PHUONG PHAP PHAN TiCH NGON NG& TRONQ DAY HOC TIEPiQ VIET O ThS. BUI THI LAN* 1. «Phuang phdp phdn tich ngdn ngy (PPPTNN) Id cdch thuc gido viin (GV) hudng ddn hgc sinh (HS)phdn tich cdc hien twgng ngdn ngw, fim ra dqc frwng cua khdi niem, khdi qudt thdnh khdi niem roi khdng dinh Iqi khdi niem" (1). Trong dgy hge tilng Viet, viec vgn dyng phuong phdp ndy Id td't ylu. Vi dgy hgc theo phuang phdp ndy chinh Id tht/c hien thao tde quy ngp, khdi niem dugc hinh thdnh tu nhung hien tugng ngdn ngu ey thi, trdnh duge su dp ddt, mgt chieu nhu dgy theo ldi diln djeh (duo khdi niem trude rdi sou dd mdi phdn tich, chung minh khdi niem). PPPTNN giup cd ngudi dgy Idn ngudi hgc cung tham gio xdy dung nen khdi niem, phdy huy duge tinh tich cue, chu ddng eua ngudi hge. Djnh nghTa tren dd thi hien khd rd cdc budc, ede thao tde eua PPPTNN eung nhu trdt tt/ cuo ehung. Dieu quan trgng ed tinh chdt tien quylt khi thue hien phuong phdp ndy Id GV phdi chu y din viec tdp hgp ngu lieu (NL). NL phdi ddp ung yeu edu ddt ra, thi viee thuc hien PPPTNN mdi thdnh edng vd dem Igi hieu qud cao. 2. Thao tdc chgn ngu lieu NL Id nhiJng don vj ngdn ngiJ chi/o dung nhCrng ddc trung cua khdi niem edn xdy dung, dugc lua chgn de phdn tich, thiet ldp khdi niem, quy tde ngdn ngiJ. NL duge coi Id nhiJng don vj ngdn ngu mdu, chudn chua dung ddy du cdc dge trung eua don vj ngdn ngu, eua khdi niem dang tim. Mau ngdn ngu dugc chgn Idm NL dl phdn tich, edn ddp ung duge cdc yeu edu sou: 1) NL phdi cd tinh khoa hgc, nghTa Id phdi chua dung cdc dge trung, ede ndi dung edn phdn tfeh mdt edeh rd rdng, khdng ndm trong trudng hgp ngogi le de ngudi hge de ddng phdn tfeh, hinh thdnh khdi niem. 2) NL phdi ngdn ggn. NL cdng ngdn ggn, ehuo dung nhilu ndi dung li thuylt thi cdng dl quan sdt, edng thudn tien cho viec phdn tich. GV nen trdnh chgn nhung don vi ddi, Igi chua dung ndi dung li thuylt it. Bdi, khi duo ra phdn tich HS khd Tap chi Giao due s6 241 (ki i • y/aoioi bao qudt, theo ddi mdu; GV cung mdt nhilu thdi gian khdng cdn thiet. GV khdng nen vdn dyng quan dilm tich hgp mgt cdch mdy mdc md duo ro nhung vf dy vdn chuong qud ddi gdy khd khdn cho viee phdn tich, hinh thdnh khdi niem. 3) NL phdi ddm bdo finh vua du. Ddy dugc coi Id yeu edu quan trgng nhdt khi tgp hgp NL de hinh thdnh khdi niem. NL dua ro phdn tich duge xem Id du khi chung thi hien dugc tdt cd cdc mgt ndi dung cuo khdi niem, phdi tieu bilu, cd khd ndng dgi dien cho tdt cd cde trudng hgp cua vdn dl. NL duo ra phdi ddy du Id edn thiet nhung khdng vi thi md dua ra qud nhieu, vi nhu the vua mdt thdi gian vd fch, vua bj lodng ro, bj ldp trong qud trinh phdn tich. Hon nua, trdnh trudng hgp NL duo ro vt>o thua Iqi vwa thiiu. NghTa Id ede don vj ngdn ngiJ md GV chgn ehi tdp trung vdo mgt dgc trung cuo khdi niem md khdng chua dung nhung dgc trung khde (ddi vdi dge trung ndy thi sd NL dd Id thua nhung ddi vdi ddc trung khde Id thilu). Vi dy, dl tim hilu khdi niem ve tu tieng Viet thi NL duge chgn dua ra phdn tfeh ehi edn 3 tu Id du. Trong dd phdi ed tdt ed ede kieu tu tieng Viet xet vl mgt cdu tgo: tu don, tu ghep vd tu Idy. Nlu NL duo ro khdng du 3 h> thudc 3 kiiu nhu tren Id thilu. Nhung nlu NL duo ra dl phdn tich cd thi hon 3 tu nhung Igi thieu mdt trong 3 kieu tiJ tren Id vua thua Igi vua thilu. 