Natural Law, whether grounded in human reason or divine edict, is an unwritten form of law which encourages people to follow virtue and shun vice The concept dominated Renaissance thought, where its literary equivalent, poetic justice, underpinned much of the period's creative writing R S White's study examines a wide range of Renaissance texts, by More, Spenser, Sidney, Shakespeare and Milton, in the light of these developing ideas of Natural Law It shows how writers as radically different as Aquinas and Hobbes formulated versions of Natural Law which served to maintain socially established hierarchies For Aquinas, Natural Law always resided in the individual's conscience, whereas Hobbes thought individuals had limited access to virtue and therefore needed to be coerced by the state into doing good White shows how the very flexibility and antiquity of Natural Law enabled its appropriation and application by thinkers of all political persuasions in a debate that raged throughout the Renaissance and which continues in our own time Natural Law in English Renaissance literature Natural Law in English Renaissance literature R S White Professor of English at the University of Western Australia CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521481427 © Cambridge University Press 1996 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 1996 This digitally printed first paperback version 2006 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data White, R S (Robert Sommerville), 1948Natural Law in English Renaissance literature / R S White p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 521 48142 (hardback) English literature - Early modern, 1500-1700 - History and criticism Didactic literature, English — History and criticism Natural Law - History - 16th century Natural Law — History — 17th century Natural Law in literature Renaissance - England PR418.N37W48 1996 820.9'38 - dc20 96-4795 CIP ISBN-13 978-0-521-48142-7 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-48142-2 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-03289-6 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-03289-X paperback For John Colmer In memoriam Contents Preface Acknowledgments page xi xix Natural Law in history and Renaissance literature The heritage of classical Natural Law 21 The reception of Natural Law in Renaissance England 44 Law and literature in sixteenth-century England 72 More's Utopia 107 'Love is the fulfilling of the law': Arcadia and Love's Labour's Lost 134 'Hot temper leaps o'er a cold decree': The Merchant of Venice and Measure for Measure 159 Shakespeare's The History of King Lear 185 Milton and Natural Law 216 Epilogue: Hobbes and the Demise of classical Natural Law 243 Appendix: Aquinas on the right to own private property 252 Notes Select bibliography Index 255 270 280 IX Select bibliography 271 of Female Independence in the Literature and Thought of Italy and England (Pennsylvania, 1992) Bentham, Jeremy The Theory of Fictions, ed C K Ogden (London, 1932) Berman, Harold J Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, 1983) Birks, Peter 'Fictions Ancient and Modern', in The Legal Mind Essays of Tony Honore, ed Neil MacCormick and Peter Birks (Oxford, 1986), pp 83-101 Bland, D S 'Rhetoric and the Law Student in Sixteenth-Century England', Studies in Philology, 54 (1957), 498-508 Bland, Desmond (ed.) Gesta Grayorum, English Reprints Series (Liverpool, 1968) Bobbio, Norberto Thomas Hobbes and the Natural Law Tradition, trans Daniela Gobetti (Chicago and London, 1993; first pub in Italian, 1989) Bourke, Vernon J 'Two Approaches of Natural Law', Natural Law Forum, (1956), 92-6 Bouwsma, William J John Calvin: A Sixteenth Century Portrait (New York and Oxford, 1988) Bracton on the Laws and Customs of England, vol 2, ed George E Woodbine, trans Samuel E Thorne (Cambridge, Massuchesetts, 1968) Bradshaw, Brendan 'Edmund Spenser on Justice and Mercy', in The Writer as Witness: Literature as Historical Evidence, ed Tom Dunne, Historical Studies XVI (Cork, 1987), pp 76-89 Buckle, Stephen Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume (Oxford, 1991) Cahn, Edmond N The Sense of Injustice: An Anthropocentric View of Law (New York and London, 1949) Calvin, John Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed John T McNeill (in vols., Philadelphia, 1967) Charlesworth, Hilary 'The New Jurisprudences', in Beyond the Disciplines: The New Humanities, ed K K Ruthven, Occasional Paper No 13 from the Australian Academy of the Humanities Symposium 1991 (Canberra, 1992) Cheney, Donald Spenser's Image of Nature: Wild Man and Shepherd in 'The Faerie Queene' (New Haven and London, 1966) Cioni, Maria L Women and Law in Elizabethan England With Particular Reference to the Court of Chancery, PhD (1974) for Cambridge University (New York and London, 1985) Cockburn, J S., and Green, Thomas A Twelve Good Men and True: The Criminal TrialJury in England, 1200-1800 (Princeton, New Jersey, 1988) Cohen, Ronald L Justice Views from the Social Sciences (New