict Nam. Thie nhdt, von chay ddn vc eac thj trudrng m6i noi lrong nhCrng nam 80 vd dau nhCrng nam 90 ciia the ky XX. lrong cac thi trudrng nay, Ddng Nam A, lrong dd cd Vipl Nam, la mgt diem chinh tiep nhan FDI. Nam 1990, cac nudc Ddng Nam A thu hiit 36% ldng ddng FDI den cac nude dang phat Iricn. Thic hai, ddng vdn nudc ngoai \ ao cae nen kinh tc qud dp khdi xa hdi chil nghTa truac day, nai ma bp cho rdng dang cd cac ca hpi kinh doanh mai va thu lgi nhuan. Thic ha, eac nuac manh trong \ung (cu the la Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, ) da bat ddu xuat khau vdn. La mdt nin kinh te dang trong thdri ky qud dp or Ddng Nam A, Viet Nam cd dugc lgi the tii cac yeu td ndy. De khdi phuc vd phat trien kinh te xd hdi, Viet Nam da chii truang ma cira nen kinh te, thyc hien cdng cudc "ddi mdri" todn dien, trong dd cd viec hoan thien, ndng Dieu le Dau tu nam 1977 thdnh bd Ludt Ddu tu nudc ngodi tai Viet Nam ndm 1987. da khang djnh sy diing ddn ciia chii truang, dudng ldi mdr eira nen kinh te ciia Vipt Nam. Sy ra ddri ciia Ludt Ddu tu nuac ngodi t^i Viet Nam ndm 1987 dd tao mdi trudng phdp ly cao hon de thu hiit vdn ddu tu nuoc ngodi vdo Viet Nam. Trong cdc nhd ddu tu nuac ngodi den Viet Nam, cdc nhd ddu tu Phdp td ra "nhanh chdn" ban ed. L Tinh hinh dau tu tryc tiep cua Phap ff Vi^t Nam (1993- 2008) Vipt Nam bdt dau ban bdnh Luat Dau tu nuac ngodi) vd khdng ngimg tang len. Nguon von dau tu tir Phap vdo Vict Nam rat da dang, trong dd chu ylu la dau tu tryc liep duai hinh thiic: cdc cdng ty lien doanh (tren 50% dy dn); xdy dyng van hdnh chuyin giao (BOT) (gan 30%) so dy an) vd hinh thirc cdng ty 100%) von nuac ngoai' Dau tu ciia Phdp trong giai doan dau (1988 - 1989) phan ldn la cdc dy an nhd, tinh kha thi cdn thdp. Ndm 1988, con sd dy an khdi dau Id 2 vdi tdng sd vdn ddu lu la 0.2 trieu USD. Ndm 1989, so dy an Id 6 vai tdng sd vdn dau tu Id 53 trieu USD. Den cudi nam 1992, tdng sd vdn hgp tac ddu tu (FDI) ciia Phdp tai Viet Nam la 253.2 trieu USD, vdi 40 dy dn duge cap phep^ Ndm 1993, chu>en thdm chinh thirc Viet Nam cua Tdng thdng Phap F Mitterand la djp de cdc CO quan, td chirc. doanh nghiep ciia Phdp sang Vipt Nam tryc tiep tim hieu CO hgi ddu tu, gdp gd \ a ddm phan vai eac ddi lac. Chuyen thdm nay tao dieu kien thudn lgi cho vice phdt Uien quan he song phuang ve nhieu mdt, ddc biet Id ve hgp tdc ddu tu lrong thdi gian tilp theo. Theo dd, ndm 1993, Phdp dd cd tai 22 dy dn dau tu vdo Viet Nam dugc cdp phep, trong dd cd 20 dy an dang boat dgng vdi tdng sd vdn ddu tu Id 236 trieu USD' Nhiing nam sau dd, dau tu cua Phap f _ \ Ddu tu tryc tiep cua Phdp bdt ddu thyc hien