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Reference Library
Cumulative Index
Westward
Expansion
WE-CU.tpgs 5/11/04 12:59 PM Page 1
Westward
Expansion
Reference Library
Cumulative Index
Allison McNeill,
Index Coordinator
Cumulates Indexes For:
Westward Expansion: Almanac
Westward Expansion: Biographies
Westward Expansion: Primary Sources
WE-CU.tpgs 5/11/04 12:59 PM Page 3
Westward Expansion: Biographies
Tom Pendergast and Sara Pendergast
Staff
Christine Slovey, U•X•L Senior Editor
Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor
Tom Romig, U•X•L Publisher
Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer
Dorothy Maki, Manufacturing Manager
Evi Seoud, Assistant Production Manager
Mary Beth Trimper, Production Director
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Michelle DiMercurio, Cover Art Director
Pamela A.E. Galbreath, Page Art Director
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Kelly A. Quin, Image Editor
Pamela A. Reed, Imaging Coordinator
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Randy Bassett, Image Database Supervisor
Barbara J. Yarrow, Graphic Services Supervisor
Marco Di Vita, Graphix Group, Typesetting
Cover photographs reproduced by permission of the Granger Collection
(Sarah Winnemucca) and from the Collections of the Library of Congress
(George Armstrong Custer, Geronimo, and Buffalo Bill Wagon).
Library of Congress Card Number: 00-109475
This publication is a creative work copyrighted by U•X•L and fully protected
by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret,
unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The author and editors of this
work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one
or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, ex-
pression, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this
publication will be vigorously defended.
Copyright © 2001 U•X•L, an imprint of The Gale Group
All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in
any form.
ISBN: 0-7876-4863-9
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Reader’s Guide vii
Timeline of Events in Westward Expansion ix
Words to Know xxi
Biographies
Stephen F. Austin 1
James P. Beckwourth 9
Black Hawk 17
Daniel Boone 25
James Bridger 31
Christopher “Kit” Carson 39
William “Buffalo Bill” Cody 49
James Fenimore Cooper 59
Crazy Horse 67
George Armstrong Custer 75
Wyatt Earp 83
Thomas “Broken Hand” Fitzpatrick 91
v
Contents
John Charles Frémont 99
Geronimo 109
Mifflin Wistar Gibbs 119
James J. Hill 125
Andrew Jackson 135
Jesse James 145
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark 155
Annie Oakley 165
Benjamin “Pap” Singleton 173
Belle Starr 181
John Augustus Sutter 189
Tecumseh 199
Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo 209
Narcissa Prentiss Whitman 217
Sarah Winnemucca 227
Brigham Young 237
Index 245
Westward Expansion: Biographiesvi
William “Buffalo Bill” Cody.
(Archive Photos, Inc.
Reproduced by permission.)
Sarah Winnemucca. (The
Granger Collection, New York.
Reproduced by permission.)
T
he westward expansion of the United States, which took
place between 1763 and 1890, is at once one of the most
romantic sagas of human accomplishment and one of the
bleakest tragedies of human cruelty. In just over one century,
American settlers, soldiers, and diplomats helped the United
States expand from a mere thirteen British colonies clinging
to the eastern seaboard to a sprawling nation stretching 3,000
miles from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.
Westward Expansion: Biographies presents the life sto-
ries of twenty-eight individuals who played key roles in the
westward expansion of the United States. Individuals were se-
lected to give readers a wide perspective on this era of Ameri-
can history. Included are diplomats, entrepreneurs, explorers,
frontiersman, Native American leaders, politicians, pioneers,
and outlaws. Westward Expansion: Biographies includes well-
known figures such as Daniel Boone, James Fenimore Cooper,
and Annie Oakley, as well as lesser-known individuals such as
Benjamin “Pap” Singleton, a leader of the “Kansas Exodus,”
and Mariano Vallejo, a Mexican rancher and politician who
campaigned for the U.S. annexation of California.
vii
Reader’s Guide
Format
The entries in Westward Expansion: Biographies contain
sidebars that highlight people and events of special interest;
each entry offers a list of additional sources students can go
to for more information, including sources used in writing
the chapter. More than sixty-five black-and-white pho-
tographs and maps help illustrate the material covered in the
text. The volume begins with a timeline of important events
in the history of westward expansion and a “Words to Know”
section that introduces students to difficult or unfamiliar
terms (terms are also defined within the text). The volume
concludes with a subject index so students can easily find the
people, places, and events discussed throughout Westward Ex-
pansion: Biographies.