York and London, 1986) Copleston, F C Aquinas (Harmondsworth, 1955) Cotterell, Roger The Politics of Jurisprudence: A Critical Introduction to Legal Philosophy (London and Edinburgh, 1989) Coughlan, Patricia Spenser and Ireland: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (Cork, 1989) Cox, Leonard The Arte or Crafte of Rhetoryke (London, 1524?), facsimile (Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Amsterdam, New Jersey, 1977) Daley, A Stuart 'Shakespeare's Corin, Almsgiver and Faithful Feeder', English Language Notes, 27 (1990), 4-21 272 Select bibliography Danby, John F Shakespeare's Doctrine of Nature A Study of 'King Lear' (London, 1949) David, Rene, and Brierley, John C Major Legal Systems in the World Today (London, 1985, third edition; first edition in French, 1964, first English edition, 1966) Davies, Brian The Thought of Thomas Aquinas (Oxford, 1992) Davies, J C Utopia and the Ideal Society (Cambridge, 1981) Davis, Walter R A Map of Arcadia: Sidney's Romance in Its Tradition (New Haven and London, 1965) Davitt, Thomas E 'St Thomas Aquinas and the Natural Law', in Arthur L Harding, Origins of the Natural Law Tradition Deakins, Roger 'The Tudor Prose Dialogue: Genre and Anti-Genre', Studies in English Literature, 20 (1980), 5-23 Dipple, Elizabeth ' "Unjust Justice" in the Old Arcadia", Studies in English Literature, 10(1970), 83-101 Dobson, Michael The Making of the National Poet: Shakespeare, Adaptation and Authorship, 1660-1769 (Oxford, 1992) Doddridge, John The Lawyers Light (London, 1629) Duncan-Jones, Katherine Sir Philip Sidney Courtier Poet (London, 1991) Dunseath, T K Spenser's Allegory of Justice in Book Five of 'The Faerie Queene' (Princeton, New Jersey, 1976) Eco, Umberto 'In Praise of St Thomas', in Travels in Hyperreality, trans William Weaver (San Diego, New York, London, 1986) Eden, Kathy Poetic and Legal Fiction in the Aristotelian Tradition (Princeton, New Jersey, 1986) El-Gabalawy, Saad 'Christian Communism in Utopia, King Lear, and Comus', University of Toronto Quarterly, 47 (1978), 228-238 Elyot, Sir Thomas The Boke Named The Gouernour, in vols., ed H H S Croft (London, 1883) d'Entreves, A P Natural Law: An Historical Survey (London, 1951) 'The Case for Natural Law Re-examined', Natural Law Forum, (1956), 5-52 Euce, John D 'Shakespeare and the Legal Process: Four Essays', Virginia Law Review, 61 (1975), 390-433 Faulkner, Robert K Richard Hooker and the Politics of a Christian England (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1981) Fifoot, C H S History and Sources of the Common Law: Tort and Contract (London, 1949) Finkelpearl, Philip J John Marston of the Middle Temple An Elizabethan Dramatist in his Social Setting (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969) Finnis, John Natural Law and Natural Rights (Oxford, 1980) Fleisher, Martin Radical Reform and Political Persuasion in the Life and Writings of Thomas More (Geneva, 1973) Fletcher, Angus The Prophetic Moment: An Essay on Spenser (Chicago and London, 1971) Flick, Geoffrey A Natural Justice: Principles and Practical Application (Sydney, second edition, 1984) Fortescue, Sir John De Natura Legis Naturae, reprinted in 1869 by Thomas Select bibliography 273 (Fortescue) Lord Clermont, ed David S Berkowitz and Samuel E Thorne (New York and London, 1980) Fox, Alistair Utopia An Elusive Vision (New York, 1993) Frye, Northrop A Natural Perspective The Development of Shakespearean Comedy and Romance (New York, 1965) Fuller, Lon L The Morality of Law (New Haven and London, 1964) Legal Fictions (Stanford, California, 1967) Gaukroger, Stephen Descartes: An Intellectual Biography (Oxford, 1995) George, Robert P Natural Law Theory: Contemporary Essays (Oxford, 1992) German, Saint Christopher Doctor and Student, ed T F T Plucknett and J L Barton (Selden Society, London, 1974) Gesta Grayorum, ed W W Greg Malone Society Reprints (Oxford, 1914) Godwin, George The Middle Temple: The Society and Fellowship (London, 1954) Goodrich, Peter Languages of Law From Logics of Memory to Nomadic Masks (London, 1987) Gough, J W Fundamental Law in English Constitutional History (Oxford, 1955, 1961) Graziani, Rene 'Elizabeth at Isis Church', Publications of the Modern Language Association, 79 (1964), 376-89 Green, A Wigfall The Inns of Court and Early English Drama (New Haven, London, Oxford, 1931) Green, Thomas Andrew Verdict According to Conscience: Perspectives on the English Criminal Trial Jury, 1200-1800 (Chicago and London, 1985) Greenblatt, Stephen Renaissance Self-Fashioning from More to Shakespeare (Chicago, 1980) Greene, Robert A 'Synderesis, the Spark of Conscience, in the English Renaissance', Journal of the History of Ideas, 52 (1991), 195-219 Halkett, John Milton and the Idea of Matrimony: A Study of the Divorce Tracts and 'Paradise Lost' (New Haven and London, 1970) Halliwell, Stephen Aristotle's Poetics: A Study of Philosophical Criticism (London, 1986) Hamilton, A C The Spenser Encyclopedia (Toronto and London, 1990) Hamilton, Donna B Shakespeare and