tai Viet Nam kl tii ndm 1988 (thai dilm 'Nt. ' Dinh M^nh Tudn, "Cdc hogt dong tren ITnh vuc FDI va ODA ciia Phdp tgi Vi^t Nam", Tap chi Nghien ciiu chau Au,s6 1/2001, tr,42. ^ E)odn T^t Thang, "Mdi quan h$ kinh ti Viet - Phap vd no luc ndng quan h$ hai nudc ten tdm cab mdi ^du ttttrtia tie'fL ((ja>9^) 47 tai Viet Nam van dugc duy tri a miirc kha cao. Cho din cudi 1996, tdng FDI eua Phap vao Viet Nam Id 863,2 trieu USD, dimg thir 9 trong sd eac nuac va khu vyc dau tu d Viet Nam, vd Id nuac chau Au dau tu nhilu nhat vao Viet Nam^ Nam 1997, trong khi hdu hit cdc nude deu giam lupng FDI vdo Viet Nam do khiing hoang tai ehinh lien tp chdu A (1997 - 1999) thi ddng vdn FDI eua Phdp vdo Viet Nam lai tang. Truac khi xdy ra khung hodrg tai ehinh khu vyc, ddu tu ciia Phdp tang ddn, ky lue Id nam 1997 vai 21 dy an dugc cap phep vai tdng sd vdn dang ky 933,7 trieu USD^ Trong thdri ky nay, ed mdt sd dy an ldn nhu Hgp ddng Hgp tac kinh doanh cung cap djch vy vien thdng giira France Telecom vdi "dng cdng ty Buu chinh - Vien thdng Viet Nam (vdn ddng ky 615 trieu USD), Lien doanh Dai sieu thj An Lac (vdn ddng ky 35 trieu USD), Cdng ty TNHH Bayer Viet Nam san xudt thudc trir sdu (vdn dang ky 32,9 trieu USD), Cdng ty TNHH mia duang Bourbon Gia Lai (vdn dang ky 25,5 trieu USD). Nguyen nhdn Id do cae nhd ddu tu (da sd la Hdn Qudc vd Hdng Kdng) gap khd khan ve tdi chinh, hon nira, mdi quan he Phap - Viet dang tren dd phdt trien manh vd Phap ciing da thu dugc nhCrng ket qud ddu tu thye sy nhChig nam truac dd. Ciing trong mang tinh ehiin luac ", Tap chi NghiSn cuu Chdu Au, s6 11/2001, tr.68. ' Ban Tuyen giao Trung uong, Trung tam Thong tin cong tac Tuyen gido, Tdi lieu tham khdo, Cgng hod Phdp vd quan he Vi$t Nam - Phdp, 2008, tr.23. ' Phan Hffu Thdng, "Ddu tu cua Phdp se gia tdn^\ Ddc san v6 quan h? kinh tk ViSt - Phdp (2007), bdo The giai vd Viet Nam, tr.54. nam 1997, Tong thong Phap J. Chirac da chinh thiic sang tham Viet Nam, tham dy Hgi nghj thupng dinh eae nuac cd sir dung r y , tieng Phap lan thir bay duge td ehire tai Ha Ndi. Sy kien nay da ihiic ddy mdi quan he hgp tdc giira hai nuac ve nhieu mat ndi ehung vd ddu tu ndi rieng chuyin sang mdt trang mai. Din nam 1997, long so von FDI ciia Phap or Viet Nam len tai 1.552 ty USD, Phap tra thdnh nhd dau tu chau Au hang ddu ciia Vipt Nam vd diing thu 6 trong sd cac nude cd von ddu tu ldn nhdt tai Viet Nam'° Trong hai nam 1998 va 1999, vi tri ciia Phdp tai Viet Nam van tiep tyc dugc ciing ed, eiing vai viec dugc cap gidy phep ddu tu, eae cdng ty Phdp da tich cyc tham gia thyc hien cdc dy dn quan trgng. Rieng trong nam 1999, Phdp cd 12 dy an dugc