4) NL phdi ddm bdo finh gido due. Cdc don vi ngdn ngiJ duge chgn Idm NL khi dgy hgc khdng chi dung, du, ngdn ggn, md cdn ddm bdo tfnh gido dye. Gido dye ed ve tu tudng, dgo due, tinh cdm quy trgng, yeu min tilng Viet cung nhu y thuc giu gin sy trong sdng eua tilng Viet. Mudn ddm bdo duge ddc trung ndy, GV nen chgn lua cdc don vj ngdn ngu trong cdc tdc phdm vdn hgc cd tinh nghe thudt vd fu tudng eao; Id ngdn ngCr dd duge cde tde gid ddy cdng tim kilm, lua chgn. Ddy eung Id yeu edu theo hudng tfeh hgp giiJa * Tnroing Dai hpc Quang Nam # vdn vd ngu dang ddt ra hien nay, nhimg nen chgn cdc cdu ngdn ggn. Nhu vgy, NL dua ra se ddm bdo dem den cho ngwdi hgc mpt lugng kien thwc, mpt fhdng fin khoa hgc nhdt dinh chw khdng thudn tuy chi Id vidu dekhdm phd khdi niem. Vi dy, dl tim hilu khdi niem edu ghep chinh phy, NL md GV tgp hgp ed thi Id cdc cdu nhu: Bdi tdi dn udng dieu dp nin fdi chdng Idn lam (Td Hodi); Du ai ndi ngd ndi nghieng/Ldng fa van vung nhu kieng ba chdn (Td Huu). Khi phdn tich nhi/ng khdi niem ndy, ngudi hgc ngodi viec ndm bdt khdi niem cdn bilt them dugc nhCrng kien thuc khde. 5) NL can ddm bdo finh thdm ml. Ngodi cdc yeu cdu co bdn tren, NL edn ddm bdo tfnh thdm mT, ddm bdo viec gido dye cho ngudi hgc bilt nhin nhdn, thudng thue vd ddnh gid cdi dep mgt cdch dung ddn. Chdng hgn, khi tgp hgp NL dl tim hilu khdi niem tt> ddng dm nen trdnh chgn ede mau NL nhu: Con ruSi ddu mdm xoi ddu; Con kien bd dia thitbd. Hoy NL duo ra phdn tfeh de tim hieu khdi niem ndi qud eung nen trdnh, vi dy: Lo mui mudi tdm gdnh Idng/Chdng yeu chdng bdo rdu rong trdi cho/Dim ndm thi ngdy o o/Chong yeu chong bdo ngdy cho vui nhd/Dl chg thi hay dn qua/ Chong yiu chong bdo ve nhd dd cam Cho du ddy Id nhung vi dy dd duge mgt so sdeh su dyng, nhung chung khdng ddm bdo tinh gido dye vd tinh thdm mT. GV hodn todn cd thi chgn nhung mdu NL khde ngdn ggn, chua dung nhieu thdng tin edn thiet cho ngudi hgc md Igi ldi hay y dep, vi dy: Thudn vg thudn chdng tdt bien ddng cung cqn Nhu vdy, de ed the thue hien thdnh cdng PPPTNN, thao tdc ddu tien, quan trgng nhdt Id thao tdc chgn NL. Vi vgy, de thue hien td't thao tde ndy, GV phdi chju khd lua chgn, tim tdi mdi cd the tdp hgp dugc sd NL edn thiet cho HS phdn tfeh, tim hieu cde khdi niem ed trong bdi hgc. Tuy nhien, ddi lue GV bi edu thue bdi viec tich cue hod hogt dgng dgy hgc, nhdm phdt huy tfnh tfeh cue ehu dgng cua ngudi hgc, thyc hien ddi mdi phuong phdp dgy hgc md xem nhe khdu chgn NL. Nhieu GV cho HS tu tim NL rdi phdn tich, nhung nhu vdy se Idm gidm hieu qud eua gid hge, vi ehi ed NL md GV duo ra mdi cd tinh chudn mye, ddp ung duge ede yeu edu eua bdi hge. Cdn vi dy cuo