the Politics of Protestant England (Hemel Hempstead, 1992) Harding, Alan A Social History of English Law (Gloucester, Massachusetts, 1973) Harding, Arthur L Origins of the Natural Law Tradition (Dallas, 1954) Harris, J W Legal Philosophies (London, 1980) Hart, H L A The Concept of Law (Oxford, 1961) Hayes, T Wilson Winstanley the Digger: A Literary Analysis of Radical Ideas in the English Revolution (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1979) Heninger, S K Jr Sidney and Spenser: The Poet as Maker (Pennsylvania and London, 1989) Herndl, George C The High Design: English Renaissance Tragedy and the Natural Law (Lexington, Kentucky, 1970) Hexter, J H More's Utopia: The Biography of an Idea (Princeton, New Jersey, 1952) 274 Select bibliography Hill, Christopher Puritanism and Revolution (London, 1958) Milton and the English Revolution (Harmondsworth, 1978) Hill, W Speed (ed.) Studies in Richard Hooker: Essays Preliminary to an Edition of his Works (Cleveland and London, 1972) Hobbes, Thomas Leviathan, ed C B Macpherson (Harmondsworth, 1968) Hodges, Devon L Renaissance Fictions of Anatomy (Amherst, 1985) Holdsworth, W S History of English Law (in 16 vols., London, 1903-64) Hooker, Richard Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity: An Abridged Edition, ed A S McGrade and Brian Vickers (London, 1975) Hoopes, Robert Right Reason in the English Renaissance (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1962) Howell, Wilbur Samuel Logic and Rhetoric in England, 1500-1700 (Princeton, New Jersey, 1956) Hunter, William B (ed.) A Milton Encyclopedia (Lewisburg, 1978), vol Hutcheson, Hon Joseph C Jr 'The Natural Law and the Right to Property', University of Notre Dame Natural Law Institute Proceedings, iv (1951), pp 43-73 Ives, E W 'The Law and the the Lawyers', Shakespeare Survey, 17 (1964), 72-86 James, John S Stroud's Judicial Dictionary of Words and Phrases (fourth edition, London, 1973), vol Johnson, S F Early Elizabethan Tragedies of the Inns of Court (Harvard Dissertations in American and English Literature, ed Stephen Orgel: New York and London, 1987) Jones, J Walter Historical Introduction to the Theory of Law (Oxford, 1940) Jones, W J The Elizabethan Court of Chancery (Oxford, 1967) Jordan, Constance Renaissance Feminism: Literary Texts and Political Models (Ithaca and London, 1990) Jowitt, Earl, and Walsh, Clifford The Dictionary of English Law (London, 1959) Keeton, George W Shakespeare's Legal and Political Background (London, 1967) Kerr, S Parnell 'Philip Sidney: Graian', Graya, 41 (1955), 48-52 Knafla, Louis A Law and Politics in Jacobean England: The Tracts of Lord Chancellor Ellesmere (Cambridge, 1977) Knight, W Nicholas 'Equity, The Merchant of Venice and William Lambarde', Shakespeare Survey, 27 (1974), 93-104 'The Narrative Unity of Book V of The Faerie Queene: "That Part of Justice which is Equity"', Review of English Studies, n.s 21 (1970), 267-94 Kropokin, Prince Peter Mutual A id (Harmondsworth, 1939) Lambarde, William Archeion or, A Discourse upon the High Courts of Justice in England (1635; MS 1591), ed C H Mcllwain and Paul L Ward (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1957) Leyden, von W Aristotle on Equality and Justice: His Political Argument (London, 1985) Lindheim, Nancy The Structures of Sidney's 'Arcadia' (Toronto, 1982) Lobban, Michael The Common Law and English Jurisprudence 1760-1850 (Oxford, 1991) Lodge, Thomas Defence of Poetry (1579), in Elizabethan Critical Essays, ed G Gregory Smith, vol 1, pp 61-86 Select bibliography 275 Logan, George M 'Interpreting Utopia: Ten Recent Studies and the Modern Critical Traditions', Moreana, 31 (1994), 203-58 Lord Lloyd of Hampstead, and Freeman, M D A Lloyd's Introduction to Jurisprudence (London, fifth edition, 1985) Lucas, J R On Justice (Oxford, 1980) Lumb, R D 'Natural Law and Positive Law: The doctrines of Aquinas and Suarez Compared with Later Theories' (D.Phil, Oxford, unpublished, 1958) Luther, Martin The Works of Martin Luther: 'The Philadelphia Edition' (Philadelphia, 1930), especially vol Luther's Works, ed Jaroslav Pelikan (in 56 vols., Saint Louis, 1958-86), especially vols 13 and 16 McCabe, Bernard 'Francis Bacon and the Natural Law Tradition', Natural Law Forum, 9(1964), 111-21 McCabe, Richard A Incest, Drama and Nature's Law 1550-1700 (Cambridge, 1993) McGinn, Donald J 'The Precise Angelo', in Joseph Quincy Adams Memorial Studies, ed James G McManaway, Giles E Dawson, and Edwin E Willoughby (Washington, 1948) pp 129-39 Mcllwain, Charles Howard The High Court of Parliament and its Supremacy: An Historical Essay on the Boundaries between Legislation and Adjudication in England (New Haven, 1910) MacKay, Maxine 'The Merchant of Venice: A Reflection of the Early Conflict Between Courts of Law and Courts of Equity', Shakespeare Quarterly, 15 (1964), 371-5 Macpherson, C B The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford 1962) Maine, Sir Henry Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society and its Relation to Modern