cap gidy phep vai tdng sd vdn dang ky gdn 303 trieu USD, ddn ddu trong sd 38 nuac vd viing lanh thd cd dy an ddu tu vdo Viet Nam trong nam ndy, chua ke cdc dy an ciia eae nhd dau tu Phdp nhung ddng ky ngudn gdc lanh thd khdc. Ndm 1999, ddu tu eiia Phap da tang len 3,6 Idn so vai ndm 1998" Den liic ndy, Phap da cd 125 van phdng dai dien, chiem 4,5% trong tdng sd 2.800 van phdng nudc ngodi tai Viet Nam. Ngodi ra cdn cd 5 chi nhanh ngdn hdng, 5 hang ludt su vd kiem loan cua Phdp cd mat tai Viet Nam. Khu vyc dy an ndy da thyc hien dugc sd vdn khoang 506 trieu USD, tao viec ldm cho khoang 7.600 lao dpng true tilp cd doanh thu tren 650 trieu '" Dinh Manh Tudn, tldd, tr.43. " Thfiri bdo Kinh xk, "Quan he hap tdc Viet - Phdp", 8/12/1999, tr.4. 48 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 (135).2011 USD'^ Tinh din cuoi ndm 1999, Phdp dd cd tren 100 dy dn cdn hipu lyc, v6i s6 vln dau tu khodng 1,6 ty USD, diing hdng thii bdy trong so cae nudrc dau tu tai Vipt Nam. Trong nhiing ndm 2000, 2001 vd 2002, Phap lien tyc chilm vj tri cao, dung thii sdu trong sd cac nuac vd viing Idnh tho dau tu nhilu nhat vdo Vipt Nam. Cdc doanh nghipp Phap da dat doanh thu len tai 1,2 ty USD, trong dd gan 200 tripu USD la tir xuat khau. Tinh tir ndm 1988 din 2003, Phdp cd gan 200 dy an vd khodn dau tu ban 2,1 ty USD, tlie 5,4% tdng gid tri cdc giay pb^p dugc cdp trong thdri ky ndy, dd tao ra 10.440 vipe Idm'^, gdp phdn quan trgng trong viec bd sung ngudn vdn, mdr rdng thj trudng xudt khdu, tiep thu cdng nghe tien lien vd gidi quyet van de viec ldm cho Viet Nam. Ndm 2001, ddu tu vdo Viet Nam cua Phdp dat mtic cao, chii yeu Id do viec cdp gidy phep cho dy dn BOT Nhd mdy dien Phii My 2.2, cd vdn ddng ky Id 480 trieu USD, chiem 97% tdng vdn ddng ky dugc cdp phep trong ndm2001 14 Nam 2005, ddu tu cua Phdp Id 24,7 tripu USD vai 23 dy dn, van tdng nhung l?ii thap hon ddu tu ciia Hd Lan (33 tripu USD vdi 10 dy dn), Dan Mach (27 tripu USD vdi 9 dy an), diing thii ba trong cdc nuac chdu Au dau tu vdo Vipt Nam'^ Mdc dii dau tu cua Phdp '^Nt. " Thong tdn xd Vift Nam, "Ddu tu eua Phdp vao Vi^t Nam", Tdi li?u tham khdo ddc bi?t, s6 22/2002. '" Phan Huu Thdng, tldd, tr.54. " K^ Thu, "Nhdm huu nghi Phdp - Vi^t ciia Hg Vi$n Phdp thdm Vi$t Nam", http://vietnamnet.vn/chinhtri. 