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LIVER REGENERATION
Edited by Pedro M. Baptista
Liver Regeneration
Edited by Pedro M. Baptista
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
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Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
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First published May, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Liver Regeneration, Edited by Pedro M. Baptista
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0622-7
Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Cellular and Molecular
Mechanisms of Regeneration 1
Chapter 1 Hepatocytes and Progenitor –
Stem Cells in Regeneration and Therapy 3
Laura Amicone, Franca Citarella,
Marco Tripodi and Carla Cicchini
Chapter 2 Liver Progenitor Cells, Cancer Stem
Cells and Hepatocellular Carcinoma 17
Janina E.E. Tirnitz-Parker,
George C.T. Yeoh and John K. Olynyk
Chapter 3 Hepatic Progenitors of the Liver
and Extra-Hepatic Tissues 43
Eva Schmelzer
Chapter 4 Possible Roles of Nuclear
Lipids in Liver Regeneration 63
M. Viola-Magni and P.B. Gahan
Chapter 5 Matrix Restructuring During Liver
Regeneration is Regulated by Glycosylation
of the Matrix Glycoprotein Vitronectin 79
Haruko Ogawa, Kotone Sano,
Naomi Sobukawa and Kimie Asanuma-Date
Chapter 6 The Protective Effect of
Antioxidants in Alcohol Liver Damage 99
José A. Morales González, Liliana Barajas-Esparza,
Carmen Valadez-Vega, Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán,
Jaime Esquivel-Soto, Cesar Esquivel-Chirino,
Ana María Téllez-López, Maricela López-Orozco
and Clara Zúñiga-Pérez
VI Contents
Section 2 Animal Models of Liver Regeneration 121
Chapter 7 Analbuminemic Rat Model
for Hepatocyte Transplantation 123
Katsuhiro Ogawa and Mitsuhiro Inagaki
Chapter 8 Rodent Models with Humanized Liver:
A Tool to Study Human Pathogens 141
Ivan Quétier, Nicolas Brezillon and Dina Kremsdorf
Chapter 9 Liver Parenchyma Regeneration
in Connection with Extended Surgical
Procedure – Experiment on Large Animal 151
Vaclav Liska, Vladislav Treska, Hynek Mirka,
Ondrej Vycital, Jan Bruha, Pavel Pitule, Jana Kopalova,
Tomas Skalicky, Alan Sutnar, Jan Benes, Jiri Kobr,
Alena Chlumska, Jaroslav Racek
and Ladislav Trefil
Section 3 Transplantation, Cell
Therapies and Liver Bioengineering 175
Chapter 10 Liver Transplantation in the Clinic –
Progress Made During the Last Three Decades 177
Marco Carbone,Giuseppe Orlando, Brian Sanders,
Christopher Booth, Tom Soker, Quirino Lai, Katia Clemente,
Antonio Famulari, Jan P. Lerut and Francesco Pisani
Chapter 11 Potential of Mesenchymal Stem
Cells for Liver Regeneration 189
Melisa Andrea Soland,
Christopher D. Porada and Graça D. Almeida-Porada
Chapter 12 Cell Based Therapy for Chronic Liver Disease:
Role of Fetal Liver Cells in Restoration
of the Liver Cell Functions 217
Chaturvedula Tripura, Aleem Khan
and Gopal Pande
Chapter 13 Liver Regeneration and Bioengineering –
The Emergence of Whole Organ Scaffolds 241
Pedro M. Baptista, Dipen Vyas and Shay Soker
To my family
Preface
This book focuses on the current knowledge regarding the physiologic processes that
are triggered after hepatic injury and ultimately lead to liver regeneration. Some of
these mechanisms are common to other tissues/organs, but the quickness, precision
and effectiveness of liver regeneration in completely restoring its initial physiological
function after injury is quite remarkable and unique among all the solid organs. Thus,
the knowledge of these specific molecular and cellular mechanisms is crucial for the
improvement of the current therapies and ultimately, complete recovery from liver
disease.
Hence, the first section of the book comprises multiple chapters that detail the
mechanisms of molecular and cellular liver regeneration. Then, the second section
describes different animal models used in this field of research, highlighting their
significance and contribution to the study of liver regeneration. Finally, the last section
presents a chapter on the gold standard for end-stage liver disease, liver
transplantation, followed by numerous approaches and strategies for liver
regeneration that rely on different cell therapies. The last chapter of this book
describes some of the new approaches being developed that rely on tissue and organ
bioengineering.