Ideas, Notes by Sir Frederick Pollock (London, 1906; first pub 1861) Marc'Hadour, Germain 'Thomas More's Spirituality', St Thomas More: Action and Contemplation, ed Richard S Sylvester (New Haven and London, 1972), pp 125-59 Marius, Richard Thomas More: A Biography (London and Melbourne, 1984) Marrian, F J M Shakespeare at Grays Inn - a tentative theory (self-printed, 1967) Marshall, John S Hooker and the Anglican Tradition: An Historical and Theological Study of Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity (London, 1963) 'Richard Hooker and the Origins of American Constitutionalism', Origins of the Natural Law Tradition (Dallas, 1954), pp 46-68 Meyer, Hans The Philosophy of St Thomas Aquinas, trans Rev Frederic Eckhoff, (London, 1944)/ Miller, David Social Justice (Oxford, 1976) Milsom, S F C Historical Foundations of the Common Law (London, 1969) Milton, John The Prose Works in vols., ed various hands (London, 1870-3) The Complete Prose Works of John Milton, ed Don M Wolfe (New Haven, 1953-1983) Milton, Poetical Works, ed Douglas Bush (Oxford, 1966) The Mirror for Magistrates, ed Lily B Campbell (Cambridge, 1938) 276 Select bibliography Montaigne, Michel de The Complete Essays, ed M A Screech (London, 1987) Morawetz, Thomas, (ed.) Justice, The International Library of Essays in Law and Legal Theory (Aldershot, 1991) More, St Thomas Utopia, The Complete Works of St Thomas More, ed Edward Surtz S.J., and J H Hexter (New Haven and London, 1965), vol Utopia, ed George M Logan and Robert M Adams (Cambridge, 1989) Mulhall, Stephen, and Swift, Adam Liberals and Communitarians (Oxford, 1992) Murphy, James J Rhetoric in the Middle Ages A History of Rhetorical Theory from Saint Augustine to the Renaissance (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1974) Renaissance Rhetoric A Short-Title Catalogue of Works on Rhetorical Theory from the Beginning of Printing to A.D 1700 (New York and London, 1981) Murphy, James J (ed.) Renaissance Eloquence: Studies in the Theory and Practice of Renaissance Rhetoric (Los Angeles and London, 1983) Norbrook, David Poetry and Politics in the English Renaissance (London, 1984) Noyes, C Reinold The Institution of Property A Study of the Development, Substance and Arrangement of the System of Property in Modern AngloAmerican Law (New York, Toronto, London, 1936) Nozick, Robert, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Oxford, 1974) Oakley, Francis 'Medieval Theories of Natural Law: William of Ockham and the Significance of the Voluntarist Tradition', Natural Law Forum, (1961), 65-83 Ogilvie, Sir Charles The King's Government and the Common Law 1471-1641 (Oxford, 1958) O'Sullivan, Richard The Natural Law and Common Law', University of Notre Dame Natural Law Proceedings, (1950), 9-^A Patrides, C A Milton and the Christian Tradition (Oxford, 1966) Peacham, Henry The Garden of Eloquence (1577), facsimile of 1593 edition, introduced by William G Crane (Gainsville, Florida, 1954) Phillips, James E 'Renaissance Concepts of Justice and the Structure of The Faerie Queen, Book V , Huntingdon Library Quarterly, 33 (1970), 103-120 Philips, O Hood The Law Relating to Shakespeare 1564-1964', Law Quarterly Review, 80 (1964), 172-202 and 399-430 Plato The Republic, Loeb edition, trans Paul Shorey (London and Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1953) Plucknett, T F T A Concise History of the Common Law (London, 1956) Pollock, Sir Frederick, and Maitland, F W The History of English Law before Edward I (second edition, Cambridge, 1923) Posner, Richard A Law and Literature: A Misunderstood Relation (Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, 1988) Postema, Gerald J Bentham and the Common Law Tradition (Oxford, 1986) Potter, Robert, 'Divine and Human Justice' Aspects of Early English Drama, ed Paula Neuss (Cambridge, 1983), pp 129-141 Poynet, John A Short Treatise of politike power and of the true Obedience which subiectes owe to kynges and other ciuile Gouernours, with an Exhortation to al true naturall Englishe men (London, 1556) Select bibliography 277 Prest, Wilfrid R The Inns of Court under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts 15901640 (London, 1972) The Rise of the Barristers A Social History of the English Bar 1590-1640 (Oxford, 1986) Puttenham, George The Arte of English Poesie, ed Gladys Doidge Willcox and Alice Walker (Cambridge, 1936) Rainolds, John Oratio in Laudem Artis Poeticae, English trans Walter Allen Jr., Introduction and commentary William Ringler (Princeton, 1940) Raitiere, Martin N 'More's Utopia and The City of God, Studies in the Renaissance, 20 (1973), 144-68 Rawls, John A Theory of Justice (Oxford, 1971) Rommen, Heinrich A The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy, trans Thomas R Hanley (London, 1947) Rosenblatt, Jason P Tor ah and Law in 'Paradise Lost' (Princeton, New Jersey, 1994) Ruthrof, Horst Pandora and Occam: On the Limits of Language and Literature (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1992) Schoeck, Richard J 'Lawyers