09/12/2006. chi diing thir ba trong cdc nu6c chau Au ddu lu vdo Vipt Nam, song dau tu cua Phap vdo Vipt Nam ndm 2005 dd tdng gap 4 Idn so vdi ndm 2004 (chi dat 6,8 tripu USD)'^ Cdc doanh nghipp Phdp tilp tuc dau tu vdo Vipt Nam trong nam 2006, \ di mire dau tu Ien tcii 30,5 trieu USD'^ Tinh din thdng 3/2006, Phdp dau tu vdo Viet Nam vdi tdng so von cam kit khoang 2,2 ty Euro (trong do dd thyc hipn khodng 1,19 ty Euro) cho tren 176 dy an'*, diing hdng thir sdu trong long sd 71 nu6c vd viing Idnh thd dau tu a Viet Nam, vdi tren 200 doanh nghiep", dimg ddu trong so cdc nhd ddu tu chdu Au. Dieu nay cho thdy Phdp van tiep tyc Id mdt ddi tdc hdng ddu cua Viet Nam trong ITnh \-yc ddu tu. Ndm 2006 cd 230 doanh nghiep Phdp dang hoat ddng tai Viet Nam (mgt sd doanh nghiep cd nhieu ea sa tren khdp cd nuoc) \ ai 24.000 nhdn cdng, trong dd cd 320 ngudi Phdp. Phdn ldn eac doanh nghiep ndy boat dgng dudi dang vdn phdng d^ dien (37%)), cong ty lien doanh (21%) vd cdc chi nhdnh dgc lap (17%)^° Ndm 2007, Phdp diimg ddu cdc nudc A ^ r chdu Au vd diing thiir chin trong tdng sd 77 nuac vd lanh tho dau tu vdo Viet Nam. Tinh den ndm 2007, Phdp cd 187 dy dn cdn hieu 16 Nt. '^ Dodn H?uih, "Nhin lgi quan hi kinh ti Viet - Phdp", Bdo Tdi chinh Vi^t Nam, s6 2/10/2007. '* Thuyr Trang, "Phdp, nha ddu tu ngodi chdu A ldn nhdt tgi Vi$t Nam", Thdri bdo Kinh tl Vi?t Nam, s6 2/10/2007, tr.3. " Dodn H?mh, "Nhin lgi quan h? kinh ti Vi^t - Phdp", Bdo Tdi chinh Vi§t Nam, s6 2/10/2007, tr.2. ^° ThuJ- Trang, tldd, tr.3. ^dututv4^tt tu^ (rpT>3^} 49 lye vdi 2,38 ty USD^' Dau tu cua Phap tap trung chil ylu vdo djch vy (50% long vdn), cdng nghiep (37%) tdng vdn), cdn lai Id ndng nghiep. Tir nam 1988 din 2008, Phap da ddu tu vdo Viet Nam tdng cdng la 296 dy dn (hien edn 187 dy dn cdn hieu lyc vai long von thyc hien Id 2,38 ty USD, tren tdng sd von dang ky 3.216,2 trieu USD)^^ Cd thi ndi, day la nuac cd so dy an vd von ddu tu kha ldn, so vai cac nuac trong Lien minh Chdu Au (Vuong qudc ArJi ciing trong thdri gian tir 1988 - 2008 cd 134 dy dn vai tdng sd von la 2.711,1 trieu USD)^^ 2. Co cau dau tu trurc tiep ciia Phap tai Viet Nam (1993-2008) Ca cdu ngdnh ddu tu cua Phdp d Viet Nam tap trung chu yeu vdo cdng nghiep nang, giao thdng, vien thdng, buu dipn. Day la nhiing ITnh vyc rat quan trpng ddi vdi sy phat trien kinh te Viet Nam (trong dd ITnh vyc vien thdng chiem 33% dau tu ciia Phdp, 22% tap trung trong ITnh Vyc khdch san vd xay dung ha tdng, 19% trong khu vyc cdng nghiep, 13% trong khu vyc ndng nghiep vd 13% trong khu vyc djch vti)^'*. ^' Trdn Thj Vinh, Trdn Cong Ty, "Quan M kinh ti Phdp - Viet Nam sau Chiin tranh lanh (1993 - 2007)", Sach "220 ndm cdch mgng Phdp (1789 - 2009) vd quan he Viet - Phdp trong lich su" , NXB Chfnh trj qu6c gia, HaNgi,2009,tr.525. ^^ Ban Tuyen gido Trung uong, Trung tdm Thong tin cong tdc "Tuyen gido, Tdi liSu tham khdo, Cong hod Phdp vd quan he Viet Nam - Phdp, 2008, tr.23. " Nien gidm thing ke ndm 2008, T6^g cyc Thing ke. ^^ Xem chu thfch 20. Xet ve ddu tu theo dia phuang, dau tu ciia Phdp dugc phdn bd tuong doi dong diu tren 26 tinh thdnh tren lanh thd Viet Nam. Da so dau tu ciia Phap tap trung tai miln Nam (thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh, Ba Rja - Vung Tdu ) chilm 87%, Ha Ndi va cac tinh mien Bac chilm 20%, miln Trung chiem mdt ty I? rat nhd la 2%^^ Dilu nay eho thdy, Phap da thyc sy tin tudng vao sy phat trien cua Viet Nam, ddng thdi danh gia cao mdi quan he hgp tac kinh te vdi Viet Nam va coi Viet Nam Id mpt ddi tac quan trpng cua Phdp. Ve ca cdu phdn bd FDI, vien thdng la ITnh vyc thu hiit dugc sy quan tam Idn nhat cua cdc nhd ddu tu Phdp tai Viet Nam, chiem 22% trong tdng sd dy dn vai tdng sd vdn len tai gdn Ity USD, tao vipe ldm eho hon 4.200 lao dpng Den nay Viet Nam da ed mang vien thdng tuong ddi hien dai, cd the sanh vai vai ede nuac trong khu vyc va tren the giai ve tdc dp phdt trien, cho phep dap ung nhu eau ngdy cdng cao cua eae djch vy vien thdng qudc te, Inlemet , trong dd cd sy giiip da ddng ke cua dau tu Phap. Ngodi ra, ddu tu cua Phdp cdn tap tnmg vdo cac ITnh vyc: ddu khi, ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep, du ljch, dich vy LTnh vyc cdng nghiep vd xay dung diing thii hai trong ddu tu cua Phap vdo Viet Nam, vdi 62 dy dn cd tdng vdn dang ky 812 trieu USD, tao viec ldm cho tren 4.500 97 lao dgng 25 Nt. ^* Tap san quan h^ Vifit - Phdp ciia tudn bdo Qu6c t6 9/2000, tr.36. " Ban Tuyen gido Trung uong, tldd, tr.22. 50 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 (135 Jl 1 Xel VL' hinh thuc ddu tu, FDI cua Phdp duge thyc hipn chii ylu duai hinh thOrc cdng ty lien doanh (chilm 54% long so dy dn). Hinh thirc hgp dong xay dyng - v^n hdnh - chuyin giao (BOT), chilm 29 % long dy an, vdi quy md trung binh la 16,24 trieu USD/dy an. dat mire tuong doi cao so vai binh qudn chung^^ Ngoai hai hinh thirc dau tu chii yeu neu tren, Phap cdn dau lu vao Vipt Nam duai hai hinh thirc khac, dd Id: cdng ty 100% von nudc ngoai (chilm 10% sd dy dn) vd hgp ddng hgp tdc kinh doanh (chiem 7% so dy an) 29 Ben canh kenh hgp tdc cdp nhd nuac, hinh thirc hgp tdc tryc tiep giira cdc dja phuang hai nuac, cdn ggi Id hgp tdc phi tap trung, ciing Id hinh thiire kha ddc thii trong quan he Phdp - Viet. Trong vdng 15 ndm tra lai day, hinh thiire hgp tdc ndy da dugc nhdn rdng vd phdt trien. Theo sd lieu ciia Dai sii qudn Phdp, dd cd 777 dy dn dd ket th'ic bode dang dugc trien khai, lien quan den 464 ddi tdc Phap vd 208 ddi tdc Viet Nam tai 62/64 tinh, thdnh phd eua Vipt Nam Vipt Nam Id nuac nhdn dugc vipn trg phdt trien chinh thiie Idn thii hai cua cdc don vj