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ANEMIA
Edited by Donald S. Silverberg
Anemia
Edited by Donald S. Silverberg
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published February, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org
Anemia, Edited by Donald S. Silverberg
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0138-3
Contents
Preface IX
Chapter 1 Morbidity and Mortality in Anemia 3
Fawzia Ahmed Habib, Intessar Sultan and Shaista Salman
Chapter 2 Erythrocyte: Programmed Cell Death 21
Daniela Vittori, Daiana Vota and Alcira Nesse
Chapter 3 Phosphatidylserine Shedding from RBCs – A Mechanism of
Membrane Modulation and Damage Control 39
Eitan Fibach
Chapter 4 Anemia Caused by Oxidative Stress 49
Yoshihito Iuchi
Chapter 5 Iron and Nitric Oxide in Anemia
of Chronic Disease (ACD) 63
Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi, Adenike Faoziyat Sulaiman
and Musbau Adewumi Akanji
Chapter 6 Diagnostic Evaluation of Anaemia 75
Vikrant Kale and Abdur Rahmaan Aftab
Chapter 7 How Can Cancer-Associated Anemia Be Moderated
with Nutritional Factors and How Do Beta Vulgaris L. Ssp.
Esculenta Var. Rubra Modify the Transmethylation Reaction
in Erythrocytes in Cancerous Patients? 93
Anna Blázovics, Péter Nyirády, Imre Romics, Miklós Szűcs,
András Horváth, Ágnes Szilvás, Edit Székely, Klára Szentmihályi,
Gabriella Bekő and Éva Sárdi
Chapter 8 Anaemia in Developing Countries:
Burden and Prospects of Prevention and Control 115
Kayode O. Osungbade and Adeolu O. Oladunjoye
VI Contents
Chapter 9 Nutritional Anaemia 129
Alhossain A. Khallafallah and Muhajir Mohamed
Chapter 10 Nutritional Anemia in Developing Countries 151
Frank T. Wieringa, Jacques Berger and Marjoleine A. Dijkhuizen
Chapter 11 Risk Factors for Anemia in Preschool
Children in Sub-Saharan Africa 171
Dia Sanou and Ismael Ngnie-Teta
Chapter 12 Acceptance and Effect of Ferrous Fumarate Containing
Micronutrient Sprinkles on Anemia, Iron Deficiency
and Anthropometrics in Honduran Children 191
Teresa M. Kemmer, Preston S. Omer, Vinod K. Gidvani-Diaz
and Miguel Coello
Chapter 13 Supplementation and Change of Nutritional Habits
for the Prevention and Treatment of Iron
Deficiency Anaemia in Gaza Children: A Case Study 211
Michele Magoni, Ghassam Zaqout, Omar Ahmmed Mady,
Reema Ibraheem Al Haj Abed and Davide Amurri
Chapter 14 Management of Anaemia in Pregnancy 233
Ezechi Oliver and Kalejaiye Olufunto
Chapter 15 Clinical Management of Hemolytic
Disease of the Newborn and Fetus 247
Sebastian Illanes and Rafael Jensen
Chapter 16 The Pathogenesis of Anaemia in
African Animal Trypanosomosis 259
Savino Biryomumaisho and E. Katunguka-Rwakishaya
Chapter 17 The Mechanisms of Anaemia in
Trypanosomosis: A Review 269
Albert Mbaya, Hussein Kumshe
and Chukwunyere Okwudiri Nwosu
Chapter 18 Severe Malaria Anaemia in Children 283
Ayodotun Olutola and Olugbenga Mokuolu
Chapter 19 The Effect of Retinol Supplement on
Blood Cytokine Concentrations in Children
with Non-Severe Malaria Vivax 313
Viviana Taylor, Rosa Uscátegui, Adriana Correa,
Amanda Maestre and Jaime Carmona
Contents VII
Chapter 20 Elevated System Energy Expenditure
in Sickle Cell Anemia 329
Chidi G. Osuagwu
Chapter 21 Molecular Basis of Thalassemia 341
Michela Grosso, Raffaele Sessa, Stella Puzone,
Maria Rosaria Storino and Paola Izzo
Chapter 22 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria 361
Antonio M. Risitano
Chapter 23 Anemia in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 375
Karina Portillo Carroz and Josep Morera
Chapter 24 An Emerging Face of Fanconi Anemia: Cancer 387
Sevgi Gözdaşoğlu
Chapter 25 The Molecular Connection Between Aluminum Toxicity,
Anemia, Inflammation and Obesity: Therapeutic Cues 403
Adam Bignucolo, Joseph Lemire, Christopher Auger,
Zachary Castonguay, Varun Appanna and Vasu D. Appanna
Chapter 26 Hemolysis and Anemia
Induced by Dapsone Hydroxylamine 425
Gabriella Donà, Eugenio Ragazzi, Giulio Clari and Luciana Bordin
Preface
This book provides an update on a variety of aspects of anemia. It begins with a review
of the impact of anemia on morbidity and mortality (1). It then examines the various
mechanisms involved in the production of anemia including the role of programmed cell
death (2), membrane shedding from RBCs as a mechanism of membrane modulation
and damage control (3) the role of oxidative stress (4) and the various other mechanisms
involved in the production of anemia in chronic disease including inflammation, nitric
oxide, and iron deficiency (5). A recent example of the anemia of chronic disease is the
anemia associated with Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease and this is then reviewed (6 ).
