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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
WORLD BIOGRAPHY
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While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group does not guarantee the accuracy
of the data contained herein. Gale accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the publication of any organization, agency, institution, publication,
service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or publisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction
of the publisher will be corrected in future editions.
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and
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Copyright © 2001
Gale Group, Inc.
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INTRODUCTION vii
ADVISORY BOARD ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi
OBITUARIES xiii
TEXT 1
HOW TO USE THE INDEX 439
INDEX 441
CONTENTS
v
The study of biography has always held an impor-
tant, if not explicitly stated, place in school curricula.
The absence in schools of a class specifically devoted
to studying the lives of the giants of human history be-
lies the focus most courses have always had on people.
From ancient times to the present, the world has been
shaped by the decisions, philosophies, inventions, dis-
coveries, artistic creations, medical breakthroughs, and
written works of its myriad personalities. Librarians,
teachers, and students alike recognize that our lives are
immensely enriched when we learn about those indi-
viduals who have made their mark on the world we live
in today.
Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement
, Vol-
ume 21, provides biographical information on 200 in-
dividuals not covered in the 17-volume second edition
of
Encyclopedia of World Biography (EWB)
and its sup-
plements, Volumes 18, 19 and 20. Like other volumes
in the
EWB
series, this supplement represents a unique,
comprehensive source for biographical information on
those people who, for their contributions to human cul-
ture and society, have reputations that stand the test of
time. Each original article ends with a bibliographic sec-
tion. There is also an index to names and subjects, which
cumulates all persons appearing as main entries in the
EWB
second edition, the Volume 18, 19 and 20 sup-
plements, and this supplement—nearly 7,800 people!
Articles
. Arranged alphabetically following the
letter-by-letter convention (spaces and hyphens have
been ignored), the articles begin with the full name of
the person profiled in large, bold type. Next is a bold-
faced, descriptive paragraph that includes birth and
death years in parentheses. It provides a capsule iden-
tification and a statement of the person’s significance.
The essay that follows is approximately 2000 words in
length and offers a substantial treatment of the person’s
life. Some of the essays proceed chronologically while
others confine biographical data to a paragraph or two
and move on to a consideration and evaluation of the
subject’s work. Where very few biographical facts are
known, the article is necessarily devoted to an analysis
of the subject’s contribution.
Following the essay is a bibliographic section
arranged by source type. Citations include books, peri-
odicals and online Internet addresses for World Wide
Web pages, where current information can be found.
Portraits accompany many of the articles and pro-
vide either an authentic likeness, contemporaneous with
the subject, or a later representation of artistic merit. For
artists, occasionally self-portraits have been included.
Of the ancient figures, there are depictions from coins,
engravings, and sculptures; of the moderns, there are
many portrait photographs.
Index
. The
EWB Supplement
index is a useful key
to the encyclopedia. Persons, places, battles, treaties,
institutions, buildings, inventions, books, works of art,
ideas, philosophies, styles, movements—all are indexed
for quick reference just as in a general encyclopedia.
The index entry for a person includes a brief identifica-
tion with birth and death dates
and
is cumulative so
that any person for whom an article was written who
appears in the second edition of
EWB
(volumes 1–16)
and its supplements (volumes 18–21) can be located.
The subject terms within the index, however, apply
only to volume 21. Every index reference includes the
title of the article to which the reader is being directed
as well as the volume and page numbers.
Because
EWB Supplement
, Volume 21, is an ency-
clopedia of biography, its index differs in important
ways from the indexes to other encyclopedias. Basi-
cally, this is an index of people, and that fact has sev-
eral interesting consequences. First, the information to
which the index refers the reader on a particular topic
is always about people associated with that topic. Thus
the entry ‘Quantum theory (physics)’ lists articles on
INTRODUCTION
vii
people associated with quantum theory. Each article
may discuss a person’s contribution to quantum theory,
but no single article or group of articles is intended to
provide a comprehensive treatment of quantum theory
as such. Second, the index is rich in classified entries.
All persons who are subjects of articles in the encyclo-
pedia, for example, are listed in one or more classifica-
tions in the index—abolitionists, astronomers, engi-
neers, philosophers, zoologists, etc.
The index, together with the biographical articles,
make
EWB Supplement
an enduring and valuable
source for biographical information. As school course
work changes to reflect advances in technology and fur-
ther revelations about the universe, the life stories of the
people who have risen above the ordinary and earned
a place in the annals of human history will continue to
fascinate students of all ages.
