22 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY SUPPLEMENT EWB SUP htptp 8/4/03 3:19 PM Page 1 A Z SUPPLEMENT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 22 EWB SUP htptp 8/4/03 3:19 PM Page 3 Project Editor Andrea Kovacs Henderson Editorial Laura Avery, Luann Brennan, Leigh Ann DeRemer, Jennifer Mossman, Tracie Ratiner Editorial Support Services Andrea Lopeman Permissions Margaret Chamberlain Imaging and Multimedia Robert Duncan, Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Lezlie Light, Dan Newell, David G. Oblender, Robyn V. Young Manufacturing Stacey Melson © 2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design™ and Thomson Learning ™ are trademarks used herein under license. For more information, contact The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. For permission to use material from this product, submit your request via Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: Permissions Department The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgments constitute an extension of the copyright notice. While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of the data contained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future editions. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 0-7876-5284-9 ISSN 1099-7326 Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, Volume 22 INTRODUCTION vii ADVISORY BOARD ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi OBITUARIES xiii TEXT 1 HOW TO USE THE INDEX 436 INDEX 437 CONTENTS v The study of biography has always held an impor- tant, if not explicitly stated, place in school curricula. The absence in schools of a class specifically devoted to studying the lives of the giants of human history belies the focus most courses have always had on people. From ancient times to the present, the world has been shaped by the decisions, philosophies, inventions, discoveries, artistic creations, medical breakthroughs, and written works of its myriad personalities. Librarians, teachers, and students alike recognize that our lives are immensely enriched when we learn about those individuals who have made their mark on the world we live in today. Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement, Vol- ume 22, provides biographical information on 200 in- dividuals not covered in the 17-volume second edition of Encyclopedia of World Biography (EWB) and its sup- plements, Volumes 18, 19, 20, and 21. Like other vol- umes in the EWB series, this supplement represents a unique, comprehensive source for biographical infor- mation on those people who, for their contributions to human culture and society, have reputations that stand the test of time. Each original article ends with a bibli- ographic section. There is also an index to names and subjects, which cumulates all persons appearing as main entries in the EWB second edition, the Volume 18, 19, 20, and 21 supplements, and this supplement—nearly 8,000 people! Articles. Arranged alphabetically following the letter- by-letter convention (spaces and hyphens have been ignored), articles begin with the full name of the person profiled in large, bold type. Next is a boldfaced, de- scriptive paragraph that includes birth and death years in parentheses. It provides a capsule identification and a statement of the person’s significance. The essay that follows is approximately 2000 words in length and of- fers a substantial treatment of the person’s life. Some of the essays proceed chronologically while others con- fine biographical data to a paragraph or two and move on to a consideration and evaluation of the subject’s work. Where very few biographical facts are known, the article is necessarily devoted to an analysis of the subject’s contribution. Following the essay is a bibliographic section arranged by source type. Citations include books, peri- odicals, and online Internet addresses for World Wide Web pages, where current information can be found. Portraits accompany many of the articles and pro- vide either an authentic likeness, contemporaneous with the subject, or a later representation of artistic merit. For artists, occasionally self-portraits have been included. Of the ancient figures, there are depictions from coins, engravings, and sculptures; of the moderns, there are many portrait photographs. Index. The EWB Supplement index is a useful key to the encyclopedia. Persons, places, battles, treaties, institutions, buildings, inventions, books, works of art, ideas, philosophies, styles, movements—all are indexed for quick reference just as in a general encyclopedia. The index entry for a person includes a brief identifica- tion with birth and death dates and is cumulative so that any person for whom an article was written who appears in the second edition of EWB (volumes 1-16) and its supplements (volumes 18-22) can be located. The subject terms within the index, however, apply only to volume 22. Every index reference includes the title of the article to which the reader is being directed as well as the volume and page numbers. Because EWB Supplement, Volume 22, is an ency- clopedia of biography, its index differs in important ways from the