hdnh chinh dja phuong Phdp, vai khodn tdi chinh tri gid ^* Thoi bdo Kinh te, "Quan h4 hap tdc Vi?l - Phdp ", 8/12/1999, tr.46. ^' Dinh Manh Tudn, tldd, tr.46. '° Dai su qudn Phdp (5/2010), "Vdn ki$n Hgi nghi ldn thu 8 vi hcrp tdc phi Chinh phu giua Vi^t Nam vd Phdp", Tdi lieu gidi thi^u hoat dgng hgp tdc cua Phdp tai Viet Nam. 3,69 tripu euro dau tu ndm 2006 tren tdrtg sd 51,05 tripu euro tdi trg cho todn the giai 3. Nhihig ddnh gia ve dau tu true tiep ciia Phdp tai Vift Nam (1993-2008) Ddu tu nudc ngodi mang lgi lgi ich to ldn doi vdi cd nudc ddu tu cUng nhu nudc tiip nhgn ddu tu. Doi vdi nuac Phdp, dau tu sang Vi^t Nam giiip ndng cao bicu qud sir dyng nhung lgi the or noi tilp nhdn dau tu, ha gid thdnh sdn phdm, ndng cao ly suat Igi nhudn cua von dau tu vd xay dyng dugc thj trudng cung cap nguyen lieu dn djnh, vdi gia cd phdi chdng. Ddi vdri Viet Nam nudc tiep nhdn ddu tu, FDI giup ddy manh tdc dp phat trien kinh te thdng qua viec tao ra nhiing doanh nghiep mdi, thu biit them lao ddng, gidi quyet mgt phdn nan that nghiep a trong nuac, khdc phuc tinh trang thieu vdn keo ddi. Theo sau FDI Id mdy mdc, thiet bj \a cdng nghp mdi, giiip Viet Nam tiep can vdi khoa hpc - ky thudt mod. Cdc td chiirc sdn xuat trong nuoc bdt kip phuang thirc qudn ly cdng nghipp hipn d^ii, lyc lugng lao dgng quen dan vdi phong each ldm \iec cdng nghiep, .hinh thdnh dan dgi ngii nhung nhd doanh nghiep gidi. FDI cdn giiip tdng thu cho ngdn sdch Nhd nuoc. Thong qua boat dgng dau tu tryc tiep, cdc cdng ty Phdp da chuyin giao nhieu cdng nghp hipn dai vd ky ndng dap iing nhu cdu phdt trien cua cdc nuac thugc thi gidi thiiba. ^' Ambassade de France au Vietnam (2005), "La eooperationfranco-vietnammienne: faits et chifferes^, les cahiers de la coperationfrancaise au Vietnam. ^uu tuteue tie'fL (Q^9^). 51 Tuy nhien, ke tir sau khiing hoang tdi ehinh khu vyc, de nhan thay Id ddu tu cua Phap vao Viet Nam tir nam 2000 din 2008, hau het eae dy an duge cap phep Id eac dy an quy md nhd dudi 5 tripu USD, khdng ke dy an BOT nha may dien Phu My 2.2. Cae dy an ciia Phap cd ty le vdn thyc hien so vai vdn dang ky ehi dat 49%, thdp hon mure binh quan chung cua ca nudc la 59% Tuy hien dimg thii chin trong danh sach cae nudc va lanh thd dau tu vao Viet Nam, song dieu nay chua thyc sy tuong xiing \ di tiem nang kinh te ciia Phap ciing nhu mdi quan he giiia hai nudc"" Qua nhieu nam hgp tac dau tu giira hai nude, dau tu ciia Phap da ed mat a nhieu tinh va thanh phd trong nhieu ITnh vyc vd dudi nhieu hinh thiic khac nhau, gdp phan quan trpng vao cdng cudc ddi mai cua Viet Nam. Nam 1995, khi My da bd cam van vai Viet Nam, sd eae cdng