Dedication
To our children, Conrad and Louisa, who have jour-
neyed with us on our own westward trek.
Special Thanks
Special thanks are due to Lynne E. Heckman, teacher
of American history at Valley View Middle School in Sno-
homish, Washington, for helping us understand the needs
and interests of middle school students and teachers, and to
the many historians and writers whose work on the West we
filtered through our minds as we prepared this collection.
Comments and Suggestions
We welcome your comments on Westward Expansion:
Biographies and suggestions for other topics in history to con-
sider. Please write: Editors, Westward Expansion: Biographies,
U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd., Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331-
3535; call toll-free: 1-800-877-4253; fax to (248) 414-5043; or
send e-mail via http://www.galegroup.com.
Westward Expansion: Biographiesviii
1622 Indian chief Powhatan’s younger brother, Opecha-
nough, starts the first Indian war by attacking
colonists in Jamestown, Virginia, to protest white use
of Indian land.
1754 The French defeat George Washington and American
colonists fighting for the British at the Battle of Fort
Necessity on July 3–4, beginning the French and Indi-
an War.
1763 The first Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the French
and Indian War. Under the treaty, France relinquishes
its claim to Canada and the Ohio Valley to England
ix
Timeline of Events in
Westward Expansion
1611
King James
version of the
Bible is
published
1750
The Industrial
Revolution begins
in England
1650
England’s first
coffeehouse
opens
1692
Aesop’s
Fables is
published
1600 1650 1700 1763
and hands over its holdings west of the Mississippi
River to Spain.
1763 Hoping to end Indian attacks in the Ohio Valley, the
British issue the Proclamation of 1763, which recalls
all settlers from west of the Appalachian crest and for-
bids further emigration into the area.
1769 Catholic missionary Father Junipero Serra and the
Spanish army establish the first of twenty-one mis-
sions along the coast of California. Serra directs sol-
diers to round up the Native North Americans and
bring them, by force if necessary, to the missions.
1775 After years of hunting in and exploring the rich
forests of Kentucky, Daniel Boone cuts the first road
over the Cumberland Gap to found Boonesborough
in Kentucky in 1775.
1776 The Revolutionary War begins. Among the many fac-
tors contributing to the war are clashes between
colonists and the British over access to land west of
the Appalachians.
1783 The Revolutionary War ends. The second Treaty of
Paris grants the newly formed United States of Ameri-
ca its independence. The United States gains all of the
territory from the Great Lakes south to the Gulf of
Mexico and from the Appalachian Mountains west to
the Mississippi River.
1783 To raise funds, the newly formed U.S. government
claims all of the Indian lands east of the Mississippi
River (consisting of present-day Indiana, Kentucky,
Ohio, and Tennessee) to sell to settlers. The Chippe-
wa, Delaware, Kickapoo, Miami, Ottawa, Potawatomi,
Shawnee, and Wyandot nations and some Iroquois
Westward Expansion: Biographiesx
1765
The steam engine
is invented
1789
George
Washington takes
office as the first
U.S. president
1775
Alexander
Cummings receives
first patent for a
flush toilet
1771
The first
Encyclopedia
Britannica is
published
1763 1770 1775 1780
warriors join together to oppose the invasion of U.S.
settlers into their territory.
1803 The United States purchases from France more than
800,000 acres of land west of the Mississippi River for
$15 million. The Louisiana Purchase doubles the size
of the United States. This territory today makes up the
states of Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri,
Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and
South Dakota and parts of Colorado, Minnesota, and
Wyoming.
1804 Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and their en-
tourage set out from St. Louis, Missouri, on May 14 to
determine whether the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific
Ocean are linked by a river system. Finding no such
water connection, they pioneer an overland route
across the Rocky Mountains.
1806 The Lewis and Clark expedition returns to St. Louis on
September 23 after nearly twenty-eight months of ex-
ploration. The expedition had been given up for lost,
and its return is celebrated throughout the country.
1810 Governor of Indiana territory William Henry Harrison
and Shawnee warrior Tecumseh meet in Vincennes,
Indiana, to try to negotiate a peace agreement. Their
efforts are unsuccessful.