indexes to other encyclopedias. Basi- cally, this is an index of people, and that fact has sev- eral interesting consequences. First, the information to which the index refers the reader on a particular topic is always about people associated with that topic. Thus the entry ‘Quantum theory (physics)’ lists articles on INTRODUCTION vii people associated with quantum theory. Each article may discuss a person’s contribution to quantum theory, but no single article or group of articles is intended to provide a comprehensive treatment of quantum theory as such. Second, the index is rich in classified entries. All persons who are subjects of articles in the encyclo- pedia, for example, are listed in one or more classifica- tions in the index—abolitionists, astronomers, engi- neers, philosophers, zoologists, etc. The index, together with the biographical articles, make EWB Supplement an enduring and valuable source for biographical information. As school course work changes to reflect advances in technology and fur- ther revelations about the universe, the life stories of the people who have risen above the ordinary and earned a place in the annals of human history will continue to fascinate students of all ages. We Welcome Your Suggestions. Mail your com- ments and suggestions for enhancing and improving the Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement to: The Editors Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement Gale Group 27500 Drake Road Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Phone: (800) 347-4253 viii INTRODUCTION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY ix John B. Ruth Library Director Tivy High School Library Kerrville, Texas Judy Sima Media Specialist Chatterton Middle School Warren, Michigan James Jeffrey Tong Manager, History and Travel Department Detroit Public Library Detroit, Michigan Betty Waznis Librarian San Diego County Library San Diego, California ADVISORY BOARD Photographs and illustrations appearing in the Encyclo- pedia of World Biography Supplement, Volume 22, have been used with the permission of the following sources: AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTOS: Abdullah II, Mortimer Adler, Steve Allen, Chet Atkins, Burt Bacharach, Leonard Baskin, Alan Bean, Charles William Beebe, Osama bin Laden, Leonardo Boff, Bennett Cerf, Eugene Cernan, Jewel Plummer Cobb, Charles “Pete” Conrad, Colin Davis, Elmer Holmes Davis, Fats Domino, Thomas A. Dorsey, Dale Earnhardt, Marriner Stoddard Eccles, Ju- dah Folkman, John Frederick Fuller, Casimir Funk, Robert Gallo, Erle Stanley Gardner, Dan George, Edith Hamilton, Lionel Hampton, Howard Hawks, Chester Himes, John Huston, John Irving, James Irwin, Garrison Keillor, Patrick Kelly, Walt Kelly, Jack Lemmon, Miriam Makeba, Walter Matthau, Edgar Dean Mitchell, Ashley Montagu, Willard Motley, Pervez Musharraf, Youssou N’Dour, Carroll O’Connor, John Joseph O’Connor, Grace Paley, Jean-Pierre Rampal, Nicholas Ray, Judith A. Resnik, Allan Rex Sandage, Harrison “Jack” Schmitt, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, William Schuman, George C. Scott, Eric Sevareid, Ravi Shankar, George Stevens, Roger Vadim, Richie Valens, Edward Bennett Williams, Mohammad Zahir Shah JERRY BAUER: Andre Brink, Stanley Kunitz CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES/SPECIAL COLLECTIONS LIBRARY: Alice Eastwood CATHOLIC NEWS SERVICE: Basil Cardinal Hume BEVERLY CLEARY: Beverly Cleary CORBIS: Claudio Abbado, Sofonisba Anguissola, He- lena Petrovna Blavatsky, Louise Boyd, John Cabell Breckinridge, Thomas Alexander Browne, Edward Bul- wer-Lytton, Emma Perry Carr, Joseph H. Choate, Rufus Choate, James Couzens, Tilly Edinger, John Arbuthnot Fisher, John Frankenheimer, Alfred Mossman Landon, Tom Landry, Marie Lavoisier, Jacques Loeb, Reinhold Messner, Dhan Gopal Mukerji, Christabel Pankhurst, Mary E. Pennington, Jean Renoir, John Ross, Joan Suther- land, Gustavus Franklin Swift, Pinchas Zukerman DOVER PUBLICATIONS: David Einhorn, Robert Henri FISK UNIVERSITY LIBRARY: Juliette Derricotte, Robert Hayden MARK GERSON: Dan Jacobson GETTY IMAGES: Vladimir Ashkenazy, Sidney Bechet, Harrison Birtwistle, Isabel Bishop, Edward William Bok, Henry Brougham, Jose Carreras, Alfred Denning, Thomas Erskine, James Harper, Buddy Holly, William Johnson, Montezuma I, F. W. Murnau, William Pinkney, Thomas Alexander Scott, Thomas Sully, Lawrence Welk THE GRANGER COLLECTION: Gabrielle-Emilie du Chatelet, Thomas McIntyre Cooley, Anna J. Cooper, Ellen Craft, Grenville Mellen Dodge, Artemisia Gen- tileschi, Henry Osborne Havemeyer, Elwood Haynes, Hildegard von Bingen, Sofya Kovalevskaya, Biddy Mason THE KOBAL COLLECTION: John Cassavetes, Carl Dreyer, Max Fleischer, Juzo Itami, Sidney Lumet, Jason Robards, Jacques Tati, William Wyler, Loretta Young THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS: Gracie Allen, Gertrude Bell, John Shaw Billings, Joseph P. Bradley, Henry Wa- ger Halleck, William Stewart Halsted, James Longstreet, John Rollin Ridge ROBERT P. MATTHEWS: John Nash MT. HOLYOKE COLLEGE ARCHIVE: Helen Sawyer Hogg NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINIS- TRATION: William J. Donovan, Charles