We Welcome Your Suggestions
. Mail your com-
ments and suggestions for enhancing and improving the
Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement
to:
The Editors
Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement
Gale Group
27500 Drake Road
Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535
Phone: (800) 347-4253
viii
INTRODUCTION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY
ix
John B. Ruth
Library Director
Tivy High School Library
Kerrville, Texas
Judy Sima
Media Specialist
Chatterton Middle School
Warren, Michigan
James Jeffrey Tong
Manager, History and Travel Department
Detroit Public Library
Detroit, Michigan
Betty Waznis
Librarian
San Diego County Library
San Diego, California
ADVISORY BOARD
Photographs and illustrations appearing in the
Encyclo-
pedia of World Biography
Supplement, Volume 21,
have been used with the permission of the following
sources:
AP/WIDE WORLD PHOTOS: Henry Armstrong, Mar-
guerite Ross Barnett, Glenn Cunningham, Jerry Garcia,
Bob Gibson, Daniel Guggenheim, Walter Perry John-
son, Raul Julia, John Harvey Kellogg, Ethel Merman,
George Mikan, Jean Nidetch, Pete Rose, Sam Snead,
Dalton Trumbo, Melvin Van Peebles
ARCHIVE PHOTOS, INC.: Roger Bannister, Francis
Baring, Robert Russell Bennett, Bernadette of Lourdes,
George W. Bush, Yakima Canutt, Chien Lung, Clement
VII, Roger Corman, Pierre de Coubertin, Bob Cousy,
Robert De Niro, Edwin Laurentine Drake, Oliver
Ellsworth, Auguste Escoffier, Peter Carl Faberge, Bob
Feller, Albert Fink, Werner Forssmann, Jakob Fugger,
Gregory IX, Samuel David Gross, Rowland Hill, Joseph-
Marie Jacquard, John Kander, Edmund Kean, William
Kidd, Charles Michel de l’Epee, Anita Loos, Mata Hari,
Christy Mathewson, Bob Mathias, Louella Parsons, John
Robinson Pierce, Lydia Estes Pinkham, Gavrilo Princip,
Gale Sayers, Willie Shoemaker, Daniel Edgar Sickles
CORBIS CORPORATION (BELLEVUE): Desi Arnaz,
Blackbeard (Edward Teach), Felix Blanchard, Blanche
of Castile, Arna Bontemps, Don Budge, John Chapman
(“Johnny Appleseed”), Glenn Davis, Henry W. Flagler,
Isabella Stewart Gardner, Frank Gilbreth, King C.
Gillette, Otto Graham, Walter Hagen, Samuel Hahne-
mann, John Harington, John Harvard, Will Hays, Rogers
Hornsby, Bruce Jenner, John II of Portugal, Rafer John-
son, Natalie Kalmus, Rene Laennec, Albert Lasker,
Nicholas Leblanc, Otto Lilienthal, Mary Mallon, Alice
Marble, Andreas Sigismund Marggraf, George Perkins
Marsh, Winsor McCay, William C. Menzies, Bronko
Nagurski, James A. Naismith, Gerald Nye, Al Oerter,
Sam Peckinpah, Willie Pep, George Walbridge Perkins,
Paul Julius Reuter, John Wellborn Root, Thomas E.
Starzl, Simon Stevin, Dutch Warmerdam
THE GAMMA LIAISON NETWORK: Charles Frederick
Worth
THE GRANGER COLLECTION LTD.: Martin Behaim,
Alexander Cartwright, Chu Yuan-chang, Gerolamo Fra-
castoro, Sophie Germain, Joseph Glidden, John Gorrie,
Walter Hunt, Marie-Louise LaChapelle, George Mallory,
Berthe Morisot, Nikolaus August Otto, Constantine
Rafinesque, Henry Martyn Robert, Tomas de
Torquemada
THE KOBAL COLLECTION: Saul Bass, Billy Bitzer,
James Cagney, Gary Cooper, Vittorio De Sica, William
Fox, Bernard Herrmann, Thomas Ince, Jesse Lasky,
Gregg Toland, Erich Von Stroheim, Billy Wilder
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS: Charles Atlas, Elias
Boudinot, Johannes Fibiger, Eadweard Muybridge,
Bernardino Ramazzini, Frederick Winslow Taylor
NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINIS-
TRATION: Captain Jack
PUBLIC DOMAIN: John Montagu (Earl of Sandwich),
Rick Nelson, Johnny Weissmuller
VARTOOGIAN, JACK: Fela (Fela Anikulapo Kuti)
WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY: Jerry West
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
xi
The following people, appearing in volumes 1–20 of the
Encyclopedia of World Biography,
have died since the
publication of the second edition and its supplements.
Each entry lists the volume where the full biography can
be found.
ASSAD, HAFIZ (born 1930), Syrian president, died of
heart failure in Damascus, Syria, June 10, 2000 (Vol. 1).