ty Phap tim tai Viet Nam tang manh. Do qud ky vpng vdo viec chinh phue thj trudng cd tai 80 trieu dan, ed ngudn lao ddng ddi dao, re vd chat lupng eiia Viet Nam, eac cdng ty Phdp da khdng ludng trudc dugc sy phiirc tap van hod vd can benh tham nhiing tai Viet Nam qudc gia vai xudt phdt diem cdn thdp do chien tranh vd nhieu nam quan ly kinh te yeu kem. Cudc khung hodng tai ehinh chdu A da ldm gidm hdn sy nhiet tinh eua eac nhd ddu tu vd nhieu cdng ty Phap da bd cudc. Ong Nicolas Audier, Gidm ddc hang ludt Gide Loyrette Nouel eiia Phap cho biet: "Cdc cdng ly ldn khdc ciing gap phdi nhieng lhdi bai ddng ki tgi Viel Nam md hg chua the quen, thdi gian dd thay doi vd r mgt sd hdng dd thdnh cong, nhung nhung thdt bai Igi Viel Nam vdn dm dnh"^'* Theo Dai sir Nhat Ban tai Vict Nam, tren the gidi dang ed cudc canh tranh dau tu rat khdc lict va Viet Nam can phai nhin nhan rang mdi trudrng dau tu ciia Viet Nam chua hap dan^^ Vi vay, ngudn vdn FDI vao Viet Nam ndi chung vd FDI eiia Phap ndi rieng da ed xu hudng chung lai. Ciing nhu eac nha dau tu nudc ngoai khac, eae nhd dau tu Phap ciing gap khdng it nhirng khd khan khi dau tu vao Viet Naih. Vi du, he thdng phap luat dieu hanh nen kinh te ciia Viet Nam chua dn dinh, hoan chinh. Ngodi ra, tai cac ca quan va doanh nghiep Viet Nam cdn tdn tai mdt sd hien tugng tieu cyc, thdi quen lam viec, le ldi hanh ehinh, quan lieu ciing la yeu td gav can trd qua trinh dau tu. Theo cac nha doanh nghiep Phap: "Cdng viec kinh doanh d Viet Nam hien cdn cd khd nhieu thu thdch vd rui ro Mdi trudng ludt phdp chua hodn chinh vd thudng xuyen thay ddi, he thdng nhung quy djnh vd che do quan lieu phien hd. "Nhung khuyet tdt la lung" trong cung cdch ldm viec cua cdp ca sd" Dd la nhiing trd ngai ldn '^ Phan Huu Thdng, tldd, tr. 55. " Trdn Vu Phuong, "Ddu tu true tiip eua Phdp a Viet Nam thai ky 1988 1996", Tap chf Nghien cuu Chau Au,s6 5/1996, tr.51. ^* Thong tan xd Viet Nam, "Trien vpng hogt dong ddu tu eua Phdp a Viet Nam", s6 5/10/2004, http://www.vov.org.vn - " Phuang Nggc Thach, "Thu hiit ddu tu true tiip nude ngodi a Viet Nam: Tdn tgi vd kiin nghi ", Tap chi Phdt triSn Kinh d, thdng 10/2003. ^* Thai bdo Kinh tg, "Quan he hap tdc Viet - Phdp", 8/12/1999, tr.2. 52 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 2 (135). 