Lee NATIONAL BASEBALL LIBRARY AND ARCHIVE: Kenesaw Mountain Landis PUBLIC DOMAIN: Aspasia, Ishi JOHN REEVES: Mordecai Richler THE SOPHIA SMITH COLLECTION: Florence Bascom ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi The following people, appearing in volumes 1-21 of the Encyclopedia of World Biography, have died since the publication of the second edition and its supplements. Each entry lists the volume where the full biography can be found. BARNARD, CHRISTIAAN N. (born 1922), South African surgeon, died in Paphos, Cyprus, on September 2, 2001 (Vol. 2). BERLE, MILTON (born 1908), American entertainer and actor, died in Los Angeles, California, on March 27, 2002 (Vol. 18). BIRENDRA (born 1945), Nepalese king, died on June 1, 2001 (Vol. 2). BLOCK, HERBERT (born 1909), American newspaper cartoonist, died of pneumonia in Washington, D.C. on October 7, 2001 (Vol. 2). CAMPOS, ROBERTO OLIVEIRA (born 1917), Brazilian economist and diplomat, died of heart failure in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on October 9, 2001 (Vol. 18). ELIZABETH BOWES-LYON (born 1900), queen and queen mother of Great Britain, died in Windsor, Eng- land, on March 30, 2002 (Vol. 5). GRAHAM, KATHARINE MEYER (born 1917), American publisher, died in Boise, Idaho, on July 17, 2001 (Vol. 6). HUSSEINI, FAISAL (born 1940), Palestinian political leader, died of heart failure in Kuwait on May 31, 2001 (Vol. 19). KYPRIANOU, SPYROS (born 1932), Republic of Cyprus president, died of cancer in Nicosia, Cyprus, on March 12, 2002 (Vol. 9). ONG TENG CHEONG (born 1936), Singaporean pres- ident, died of lymphoma on February 8, 2002 (Vol. 11). PAZ ESTENSSORO, VICTOR (born 1907), Bolivian statesman, died of complications of a severe blood clot in Tarija, Bolivia, on June 7, 2001 (Vol. 12). PEREZ JIMENEZ, MARCOS (born 1914), Venezuelan dictator, died in Madrid, Spain, on September 20, 2001 (Vol. 12). SAVIMBI, JONAS MALHEIROS (born 1934), Angolan leader, died in eastern Angola on February 22, 2002 (Vol. 13). SULLIVAN, LEON HOWARD (born 1922), African American civil rights leader and minister, died of leukemia in Scottsdale, Arizona, on April 24, 2001 (Vol. 15). THIEU, NGUYEN VAN (born 1923), South Vietnamese president, died in Boston, Massachusetts, on September 29, 2001 (Vol. 15). THOMAS, DAVE (born 1932), American businessman, died of liver cancer in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, on Janu- ary 8, 2002 (Vol. 18). WARMERDAM, DUTCH (born 1915), American pole vaulter, died in Fresno, California, on November 13, 2001 (Vol. 21). OBITUARIES xiii Claudio Abbado Italian-born conductor Claudio Abbado (born 1933) established a reputation for musical excellence on the fine edge between scholar and performing ge- nius. A meticulous reader of scores, he mastered symphonic detail to such a degree that his conduct- ing has often overshadowed the lead singers. De- voted to artistry, he has ventured beyond the safe German favorites—Johann Brahms, Wolfgang Am- adeus Mozart, Robert Schumann, Richard Wagner— to modern opera by Luciano Berio, Pierre Boulez, Krz yszto f Pen derecki, Alfred Schnittke, and Karlheinz Stockhausen. B orn on June 26, 1933, in Milan, Abbado began train- ing under his father, Michelangelo Abbado, before entering Milan’s Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory to study piano. After graduation in 1955, he continued piano classes with Austrian concertist Friedrich Gulda and began learning conducting from Antonio Votto, a specialist in Italian symphonic music. Over the next three years, Abbado pursued conducting with Hans Swarowsky, conductor of the Vienna State Opera Orchestra. In class at the Vienna Academy of M usic, Ab bado sometimes sang in the Singverein choir under Herbert von Karajan, his mentor and role model. Abbado further refined his orchestral skills at the Accademia Chigiana in Siena under Alceo Galliera, conductor of the Philharmonia Orchestra, and Carlo Zec- chi, leader of the Czech Philharmonic. Attained a Balance Abbado first took the baton at the Teatro Communale in Trieste, conducting Sergei Prokofiev’s Love for Three Oranges at the age of 25. Still unpolished and uncertain of his own identity as an orchestral interpreter, Abbado dis- played a mature regard for the markings of the composer’s original score. Strong of arm, he forced both instrumentalists and singers to stay within the bounds of a precise, balanced presentation that was both historically correct and artisti- cally pleasing. Abbado’s debut prefaced a noteworthy entrance into a profession that quickly introduced his promise to the world. At Tanglewood, home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, he earned the Koussevitzky conducting prize in 1958. He first encountered American music lovers that April at a concert with the New York Philharmonic. Broadened His Perspective For Abbado’s early mastery of a wide repertory of clas- sical and romantic music, he won the Mitropoulos Prize for conducting in 1963, shared with Pedro Calderon and Zdenek Kosler, both older and more experienced artists. At the time, critical opinion had not reached a firm consensus on Abbado, but critics soon acknowledged that he pos- sessed the talent of another Arturo Toscanini. In 1965, von Karajan signaled formal acceptance among the music com- munity by introducing Abbado at the Salzburg Easter Festi- val conducting Mahler’s Second Symphony. Abbado valued the older musician’s guidance and compared him to a sage, compassionate father. After twelve years at the Teatro alla Scala, Abbado made a significant career move by leaving his country in 1965 to lead the Vienna Philharmonic. He returned in triumph in 1968 to become opera conductor of Milan’s La Scala, the mecca of Italian opera. A 1 [...]