and Rhetoric in Sixteenth-Century England', in Renaissance Rhetoric, ed James J Murphy, pp 274-91 Thomas More and Lincoln's Inn Revels', Philological Quarterly, 29 (1950), 426-30 'Rhetoric and Law in Sixteenth-Century England', Studies in Philology, 50 (1953), 110-27 'Canon Law in England on the Eve of the Reformation', Mediaeval Studies, 25 (1963), 125-47 'Common Law and Canon Law', in St Thomas More: Action and Contemplation, ed Richard S Sylvester (New Haven and London, 1972), pp 17-55 Selden, John De lure Naturaliet Gentium (London, 1639/1640), Bodleian Library Shakespeare, William The Complete Works, ed Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor (Oxford, 1986) Measure for Measure, ed Brian Gibbons (Cambridge, 1991) Love's Labour's Lost, ed Richard David, The Arden Shakespeare (fifth edition, London, 1956) Love's Labour's Lost, ed G R Hibbard, The Oxford Shakespeare (Oxford and New York, 1990) Shklar, Judith N The Faces of Injustice (New Haven and London, 1990) Shuger, Debora K Sacred Rhetoric: The Christian Grand Style in the English Renaissance (Princeton, New Jersey, 1988) Sidney, Sir Philip The Old Arcadia, ed Katherine Duncan-Jones and Jean Robertson (Oxford and New York, 1985) A Defence of Poetry, in Miscellaneous Prose of Sir Philip Sidney, ed Katherine Duncan-Jones and Jan van Dorsten (Oxford, 1973) Sisson, C J Shakespeare's Tragic Justice (London, 1963) Skinner, Quentin 'More's Utopia', Past and Present, 38 (1967), 153-68 Foundations of Modern Political Thought (in vols., Cambridge, 1978) 'Sir Thomas More's Utopia and the Language of Renaissance Humanism', ed Anthony Pagden, The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp 123-57 278 Select bibliography Smith, G Gregory (ed) Elizabethan Critical Essays (2 vols London, 1904) Smith, Nigel Perfection Proclaimed: Language and Literature in English Radical Religion 1640-1660 (Oxford, 1989) 'Forms of Kingship in King Lear\ in Critical Essays on 'King Lear', ed Linda Cookson and Bryan Loughrey (Harlow, n.d.) T h e Charge of Atheism and the Language of Radical Speculation, 1640-1660', in Atheism from the Reformation to the Enlightenment, ed Michael Hunter and David Wooton (Oxford, 1992), 131-158 Smith, Sir Thomas, (attrib.) A Discourse of the Commonwealth of this Realm of England, ed Mary Dewar (Folger Documents of Tudor and Stuart Civilization, Charlottesville, 1969) Sokol, B J 'The Merchant of Venice and the Law Merchant', Renaissance Studies, (1992), 60-7 Spenser, Edmund The Faerie Queene, ed Thomas P Roche Jr and C Patrick O'Donnell Jr (Harmondsworth, 1978) A View of the Present State of Ireland, ed W L Renwick (Oxford, 1970) Stillman, Robert E 'Justice and the "Good Word", in Sidney's The Lady of May', Studies in English Literature, 24 (1984), pp 23-38 Sturm, Douglas 'Natural Law' entry in The Encyclopedia of Religion, ed Mircea Eliade (New York and London, 1987), vol 10, pp 318-24 Terrill, Richard J 'William Lambarde: Elizabethan Humanist and Legal Historian', Journal of Legal History, (1985), 157-78 'Humanism and Rhetoric in Legal Education: The Contribution of Sir John Dodderidge (1555-1628)', Journal of Legal History, (1981), 30-44 Thomas, Keith 'The Puritans and Adultery The Act of 1650 Reconsidered', Puritans and Revoutionaries Essays in Seventeenth Century History Presented to Christopher Hill, ed Donald Pennington and Keith Thomas (Oxford, 1978), pp 257-82 Thorne, S E Essays in English Legal History (London and Ronceverte, 1985) Tonkin, Humphrey The Faerie Queene (London, 1989) Trigg, Roger Ideas of Human Nature: An Historical Introduction (Oxford, 1988) Tuck, Richard Natural Rights Theories (Cambridge, 1979) Turner, James Grantham One Flesh: Paradisal Marriage and Sexual Relations in the Age of Milton (Oxford, 1987) Vaihinger, Hans Philosophic des Als Ob, trans C K Ogden, The Philosophy of 'As//'(London, 1924) van Caenegem, R C The Birth of the English Common Law (second edition, Cambridge, 1973, 1988) Veall, Donald The Popular Movement for Law Reform 1640-1660 (Oxford, 1970) Vickers, Brian ' "The Power of Persuasion": Images of the Orator, Elyot to Shakespeare', in Renaissance Eloquence, ed James J, Murphy, pp 411-35 Vinogradoff, Paul 'Reason and conscience in Sixteenth-Century Jurisprudence', Law Quarterly Review, 24 (1908), 373-84 Wallace, Malcolm William The Life of Sir Philip Sidney (Cambridge, 1915) Weinred, Lloyd L Natural Law and Justice (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987) Weston, Corinne Comstock, and Greenberg, Janelle Renfrow Subjects and Select bibliography 279 Sovereigns: The Grand Controversy over Legal Sovereignty in Stuart England (Cambridge, 1981) White, Frederic [sic] R Famous Utopias of the Renaissance (New York, 1966) White, R S 'Oaths and the Anticomic Spirit in Love's Labour's Lost1, in Shakespeare and Some Others, ed Alan Brissenden (Adelaide, 1976), pp 11-29 Innocent Victims: Poetic Injustice in Shakespearean Tragedy (second edition, London, 1986) White, Stephen D Sir Edward Coke and the Grievances of the Commonwealth (Manchester, 1979) Wiggins, Martin Journeymen in Murder: The Assassin in English Renaissance Drama (Oxford, 1991) Wilks, John S The Idea of Conscience in Renaissance Tragedy (New York, 1990) Wilson, Richard 'The Quality of Mercy: Discipline and Punishment in Shakespearian Comedy', The Seventeenth Century, (1990), 1-42 Wilson, Thomas The Arte of Rhetorique (1553), facsimile introduced by Robert Hood Bowers (Gainesville, Florida, 1962) Winstanley The Law of Freedom and Other Writings, ed Christopher Hill (Cambridge, 1973, 1983) Wootton, David, (ed.) Divine Right and Democracy: An Anthology of Writing in Stuart England (Harmondsworth, 1986) Young, G M 'Shakespeare and the Termers', Annual Shakespeare Lecture for the British Academy, Proceedings of the British Academy, 33 (1947) Index 'As-If, philosophy of 91-106, 137, 210, 235 Aboriginal Australians 19, 121 Adams, Robert M 107n admiratio 85 American Declaration of Independence 17 American War of Independence 19 Anabaptists 123, 127 anagnorisis 80 anatomy 188 Andrews, Mark Edwin 160, 173n Anglo-Saxons 236 Apostles 123 Aptekar, Jane 60n Aquinas, Saint Thomas, Summa xi, xii, xiii, xiv, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 19n, 22, 29-36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 55, 57, 79, 82, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 110, 120, 125-6, 134, 135, 138, 139, 148, 151, 154, 156, 176, 185, 201, 217, 220, 224, 228, 230, 238, 240, 244, 246, 251, 252-4 Archaionomia see Lambarde, William Aristotle 4, 21, 23-5, 33, 55, 57, 61, 79, 82, 100, 118, 122, 123, 144, 190,210,214, 248; Nichomachean Ethics 23-5, 80; Politics 54; Poetics 79, 92; Rhetorica 82 attainder 152 Augustine, Saint 1, 34, 99, 134; De Doctrina Christiana 82-3 Austin, John 12 Bacon, Sir Francis 2, 47, 49, 53,73, 74, 75; The Advancement of Learning 57-9, 95, 224 Baker, J H 75n Baker, Sir Richard 74n Baker-Smith, Dominic 108n, 116n Baldwin, William 76, 151 Ball, John 123 Barber, C L 105 Barfield, Owen 89n, 92n Barker, Arthur E 223 Bartolus 87n Barton, Anne 174n bastardy 280 Bauman, Michael 227n Bennett, Joan S 230, 217n Benson, Pamela Joseph 67n, 69n Bentham, Jeremy 12, 56, 87, 90, 91, 92, 243 Berman Harold J 29 Berry, Ralph 149 Bible 19, 56, 78, 171, 180, 226, 227, 228, 233 Bills of Rights 17 Birks, Peter 87n, 91n birth control 36 Blackstone 87n, 243 Blake, William 115, 236, 249 Bobbio, Norberto xin, Bond, Edward Bingo 212 Bouwsma, William J 38n, 40n Bowers, R H 84n Bracton, Henry of 44-5 Bradley, A C 185n Brunner, Emil 195 Buck, Sir George 73 Buckle, Stephen 122n, 125n Bunyan, John 235 Busleyden, Jerome 133 Butterfield, Herbert xiii Cade, Jack 123 Cahn, Edmond N 213 Calvin's Case 53 Calvin, John xi, xiv, 13, 33, 36-43, 54, 55, 69, 110,133,134,138,142,167,185,212, 217, 219, 228, 234-5, 239, 242, 244, 247 Cambridge 76, 83, 151 Camden, William 95, 226 Campbell, Gordon 227n Campbell, Lily B 76 Campion, Thomas 74, 75 Canon Law 46, 109 Canute, King 236 Cato 10 Cecil, Anne 95 Cecil, William 95 Chancery, Court of 25, 46-50, 54, 70, 84, 87,89,90,110,160,167 Charles I 218, 220 Index Charles II 220-1 Cheney, Donald 65, 70, 6In, 65n, 69n, 161 Chillingworth, William 223 Christ, Jesus 122-3 Cicero 4, 10, 19, 26-9, 35, 57, 78, 79, 112; De Oratore 81, \ll\De Ratione Dicendi 81; Philippics 221 Cioni, Maria L 47n, 49n, 63n, 64n Civil Law see Roman Law Civil War, American Civil War, English 1, 19, 37, 217 Cnut, King 171 Coke, Sir Edward 47, 48, 49, 54, 73, 74, 87n,161 Colet, John 123 Colie, Rosalie 22n Collier, Jeremy 249 Collingbourne, 'The Poet' 77 Common Pleas 90 common law 25, 46-50, 52, 67, 69, 72-92, 145, 152,159, 167, 188 Commonwealth, English 50, 123^4 communism 121-32 Concordance of Discordant Canons, A 29 Copleston, F C 10 Cornish uprising (1497) 116, 123 Cotterell, Roger 195, 243 Cox, Leonard The Art or Craft of Rhetoric 83-4,117 Cromwell, Oliver 234 Cyrus 98 d'Entreves, A P 2n, 13, 96n Danby, John 27n, 185n, 198n Darwin, Charles 9, 197-8 Davies, Sir John 74 Davis, Walter R 137n Davison, Francis 75 Dawson, J G 99 De Legibus 26ff De Re Publica 26ff Deakins, Roger 132 Declaration des Droits 17 Demosthenes 78 Descartes, Renee 15 Dickens, Charles Bleak House 48, 91 Diggers 125 Diocletian 122 Dipple, Elizabeth 144n Dobson, Michael 248 Doctor Faustus, see Marlowe, Christopher Doddridge, John 53, 84 Dolman, John 76 Donne, John 5, 42, 74, 188n Dry den, John 248, 249 Dudley family 95 281 Duncan-Jones, Katherine 95n, 137n Dunseath, T K 60n ecclesiastical courts 152 Eden, Kathy 24, 80-1, 105n Edwards, Thomas 172 ejectment 89-90 Elizabeth I, Queen 54, 64, 66, 68, 73, 151, 152,225 Ellesmere, Lord 48, 173 Elton, William 185n,201n Elyot, Sir Thomas The Governour 83, 150 enclosures 116-17, 130 equity 25, 30, 45, 50, 51-4, 63-70, 76, 87, 88, 115-20, 146, 159, 164^-7, 173, 182, 183, 188 Erasmus 107, 110, 111,123 eternal law 30-1, 45 Euce, JohnD 161 Everett, Barbara 20In Fall of Princes 76 Faustus, Doctor (historical) 51 Ferrers, George 76 fictions, legal 72, 87-92, 111-15 fictions, poetic 92-106 Fifth Amendment (USA) 19 Finkelpearl, Philip 73, 