011 nhat doi xdi vice dau lu eiia cac cdng ly Phdp ndi rieng va cac doanh nghipp phuang Tay ndi chung - nhCrng doanh nghipp dd quen hoat dpng trong mdt mdi trudrng quy cii, vdi nhung luat chai chat che, bai ban va xa la vdi tap quan kinh doanh day bat trac d Vict Nam. Dieu nay cung ly giai vi sao eac nudc \a liinh thd chau A khac nhu Dai Loan, Singapore, Trung Quoc ludn dan dau lrong dau lu van Vict Nam. Hicn nay, ngoai trir mpt nhdm cac cdng ty cd ten tudi nhu iTanee Telecom, lileelricitc de l-rancc vd Group Bourbon, nhieu cdng ty lan eiia Phap van chua cd mat tai Vict Nam. Ben canh dd, mac dii Viet Nam da ed chinh sach hdi nhap kinh le qudc te tam chien luge, song mdt sd chinh sach trong ngan han thudng xuyen thay ddi, nhieu khi khdng nhat quan, thieu dn djnh, anh budng den sy hap dan ciia mdi trudng dau tu (chinh sach thue. quy djnh ve ty le ndi dja hod lien quan den xuat khau ) nen chua tao cho ban hang Phap ldng tin, yen tam ldm dn lau ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam. Hon niia, do trdi qua khiing hoang tdi chinh - tien lc, nen nhu cdu thu hut ddu tu nude ngodi ciia khu vyc Ddng Nam A de tdi thiet va phat trien nen kinh le rat cap bach. Cac nudc a khu vyc Ddng Nam A deu dua ra nhiing ehinh sach hap dan eac nhd ddu nuac ngoai, dac biet, Trung Qudc Id thi trudng ddu tu cd sire canh tranh rdt manh tii khi tra thdnh thdnh vien cua Td chiic Thuong mai Ihl gioi (WTO). Trong khi dd, chinh sach dau lu nudrc ngodi ciia Viet Nam cdn nhieu han cbl, Igi Ibl so sanh ciia Vict Nam bj kem di rat nhilu. Quy md ciia thi trudrng Viet Nam van cdn nhd so vai nhilu nuac chau A khac nlu tinh tong thu nhap qudc dan (GDP) va thu nhap quoc dan tinh theo dau nguai, do dd cac cdng ty Idn va da qudc gia den lir chau Au ndi chung vd Phap ndi riC-ng. chi danh gid Vict Nam la mdt thi trudng ndm lrong chiln luge chdu A ciia hg. Cdc cdng ty nhd rat than trgng khi tiln hdnh dau lu ngan han, gidm manh cac boat ddng dau tu va mpt so muon rut khdi Viet Nam, sd khac lai chua coi thj trudng Viet Nam Id quan trpng trong giai doan nay. Ket luan DOmg hdng Ihir ehin trong sd cac nudc vd vimg Idnh thd cd ngudn \ on dau tu vao Viet Nam, Phap hipn Id nuac chdu Au cd quan hp khdng kbit \a'\ Viet Nam tren ITnh \ yc FDI, tuy van cdn nhirng tra ngai nhu ca cdu ddu tu chua hgp ly, thu tyc hdnh chinh, mdi trudng ddu tu \a phdp ly chua thuan Igi, can phdi dugc cd hai ben ciing thao ga, khdc phuc. Trong thdri gian tiep theo, boat ddng ciia Phdp trong ITnh vyc FDI ndi rieng vd mdi quan he tren tdt cd cdc mat ndi chung se duy tri vd phdt trien tdt dpp theo phiiang chdm: hUcu nghi truyin thong, hgp tdc loan dien, Idu ddi vd tin cdy trong thi ky XXL . "dng cdng ty Buu chinh - Vien thdng Viet Nam (vdn ddng ky 615 trieu USD), Lien doanh Dai sieu thj An Lac (vdn ddng ky 35 trieu USD), Cdng ty TNHH Bayer. kinh ti Phdp - Viet Nam sau Chiin tranh lanh (1993 - 2007)", Sach "220 ndm cdch mgng Phdp (1789 - 2009) vd quan he Viet - Phdp trong lich