BALTHUS (BALTHASAR KLOSSOWSKI) (born 1908),
European painter and stage designer, died in Rossiniere,
Switzerland, February 18, 2001 (Vol. 1).
BANDARANAIKE, SIRIMAVO (born 1916), Sri Lankan
prime minister, died of heart failure in Sri Lanka, Octo-
ber 10, 2000 (Vol. 1).
BLOCH, KONRAD (born 1912), American biochemist,
died of heart failure in Burlington, Massachusetts, Oc-
tober 15, 2000 (Vol. 2).
DONG, PHAM VAN (born 1906), Vietnamese premier,
died in Hanoi, Vietnam, April 29, 2000 (Vol. 5).
FIGUEIREDO, JOAO BATISTA DE OLIVEIRA (born
1918), Brazilian president, died of heart failure in Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil, December 24, 1999 (Vol. 5).
GUINNESS, ALEC (born 1914), British actor, died of
liver cancer in Midhurst, England, August 5, 2000
(Vol. 7).
HARTSHORNE, CHARLES (born 1897), American the-
ologian, died in Austin, Texas, October 9, 2000 (Vol. 7).
LAWRENCE, JACOB (born 1917), American painter,
died in Seattle, Washington, June 9, 2000 (Vol. 9).
LINDBERGH, ANNE MORROW (born 1906), American
author and aviator, died in Passumpsic, Vermont, Feb-
ruary 7, 2001 (Vol. 9).
PUENTE, TITO (born 1923), American musician, died
in New York, May 31, 2000 (Vol. 12).
QUINE, WILLARD VAN ORMAN (born 1908), Ameri-
can philosopher, died in Boston, Massachusetts, De-
cember 25, 2000 (Vol. 12).
RICHARD, MAURICE “ROCKET” (born 1921), Cana-
dian hockey player, died in Montreal, Canada, May 27,
2000 (Vol. 19).
ROWAN, CARL T. (born 1925), American journalist,
author, and ambassador, died in Washington, DC, Sep-
tember 23, 2000 (Vol. 13).
SEGAL, GEORGE (born 1924), American sculptor, died
of cancer in New Jersey, June 9, 2000 (Vol. 14).
SIMON, HERBERT ALEXANDER (born 1916), American
economist, died in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, February
9, 2001 (Vol. 14).
SITHOLE, NDABANINGI (born 1920), African political
activist, died in Darby, Pennsylvania, December 12,
2000 (Vol. 14).
TRUDEAU, PIERRE ELLIOTT (born 1919), Canadian
prime minister, died of prostate cancer on September
28, 2000 (Vol. 15).
XENAKIS, IANNIS (born 1922), Greek-French composer
and architect, died in Paris, France, February 4, 2001
(Vol. 16).
ZATOPEK, EMIL (born 1922), Czechoslovakian runner,
died in Prague, Czech Republic, November 22, 2000
(Vol. 20).
OBITUARIES
xiii
William Albright
William Foxwell Albright (1891-1971) was a well-
known, prolific, and gifted archaeologist and scholar
of the ancient Near East. He excavated several Bibli-
cal sites, served as director of the American Schools
of Oriental Research, and was a professor of Semitic
languages at Johns Hopkins University for many
years.
A
lbright was born on May 24, 1891 in Coquimbo,
Chile, to Methodist missionary parents who were
stationed in the Atacama Desert. His family had
very modest means. Although they were able to provide the
bare necessities of life, he and his three brothers and two
sisters were not brought up with any luxuries. The family
lived in a missionary compound separate from the Chilean
people. They were constantly reminded of their cultural
differences. When Albright’s parents wanted him to do
errands for them outside the compound, they had to spank
him in order to force him to go out and face the Chilean
children, who harassed him and occasionally even tossed
stones at him, calling him ‘‘gringo’’; they also teased him for
being a Protestant in a largely Catholic country.
Albright was different from the Chilean children in two
other ways: although he was tall and strong, he had such
weak eyes that he couldn’t read without holding the book
only inches from his face. He was so afraid of becoming
blind that he taught himself to read Braille. In addition, an
accident with a farm machine when he was five had re-
sulted in his left hand being injured and rendered almost
useless. Because of these afflictions, as well as his isolated
status as a missionary child, he didn’t play much with other
children and spent most of his time in his father’s library,
which was filled with books on history and theology. These
formed the basis for a rich imaginary world. G. Ernest
Wright wrote in Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth
Century, ‘‘His play was solitary and mental, in which he
constructed ever larger and more complex historical
worlds-peopled by imaginary heroes and non-heroes-an
activity to which he credits his adult success in historical
synthesis.’’ Albright never forgot his childhood experience
of being an outcast and a member of a persecuted minority,
and throughout his life would remain sympathetic to the
plight of minorities, outsiders, and the poor.