1812 The War of 1812 begins. In a war that is often called
the Second War for Independence, Americans seek to
finally eliminate the British presence in the Old
Northwest and to end British attacks on American
ships carrying goods to France.
1813 Shawnee warrior Tecumseh is killed at the Battle of
the Thames in Ontario.
Timeline xi
1800
The Library of
Congress is
established
1810
Homeopathic
medicine is
pioneered by
Samuel
Hahnemann
1805
Tangerines first
reach Europe
1800 1805 1810 1812
[...]... Great Migration, the name given to the first major exodus of emigrants westward, draws one thousand settlers onto the Oregon Trail 1838 Slaves mutiny on the Spanish ship Amistad 1837 Blacks are given the right to vote in Canada 1830 1840 A worldwide cholera epidemic that will last twenty two years begins 1840 xiv 1842 Westward Expansion: Biographies 1843 A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens is published... Huckleberry Finn is published 1888 George Eastman introduces the Kodak camera 1884 1888 xx 1900 Jazz music originates in New Orleans 1890 Westward Expansion: Biographies 1900 Words to Know A Annexation: The addition of territory to a country Annexation became an issue in westward expansion when Southerners called for the United States to annex the Republic of Texas C Californios: Descendants of the original... California is admitted to the Union as a free state, and a new and 1847 The first U.S postage stamps are sold to the public 1846 1847 xvi 1848 The first women’s rights convention is organized 1848 Westward Expansion: Biographies 1850 Levi Strauss sews first pair of blue jeans 1850 tougher fugitive slave law replaces the poorly enforced Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 1851 James P Beckwourth guides the first wagon... George Armstrong Custer discovers gold in the Black Hills of South Dakota, sacred 1869 The Suez Canal is opened to traffic 1868 xviii 1871 The Second German Reich is proclaimed at Versailles 1872 Westward Expansion: Biographies 1873 San Francisco’s cable streetcar begins service 1874 land for the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and other tribes In violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty, gold miners flood the Black... votes in favor of the Indian Removal Act on May 28 The act calls for the removal— 1820 The Venus de Milo is discovered 1814 1820 xii 1825 The world’s first wire-suspension bridge opens 1825 Westward Expansion: Biographies 1830 The U.S population reaches 12.9 million 1830 voluntary or forced—of all Indians to lands west of the Mississippi 1830 James Bridger, Thomas “Broken Hand” Fitzpatrick, and Milton... emigrants westward on the Oregon Trail that began in 1843 and eventually carried some 350,000 settlers to the West Great Plains: The vast area of rolling grasslands between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains H Homestead Act of 1862: An act passed by Congress that gave settlers up to 160 acres of free land if they settled on it and made improvements over a five-year span This xxii Westward Expansion:. .. settlers to the gold fields of California R Rendezvous: A gathering or meeting The annual mountain man Rendezvous was a gathering of trappers and traders in the Rocky Mountain region At the Renxxiv Westward Expansion: Biographies dezvous, fur trappers sold the furs and bought the goods that would allow them to survive through the next year The mountain men entertained themselves during the Rendezvous with... preserving his family’s name, never even taking the time to marry and start his own family When Austin returned to his family in 1810 at the age of seventeen, he quickly proved an adept manager and 2 Westward Expansion: Biographies took on more and more responsibility at the mines over the next few years By 1817, Moses granted Stephen full control over the mines for a five-year period while Moses nurtured other... would arrange to meet with influential men in his territory, including the various Mexican presidents over the years He gained the friendship of many people who helped him continue with his 4 Westward Expansion: Biographies colonization plans as Mexico established its independent government In April 1824 Texas became part of a state of Mexico By this time Austin had decided to spend his life in Texas... followed, and soon the settlers had drafted a proposal for the Mexican government These conventions were illegal in Mexico, and Austin was arrested and jailed for a year for his part in the affair 6 Westward Expansion: Biographies While Austin was in jail, immigrants flooded into Texas Cantrell estimates that the population of Texas reached nearly thirty thousand Upon Austin’s return to the colony, Austin’s . For:
Westward Expansion: Almanac
Westward Expansion: Biographies
Westward Expansion: Primary Sources
WE-CU.tpgs 5/11/04 12:59 PM Page 3
Westward Expansion:. comments on Westward Expansion:
Biographies and suggestions for other topics in history to con-
sider. Please write: Editors, Westward Expansion: Biographies,
U•X•L,
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