... all the citizens of the State.’’ He championed free speech, a free press, and a higher standard of living for the poor At the core of his speech lay his belief in ‘‘equality of rights of all citizens irrespective of their religion, color, caste, and class.’’ ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY This militia had to remain vigilant to threats of sabotage to bridges and intervention in supplies of gasoline, salt,...2 AB B A D O ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY tor of the 1994 Salzburg Easter Festival For the second performance, he arranged post-modern staging that echoed the demoralization of Russia in the mid-1990s International Star Abbado’s globe-trotting schedule has placed him before the world s major symphonies to direct a variety of demanding music For all his promotion of a broad range of works, he has... byproduct of essence His adherence to philosophical rationalism has been detected also in the works of Immanuel Kant Al-Farabi is also considered by many historians and critics to be the most important musical theorist of the Muslim world He claimed to have written Kitab Musiqi alKabir (Grand Book of Music) to dispel what he felt was the 15 16 AL I ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY erroneous assumptions of. .. Gloucestershire: ‘‘One more eloquent of speech, more ready of argument, more apt of illustration, more intimately acquainted with the sacred books of the Jews, the Christians, the Muhammadans, could, I should think, scarcely be found.’’ Began a Holy Life At the age of 22, Abdul-Baha formally proclaimed himself the third religious leader of the Baha’is as well as the slave of Baha, interpreter of divine revelation,... particu- A G AO GL U Volume 22 larly his dismissal of female and non-white authors from lists of recommended readings that he based entirely on ‘‘dead white males.’’ For his whites-only choices, African-American author Henry Louis Gates accused him of ‘‘profound disrespect for the intellectual capacities of people of color.’’ In Adler’s defense, proponents of Paideia and of Great Books curricula have... a magnificent garden As the author began expressing more 13 14 AL - F ARA BI ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY of his own neuroses, delicate physical condition and drug addiction, the tone and atmosphere of his fiction darkened with hints of madness and a will to die New York, April 18, 1988 New York Review of Books, December 22, 1988 Publishers Weekly, January 29, 1988 One dramatically grim story, ‘‘Hell... wars that raged around them Abdullah summarized much of the passion and intrigue of this period of unrest in his autobiography, Aatish-eChinar [The Fire of Chinar Trees] He recounted the failed attempts of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, to win Kashmir to Pakistan’s pro-Muslim cause The distancing of the two men was largely a result of character flaws in Jinnah He ruined his chances for... with discussion of great books He surmised that, by mastering one worthy book per week, as proposed by Columbia University professor John Erskine, the average learner would acquire a suitable command of logic and of the major topics that impinge on human choices, such as honesty and goodness After convincing Robert M Hutchins, president of the University of Chicago, of the efficacy of a book-based... work, How to Read a Book: The Art of Getting a Liberal Education (1940), brought to public attention the gist of his educational plan Education Through Great Books In 1946, Adler expanded his book into a full-scale revamping of learning He established an alternative to undergraduate educational methods that centered on text- 9 10 AD L E R ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY ern World (1952), a 2,000-page index... and cultural record of India A Taste of Success When Ali returned home, he had become a legend His novel was a popular favorite that All-India Radio broadcast to listeners Still much in demand, it has become a classic of world literature He turned to scholarly writing and published Mr Eliot’s Penny World of Dreams: An Essay in the Interpretation of T S Eliot’s Poetry (1941) During World War II, Ali worked . 22 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY SUPPLEMENT EWB SUP htptp 8/4/03 3:19 PM Page 1 A Z SUPPLEMENT ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY 22 EWB SUP. suggestions for enhancing and improving the Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement to: The Editors Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement Gale Group 27500