74, 75 Finnis, John 3, 28n, 31n, 32n, 33n, 36, 122n, 250n Fisch, Henry 95 Fleisher, Martin 123 Flick, Geoffrey A 17 Ford, John xii, xiv, 'Tis Pity She's a Whore 41,42 forms of action 89 Fortescue, Sir John 45, 60, 233 Fox,Alistair 107n, 108n Fraunce, Abraham 84 Freud, Sigmund 232 Frye, Northrop 105, 148, 149 Fulbecke, William 84 Fuller, Lon 18n, 88 Fundamental Law 217 Gaius Corpus Iuris Civilis 27-9, 89, 91, 98 Gascoigne, George 74, 75 German, Saint, Doctor and Student 2, 49, 50-4, 55, 57 Gerson 50 Gesta Grayorum 75, 149 Gobetti, Daniela xin Golden Aphroditis, The 74 Goldman, Michael 21 On Gorboduc 75, 76, 83, 85 Gosson, Stephen 92-3, 96 282 Index Gough, J W 48n Grange, John 74 Gratian 29, 30, 36 Gray's Inn 73-7, 95, 149,151 Green,J.Wigfalll51n Green, Thomas A 49n, 50n Greenblatt, Stephen 107n Greene, Robert A 28n, 40n Gregg, Pauline 217n Gregory, Saint 123 Greville, Fulke 95 Grey, Lord 70 Grocyn 109 Grotius, Hugo 2, 3, 28 Halkett, John 232 Hamilton, A C 63n Hamilton, Donna B 183nn Hart H L A 16, 169 Hartlib, Samuel 216 Harvey, William 188n Hawes, Stephen The Pastime of Pleasure 79 Hazlitt, William 185n Heninger, S K 99, 147 Henry II 89 Henry VI 112 Henry VIII 46, 110, 116, 129,231 Heraclitus 21-3, 32 Herbert, George 103, 104, 235 Herndl, George C xii, xiv, xv, 2, 14n, 33n, 40,42 Hexter, J.H 107n, 109, 11 In, 121, 123n, 131 Hey wood, Jasper 151 Hibbard,G R 148n, 150 Hill, Christopher 237n Hill, W Speed 55n Hippocrates 56 Hiroshima xvi Hitler, Adolf 196 Hobbes, Thomas Leviathan xi, xiii, xiv, 7-8, 12-16,18,23,29,33,35,42,54,70, 138 185,192,197,199,200,243-51 Hodges, Devon L 188n Hooker, Richard xi, xiv, 73, 75, 76; Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity 54-7, 217, 228, 230-1 Hoopes, Robert xiv, 2, 15n, 3In, 223 Hume, Robert Hunter, William B 227n Huxley, Thomas ideology 111-15 incest - Inner Temple 73-7, 151 Inns of Chancery 73, 109 Inns of Court 8, 72, 73-7, 83, 85, 109, 150-8 ius gentium 2%, 40, 68, 144 ius naturale 29, 245 Ives, E.W 167 Jack Straw, The Life and Death of 123-4 James I 48, 102 Jerome, Saint 31, 123 Jocasta 75 Johnson, S.F 73, 85, 150n Jones, J Walter 28n, 36n, 88 Jonson, Ben 24, 49, 73, 76, 76, 161 Jordan, Constance xv, 145 Jowitt, Earl 88n Jury, trial by 49 Justinian, Institutes 26ff Keeton, George W 20, 160 kejime 19 Kentish Rebellion (1450) 123 Kerr, S Parnell 95n Kett, Robert 123 King's Bench 90, 160 King, John N.102n King, Martin Luther 13, 18 Knafla, Louis 47n, 48n Knight, G Wilson 180n, 185n Knight, W Nicholas 53n, 64, 65, 160 Koran 19 Kropotkin, Prince Petr 9, 108 Kuhn, Thomas 250 Lactantius 122 Lambarde, William 53, 160, 171 Landino 99 Lanham, Richard 137n Law of Nations see ius gentium Leicester, Earl of 95 Lenton, Francis 74n Levellers, 108 lex naturalis 29, 245 Lilburne, John 41, 50, 125, 217 Linacre 109 Lincoln's Inn 73-7, 110 Lindheim, Nancy 146n Littleton 74 Lodge, Thomas 74, 92-3, 104 Logan, George M 107n Lucretius 10 Luther, Martin xii, 5, 13, 36-43, 202, 219, 228,239, 244, 247 Lydgate, Thomas 76 Machiavellil5,247 MacKay, Maxine 160 Macpherson, C B 243n MagnaCarta 129 Index Maitland, F W 89n mala in se 24 mala prohibit a 24 Marcus, Leah 174n, 207n Marlowe, Christopher xii Doctor Faustus xii, 8, 10, 41, 42, 82, 136, 138 Marshall, John S 55n Marston, John 73, 74, 75 Marvell, Andrew 9, 103, 218, 234, 235 Marx, Karl 108, 121, 163 Mary Stuart 62, 67-8, 102, 188 Maxwell, J C 20In McCabe, Richard A xiv, 5, 35, 39, 136n, 137 McLuhan, Marshall 78 Medina 36 Merchant Law 161 Middle Temple 72-7, 151 Middleton, Thomas 24 Milsom, S F C 47n, 48, 53n Milton, John xiv, xv, , , , , , 1 , 22, 27, 38,40,41,70, 103, 104, 118, 134,152, 197, 216-42, 243, 244; Areopagitica 212, 214 , 222-4, 229, 234; Comus 135, 228-9, 238, 242, 248, 250; Defence of the English People, A 220-3; Divorce Tracts 38, 43, 172, 176, 231-4; History of Britain, The 236; On Education 216-18; Lycidas 238; On the Christian Doctrine 227-31; Paradise Lost 82, 212, 214-15, 217, 227, 230, 233, 234, 234-42, 250; Paradise Regained 238; Ready and Easy Way, The 225-6; Reason of Church Government, The 216; Samson Agonistes 238; Second Defence of the People of England, The 217, 221-3; Smectymnuus 234; Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, The 218, 225-6 Mirror for Magistrates, The 76, 83,151 Misfortunes of Arthur, The 75, 85 Moerbeke, William of 82 Montaigne, Michel 14 More, Sir Thomas, As Chancellor 47, 49, 50, 65, 75; Utopia xiv, xv, 3, 6, 9, 11, 13, 15, 22, 27, 43, 45, 58, 75, 94, 107-33, 137, 138, 148, 186, 192, 199, 206, 210, 215, 241, 246, 247, ^ ; Richard HI 120 Morton, Cardinal 112-13, 115, 117 Mosaic law 118, 171 Mulhall, Stephen 18n Murphy, James J 79n Natural Law Party 18n Natural philosophy 9-12, 27, 197, 217 283 Natural Rights 20 natural justice 17 Nazis xvi, 17, 196, 250 necessity 153 New Inn 109 Newlyn, Lucy 234n Nicholas, Barry 28 Norbrook, David 102n Norman Conquest 41, 47, 236 Norwich Rebellion (1549) 123 Nozick, Robert 18n nuclear weapons xvi, Nuremberg Trials 17 O'Connell, Michael 62 O'Sullivan, Richard 45n Oakley, Francis 35 Occam, William