It is then my hope as the book editor that this book will be able to help as many
professionals and curious minds as possible, working in or out of the liver field, and
that it can shed some light in the intricate mechanisms of organ regeneration.
Pedro M. Baptista, Pharm.D., Ph.D.
Researcher,
Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine,
USA
[...]... throughout the whole liver lobule Collectively, these findings led to the conclusion that normal liver cell plates lack the existence of a main proliferative compartment and instead randomly distributed hepatocytes mediate normal liver turnover by slow clonal expansion without involvement of a liver stem cell (Ponder, 1996) 3 Liver regeneration The liver has an enormous capacity to regenerate by (1) replication... the liver of the rat by ethionine, 2-acetylamino-fluorene, and 3'-methyl-4dimethylaminoazobenzene." Cancer Res 16(2): 142-148 Fausto, N (2000) "Liver regeneration. " J Hepatol 32(1 Suppl): 19-31 Fausto, N (2004) "Liver regeneration and repair: hepatocytes, progenitor cells, and stem cells." Hepatology 39(6): 1477-1487 Fausto, N and J S Campbell (2003) "The role of hepatocytes and oval cells in liver regeneration. .. suggests their differentiation from liver stem cells (Theise et al., 1999) Since the hepatocytes are able to 4 Liver Regeneration regenerate themself to compensate liver mass loss, the existence of a liver stem cell, able to drive regeneration in conditions of extreme toxicity affecting the same hepatocytes, has long been debated Today, there is growing evidence that the liver stem cell exists and its isolation... the liver: regulation and implications for liver function" Pharmacol Ther; 53:275-354 Gebhardt, R.& Reichen J (1994) " Changes in distribution and activity of glutamine synthetase in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis in the rat: potential role in hyperammonemia" Hepatology;20:684-91 14 Liver Regeneration Grompe, M (2003) "The role of bone marrow stem cells in liver regeneration. " Seminars in liver. .. et al., 2000) 3 Liver progenitor cells and regeneration When liver parenchyma damage is particularly serious and hepatocytes are no longer able to proliferate, liver regeneration can occur through the intervention of bipotent progenitor cells that can proliferate and differentiate into hepatocytes and bile duct cells It was 1950 when Wilson and Leduc, studying the regeneration of rat liver after severe... al (2004) "Bipotential mouse embryonic liver stem cell lines contribute to liver regeneration and differentiate as bile ducts and hepatocytes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(22): 8360-8365 16 Liver Regeneration Strick-Marchand, H and M C Weiss (2002) "Inducible differentiation and morphogenesis of bipotential liver cell lines from wild-type mouse... maturational liver lineage biology" Hepatology 53(3):1035-45.Ujike, K., T Shinji, et al (2000) "Kinetics of expression of connective tissue growth factor gene during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy and D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats." Biochem Biophys Res Commun 277(2): 448-454 Vassilopoulos, G., P R Wang, et al (2003) "Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion."... 2008) Currently, the liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for acute and chronic end-stage liver failure and for diseases refractory to other treatments; but the limited availability of donor organs is the major limiting factor in this therapeutic procedure Although different techniques of implants using either complete liver, liver reduced or hyper-reduced "split liver" (liver for two) have... non-parenchymal cells during liver regeneration (Forbes et al., 2004) The usual regeneration processes after acute and chronic liver injuries appear to rely predominantly on intrahepatic cells The most widely accepted view is that LPCs originate from liver- resident precursor or stem cells, which lie dormant and present in such low numbers as to be undetectable in normal liver However, they can be activated... (Bucher, 1963) Regeneration of the liver depends on both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the hepatocytes, cells that in a normal adult liver exhibit a quiescent phenotype Hypertrophy begins within hours after PH then hyperplasia follows (Taub, 2004) This occurs first in the periportal region of the liver lobule then spreads toward the pericentral region (Fausto & Campbell 2003) The restoration of liver volume . LIVER REGENERATION
Edited by Pedro M. Baptista
Liver Regeneration
Edited by Pedro M. Baptista
Published by InTech.
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Liver Regeneration, Edited by Pedro M. Baptista
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0622-7
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