HS chdc ehdc khdng the ndo ddp ung ddy du ede yeu cdu dd neu se Idm dnh hudng din thdi gian cua gid hge vd gid hge se khdng dgt dugc myc tieu dd dgt ro. Do vdy, nen yeu cdu HS duo vf dy de minh hga cho khdi niem, de # khde sdu, md rdng vd'n de sou khi dd phdn tfeh tim hilu khdi niem (HS dd ndm dugc khdi niem hodc cho HS tim vi dy nhung theo djnh hudng cuo GV). Tu ddy ed thi md rdng them nhilu mdt cuo vd'n dl, HS vd GV eung tham gio gidi quyet. 3. Thuc hien phuong phdp phdn h'ch ngon ngir Ndi dung eua PPPTNN ndm d bdn thdn cuo qud trinh phdn tich, ehia ddi tugng ro thdnh nhung bg phdn, nhung khfo cgnh, nhiJng mdt khde nhau. Tu dd, Idn lugt tim hieu mdt edeh kT cdng hon, sdu sdc hon, nhdm nhdn thue ddi tugng mdt edeh ddy du vd chinh xdc. Vi thi, khi thyc hien phuong phdp ndy, khdng the tien hdnh mdt cdch h/y tien md phdi tudn theo mgt sd nguyen tdc nhd't djnh. GV edn chu y xem viee phdn tich dd cd ddm bdo phdn dnh dung ddn nhdt td chue cuo ddi tugng edn nhdn thue (nhiJng ddi tugng dd chfnh Id ede hien tugng ngdn ngiJ), cdc NL duge lya chgn chgt che theo nhCfng tieu chudn khde khe nhdt djnh. Hien tugng ngdn ngu cd td chue nhu thi ndo thi viee phdn tfeh phdi thi hien dung bdn chdt cua td ehuc dd, khdng nen phdn tfeh mgt cdch dp ddt, mdy mdc. Viee phdn tfeh khien cudng se ddn den viec nhdn thuc ddi tugng sai lech, meo md, ngudi tilp nhdn se khdng tin vdo vdo If thuyet ngdn ngiJ vua dugc xdy dyng. Chia nhd ddi tugng dl phdn tfeh cdn phdi ddm bdo nguyen tdc cdp bde, ddm bdo tfnh he thdng trong qud trinh phdn tich. Ngudi thyc hien hogt ddng phdn tfeh ngdn ngu cdn trdnh ldi phdn chia nhdy vgt, edeh qudng md phdi tiln hdnh phdn tfeh tung yeu to ngdn ngiJ trong he thd'ng theo trdt ty tung nhdnh, sou dd tdp hgp nhiJng bd phdn nhd dy Igi thdnh ehfnh thi ban ddu. Cdch phdn tfeh ehi tilt ndy se duo din eho HS ed edi nhin rd rdng hon ve ddi tugng cdn nhgn thuc. Dudi ddy Id cdc bude eua quy trinh phdn tich ngdn ngiJ cho mdt bdi hge li thuylt ey thi, gdm: - GV eung HS xdy dyng NL cdn phdn tich. NL dugc chgn edn ddm bdo cdc nguyen tde nhu dd ndi tren. - GV hudng ddn HS quan sdt NL vd Idn lugt phdn tich NL theo djnh hudng cuo bdi hgc. - GV vd HS cung hinh thdnh khdi niem If thuylt tu nhiJng phdn tfeh tren. - GV eung ed vd vdn dyng If thuylt dd hgc dl hudng ddn HS luyen tgp phdn tfeh mdt so hien tugng ngdn ngiJ. Ddy Id thao tdc vd eung quan trgng nhung nhieu ngudi dd quen di thao tde (Xem tiep frang 37) Tap chi Giao due s6 241 (ki i • y/aoio) ddnh 15 phut de gidi thieu vd phdn tfeh rd y nghTa ljch su to Idn cuo viec ddi dd ve Thdng Long eua Ly Thdi Td. d) Vdi Idp 11 (Phdn Ijeh su Viet Nam). Bdi 17: Vdn minh Dqi Viet. GV Idng ghep bdi hge tren ddy vdo phdn 1: «Khdi qudt tien trinh phdt trien lich sw vd vdn minh Dqi Viet" dl ndi len vol trd cua Ly Cdng Udn trong viec ddi dd vl Thdng Long. Y nghTa ljch su cuo viec ddi dd. Vj trf kinh tl - vdn hda - ehfnh trj eua kinh thdnh Thdng Long ddi vdi qudc gia Dgi Viet vd Thu dd