of 35 Ogilvie, Sir Charles 46n Orwell, George 1984 108 Osborn, P G 88n Oxford 76, 83, 95-6, 109, 151 Palmer, Samuel 241 Patrides, C A 38n, 56n Paul, Saint 56 Peacham, Henry The Garden of Eloquence 81, 84 Peasants' Revolt (1381) 123 perjury 152-8 Phaer, Thomas 76 Philips, Owen Hood 160 Plato, 123 The Republic 4, 19,21,22,78,90, 92, 96, 107, 113-14, 121-2; Laws 122, 130, 235 Pliny 10 poll tax 18 Pollock, Sir Frederick 160 Ponet, see Poynet Pope, the 36 Porter, H C 55n Potter, Robert 75n, 80 Poynet, John 41 pre-Socratics 4, 10, 21-3 Presbyterians 218 Prest, Wilfrid 73 Protestantism 33, 36-43, 55, 105, 116, 171, 219, 224, 235, 244 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 130 Provost of Castille 112 Psalms 41 Puritans 170-84, 230 Puttenham, George 72, 76, 84, 92>-A, 97, 100 Quintilian 81-2, 105 284 Index Rainolds, John 84; Oratio 85-7, 93, 100 Raleigh, Sir Walter 74 Ranald, Margaret Loftus 174n Ranters see Puritans Rawls,John 18n, 3In, 195 Reformation 36-43 Reid, Lord 17 Restoration 49, 236, 241 Revolution, Glorious 226 rhetoric 77-87 Richard, Duke of Gloucester 77 Robertson, Jean 137n Rochester, Earl of 14-15 Rolle, Richard 135 Roman Law xv, 23-9, 45-6, 48, 54, 64, 88-9,91-2, 109, 144, 165-7 Rommen, Heinrich A 12, 22, 32n, 243n Roper 110 Rosenblatt, P 216n Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 61 Rushdie, Salman 102 Ruthrof, Horst 180n Rymer, Thomas 201, 248-9 Salmasius, Claudius 220-1 Schoeck, R J 86n, 110 Scotus, Duns 35, 217 Selden, John 46, 73, 152,232-3 Seneca 112, 122 Serjeants' Inns 73 Sermon on the Mount 52 Shakespeare, William 22, 44, 55, 74, 76, 122, 138, 247; As You Like It U, 89, 98, 103, 104-6, 154; Comedy of Errors, The 11, 35, 74, 148, 150; Coriolanus 213 Cymbeline 186; Hamlet xi, xii, xv, 2, 3, 6, 30, 39, 41, 85; and Henry IV 44, 45, 73, 74, 75, 177, 211, 248; King Lear 5, 7, 8-9, 10, 12, 19, 35, 42, 45, 85, 136, 159, 185-215, 219-20, 236, 246, 247, 248; Love's Labour's Lost 11, 31-2, 38, 75, 136, 148-58, 159, 167, 169, 170, ^ , 182-4, 185, 197, 208, 210, 212, 213, 248; Macbeth 5, 35, 39, 41, 42, 85, 190, 213; Measure for Measure 7, 35 11,19,23-4,38,62,91,116,135,146, 149, 152, 158, 159, 164, 165, 170-84, 185, 190, 196, 233, 248; Merchant of Venice, The 24, 27, 52-3, 66, 85, 91, 146, 159-69, 174; Midsummer Night's Dream, A 11,35, 104, 137, 148, 154; Othello 7, 82, 85, 154, 201, 248, 249; Richard III xii; Romeo and Juliet 7, 154; Tempest, The 107, 211; Timon of Athens 102-3; Twelfth Night 74, 103, 104, 150 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 6, 8, 236, 249 Sherry, Richard 84 Shuger, Deborah K 78-9 Sidney, Sir Philip xiv, 3, 10, 73, 74 ,81, 84, 92, 104, 158, 235, 236; Arcadia 11, 24, 69, 76, 95, 96, 136, 137-48, 176, 178, 181, 183, 196, 211,230, 247; Defence of Poetry, The 33, 38, 87, 92, 94-101, 137, 141, 148,214,237 Skinner, Quentin 107n, 124n Smith, Gregory 93n Smith, Nigel 217n Smith, Thomas 116 Sokol, B.J 161 Sophists 21 -23 Sophocles Antigone 29 Soto, Dominic de 36 Spenser, Edmund, 74, 76, 103, 233, 235; The Faerie Queene xiv xvii, 3, 9, 11, 15, 38, 49, 54, 59-71, 90-1, 101-2, 104, 123, 126-9, 130, 135, 139, 145, 153, 208, 212, 222, 224, 228, 248; View of Ireland 60, 65, 66, 117, 129, 188; Shepheards Calender, The 102; Mother Hubbard's Tale 123 Stevenson, Kay Gililand 234n Stout, Jeffrey xin Stow, John 73 Stubbs, John 99n Suarez 36 Summa see Aquinas Supposes 75 Swift, Adam 18n Sylvester, Richard 110 synderesis 31, 52, 55, 57-8,69 Tate, Nahum 206, 212-13, 214, 247 Taylor, Gary 186 Tennenhouse, Leonard 99n Terrill, Richard J 53n Theocritus 10 Thomas, Keith 170ff Thomists 35, 36 Thompson, W D J C 54n Thorne, S E 48n Thrasymachus 22 Tourneur, Cyril xii Tristram Shandy xvii trover 90 Turner, James 230 Tyler, Wat ^ United Nations Declaration of Human Rights 17 Vaihinger, Hans 91 285 Index van Canegem, R C 46n Vespucci 107 Vickers, Brian 79n Vietnam conflict 17 Vinogradoff, Paul 53n Virgil 10, 122 Vitoria 36 White, R S 85n, 152n, 185n White, Stephen D 47 Wiggins, Martin 52n, 80n Wilks, John S xii, xiv, xv, 3In, 40 William the Conqueror 236 Wilson, Richard 182n Wilson, Thomas The Arte of Rhetorique Walsh, Clifford 88n Walsingham, Francis 95 Walwyn, William 41, 50, 217 Weber 250 Webster, John xii, xiv; The Duchess of Malfi 41 Wells, Stanley 186 Whichcote 214; Rule of Reason 84 Winstanley, Gerard 41, 125, 217 Wisdom 75 Wolfe, M 216n Wolsey, Cardinal 47, 110 Woodcock, George 108n Wootton, David217n Wortham, Christopher 187 79-81,84-6,96, 100,117, 191, 197, ... terms Natural Law and Law of Nature (by which I intend the same thing, in line with most Renaissance theorists), because in certain contexts I wish to distinguish it from natural law or natural. .. Natural Law in English Renaissance literature Natural Law in English Renaissance literature R S White Professor of English at the University of Western Australia... conscience In this formulation we find an explanation for one Natural Law in history and Renaissance literature of the great historical shifts in Natural Law thinking, which happened during the