The next major subject is a discussion of the diagnostic evaluation of anemia including
the differential diagnosis (7). The extremely common and important subject of the role
of nutrition in anemia is then discussed which begins with an overview of the role of
nutrition in production of anemia (8) and then examines in more detail the role of
nutritional anemia in developing countries (9-13) including risk factors in children
(11), prevention and control (9-13). Two examples are given about attempts to control
iron deficiency anemia in developing countries (12,13). The role of nutrition in the
anemia of cancer patients is then reviewed (14). The next subject is a review of all
aspects of the anemia of pregnancy (15). This is followed by a review of the clinical
management of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (16).
Two common causes of anemia due to infection are then discussed – trypanosomiasis
(17,18), and malaria (19,20). This is followed by an update of the mechanisms and
treatment of two genetic diseases, sickle cell anemia (21) and thalassemia (22). The
anemia of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria is then discussed (23). This is
followed by a review of Fanconi anemia and leukemia (24). Finally the role of toxin-
induced anemia is examined in one paper examining aluminium toxicity (25) and
another the hemolysis and anemia induced by dapsone hydroxylamine (26).
This book thus provides a wealth of up to date and useful information for all those
interested in various aspects of anemia.
Dr. Donald S. Silverberg
Tel-Aviv Medical Center
Israel
[...]... Maternal morbidity resulting from anemia includes diminished work capacity and physical performance have been reported as a result mostly of iron deficiency anemia Anemia leads to abnormalities in host defense and neurological dysfunction Increased risks of premature labor and low birth weight have also been reported in association with anemia in pregnancy (80) 3.2 Effect of anemia on infant mortality and... there was no significant reduction in early neonatal mortality (98) 3.3 Effect of anemia on children and adolescents mortality and morbidity Apart from previously mentioned morbidity and mortality from hereditary anemia among children, by far the most common cause of anemia in this age group is chronic iron deficiency anemia (IDA) There is reasonably good evidence that mental and motor developmental... comorbidity 3.5 Effect of anemia on mortality and morbidity in patients with cancer Anemia is common in cancer patients, although the prevalence is influenced both by the type of malignancy and the choice of treatment Individual studies have compared the survival of patients with and without anemia and have shown reduced survival times in patients with various malignancies associated with anemia including carcinoma... although anemia is an independent predictor of hospital readmission, its relationship with increased mortality in HF patients is largely explained by the severity of comorbid illness The authors suggest that anemia may be predominantly a marker rather than a mediator of increased mortality risk in older patients with HF (132) In heart failure, the causes of anemia and the associations between anemia. .. development of anemia 22 Anemia 2 Anemia The term anemia is derived from ancient Greek for "bloodlessness" It is a condition involving abnormal reduction of hemoglobin content In healthy adults, there is steady-state equilibrium between the rate of release of new red cells from the bone marrow into the circulation and the rate of removal of senescent red cells from the circulation by reticuloendothelial... Mortality in Anemia Fawzia Ahmed Habib, Intessar Sultan and Shaista Salman Taibah University-College of Medicine-Al Madinah Al Munawara Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1 Introduction A growing body of research suggests that anemia is independently associated with morbidity and mortality in the general population as well as in patients with chronic diseases where the prevalence of anemia is high (1-4) Anemia prognosis... underlying cause of the anemia However, the severity of the anemia, its etiology, and the rapidity with which it develops can each play a significant role in the prognosis Similarly, the age of the patient and the existence of other co-morbid conditions influence outcome Higher mortality rates are almost always observed in patients with anemia Many studies (511) identified anemia as an independent... and cancer patients In addition to its impact upon mortality, anemia also significantly influences morbidity Multiple studies support this assertion especially in patients with chronic kidney disease and heart failure (12-17) 2 Morbidity and mortality among patients with certain types of anemia 2.1 Aplastic anemia In the early 1930s aplastic anemia was considered almost inevitably fatal However, the morbidity... chemotherapy alone 3.6 Effect of anemia on mortality and morbidity in patients with cardiac diseases Substantial evidence suggests that anemia is an independent risk factor for worse outcomes in patients with heart failure (CHF) and ischemia heart disease including myocardial infarction Anemia is a common comorbidity in CHF Compared with nonanemic patients the presence of anemia also is associated with... implicated a similar propensity for arterial events caused by the disease PNH is a rare cause of arterial stroke with reported 9 cases but it should be considered in young stroke patients with abnormal blood findings (76) 3 Morbidity and mortality of anemia in high risk groups 3.1 Effect of anemia on maternal mortality and morbidity Maternal anemia is a ubiquitous pregnancy complication, and has been . appears to be associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis
(33,34), and hip and spine fractures (35), possibly due to suppression of osteoblast activity. ANEMIA
Edited by Donald S. Silverberg
Anemia
Edited by Donald S. Silverberg
Published by InTech
Janeza
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