Albright became deeply interested in Biblical archaeol-
ogy by age eight, and by the time he was ten, he had
managed to save enough of the pennies his parents gave
him to to buy the recently published History of Babylonia
and Assyria by R. W. Rogers, a professor at Drew University.
At the time, the book was the most comprehensive volume
on this topic in English. He read the book so many times that
he virtually memorized it. He also taught himself Hebrew so
that he could better understand the Bible and Biblical his-
tory.
Hard Work and Lean Living
In 1903 Albright’s parents moved the family back to
Iowa, where his father was pastor of a series of small
Methodist churches in the Midwest. In 1907, when he was
16, he entered Upper Iowa University, the same school his
father had attended, and graduated in 1912 with a B.A. in
classics and mathematics. Because his family was poor, he
worked as a farm hand during the summers. The work
exercised his crippled hand so much that eventually he
could milk cows with it. These frugal years of hard work and
A
1
[...]... of Epistole devotissime of Catherine of Sienna, letters appeared in the human-like italic script in the inscription below one of the illustrations in the book Aldus introduced his first complete italic typeface when he published a collection of the works of Virgil in 1501 In addition to the new italic fonts, the collection of Aldine typefaces included also three complete fonts of Greek characters Of. .. (Amina’s wall) Additionally, a distinctive series of walls wind throughout the countryside in the vicinities of the ancient city-states of Hausaland These came to be called Amina’s walls to the rest of the world, although not all of the walls were built during the reign of Amina Exploits in Battle Information about the history of Hausaland during the era of Amina is sketchy Foreign visitors who traveled... was a descendant of Godfrey de Bouillon, commander of the First Crusade He worked as a revenue officer and was a knight of the court of King Alfonso II His mother, Theresa Tavejra, was a descendant of Froila I, the fourth king of Asturia The Pope had recognized Portugal as an independent nation for less than 20 years at the time of Anthony’s birth The crusaders were an important part of Portugal’s early... Portalie, Eugene, ‘‘Teaching of St Augustine of Hippo,’’ Catholic Encyclopedia, http://newadvent.org/cathen/02091a.html (January 6, 2001) Robinson, Paschal, ‘‘Saint Francis of Assisi,’’ Catholic Encyclopedia, http://newadvent.org/cathen/06221a.html (January 6, 2001) ‘‘Saint Anthony of Padua,’’ http://www.britannica.com/soe/s/ saint-anthony -of- padua (December 8, 2000) ‘‘Saint Anthony of Padua,’’ http://www.pitt.edu/ϳeflst4/Anthony... spread of learning As his body lay in state in the Church of St Paternian his admirers heaped huge piles of Aldine publications upon the catafalque Although Aldus devoted himself tirelessly to his printing business for over 20 years, he owned only ten percent of the operation at the time of his death in 1515 The Aldine Legacy The printed works of Aldus Manutius are representative of a wave of humanism... traditions of Nigeria As a result, the memory of Queen Amina assumed legendary proportions in her native Hausaland and beyond The extent of her military prowess and her performance in battle was augmented by lore and remains unclear The reign of Amina occurred at a time when the citystate of Zazzau was situated at the crossroad of three major trade corridors of northern Africa, connecting the region of the... The Mali, Fulani, and Bornu were among the aggressors in these clashes During the reign of Bakwa, the teenaged Amina occupied herself in honing her battle skills, under the guidance of the soldiers of the Zazzau military ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY year reign in military aggression Although the military campaigns of Amina were characterized as efforts to ensure safe passage for Zazzau and other Hausa... discipline of Palestinian archaeology as we know it.’’ In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Albright excavated a site called Tell Beit Mirsim, which he determined was the city of Debir in the Bible In 1932 he published a detailed description of the ten layers of the site and its pottery in the Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, and added a correction and revision of the chronology of the... collected many of the historical accounts of those times Other information was garnered from the oral traditions of the descendants of the early Hausa people Within three months of inheriting the throne, Queen Amina embarked on what was to be the first in an ongoing series of military engagements associated with her rule She stood in command of an immense military band and personally led the cavalry of Zazzau... demanded of the printer in the mass production of books Among the greatest achievements of Aldus Manutius were the Aldine fonts He was the first printer to develop an italic roman font The Aldine italic fonts were modeled ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD BIOGRAPHY from the handwriting of two Italian scribes, Pomponio Leto and Bartolomeo Sanvito, who were contemporaries of Aldus Francesco Griffo, a Bolognese type . 21
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