Hd Ndi cuo nude Cdng hdo XHCN Viet Nam ngdy nay. 7) Vol Idp 12 (Phdn ljch su Viet Nam). Bdi 2d: Ddt nwdc trin dwong ddi mdi di lin CNXH (198d- 2000). Trong bdi ndy, GV cdn giup hgc sinh ndm dugc y nghTa eua nhung thdnh tyu kinh tl - xd hgi cuo nude ta trong 15 ndm (1986- 2000) thyc hien dudng ldi ddi mdi. Ddng thdi. giup hgc sinh thdy dugc nhung khd khdn, yeu kem khi thyc hien cdng cude ddi mdi. GV nen ddnh ra 15 phut de thdng bdo cho hge sinh bilt, Bd Chfnh trj dd ro Chi thj 32/CT- TW, ngdy 4/5/1998 vl ki niem 1000 ndm Thdng Long - Hd Ngi. Chi thj neu rd: «Ddy Id mpt sw kiin trgng dqi cua nwdc nhd", «Ki niem 1000 ndm Thdng Long - Hd Npi Id su bleu thi finh cdm vd dqo li udng nude nhd ngudn ct/o nude Viet Nam ddi vdi cdc thi'he cha dng dd cd cdng dung nude, giu nude. Id dip gido due truyen thdng lich su vd cdch mqng cua ddn tpc, dpng viin todn Ddng, todn ddn phdn ddu xdy dung ddt nude theo dinh hudng XHCN, ddn gidu, nwdc mqnh, xd hpi cdng bang, ddn chu vdn minh. Ddy cung Id dip degidi thieu vd ndng cao tdm vdc cua Thu dd Hd Npi ndi riing vd Viet Nam ndi chung a khu vuc vd trin thi'gidi". G Phirong phap (Tiip theo frang 34) ehung minh ngugc Igi ndy md chuyin nhanh sang phdn tilp theo cuo bdi hgc. GV cdn cho HS phdn tfeh cdc hien tugng ngdn ngu duo tren viec ndm khdi niem If thuylt, vua dugc hge thi ede em se thod mdn hon trong viee tilp nhdn. Tren ddy Id cdc thao tde, cdc bude thuc hien cuo PPPTNN, Id mdt trong nhung phuang phdp rdt hieu qud de dgy HS tri thue If thuylt mdi, hode tim hilu mdi quan he giua bdn thdn cdc yeu to ngdn ngu vdi nhau. Phuong phdp ndy ed uu the trong viec giup HS hilu sdu hon bdn chdt eua cdc hien tugng ngdn ngiJ cdn tim. • (1) I.A. Kairor. Bach khoa toan thir sir pham. NXB Thanh nien. H. 1965. (2) Le A - Nguyen Quang Ninli. Phuong phap day hoc tieng Viet. NXB Gido duc.H. 1997. Khai thac phan mem Moodle (Tiep theo trang 42) - Hudng ddn ngudi hgc tham gia cdc hogt ddng tren mgng nhu: dgc tdi lieu (bdi gidng dien tu), thdo lugn tren diln ddn, chat, thyc hien cdc bdi tgp Idn - Tiln hdnh kiem tra moi khi kit thuc mdt module hgc tdp dl ddnh gid khd ndng nhgn thue vd trinh do eua ngudi hge. Tren co sd dd, GV cd thi phdn nhdm dl dgy hgc phdn hod. - lien hdnh ede cugc khdo sdt tren mgng de Idy y kiln cuo ngudi hgc. - Theo ddi vd ddnh gid cdc chu de md ngudi hgc thdo lugn tren diln ddn. Dieu hdnh cdc hogt dgng cua ngudi hgc khi tham gia khod hgc Khoi thdc phdn mim Moodle vdo dgy hge tryc tuyen Bdn dd hgc trong trudng dgi hge su phgm, vdi nhung uu thi vugt trdi, vdi su tuong thfch rdt td't vdi qud trinh DT theo he thdng tin chi dang duge dp dyng tgi cdc trudng dgi hge d Viet Nam hien nay. Id mgt lya chgn hieu qud. Nhdt Id khi phuong phdp ndy dugc phdi hgp vdi phuong phdp dgy hgc truyen thdng tren Idp se mong Igi hieu qud rd ret cho cdc SV su phgm, nhiJng thdy ed gido trong tuong loi. G (1) Website: http://www.elearningvn.org (2) Website: http://www.Wikipedia.org Tai lieu tham khao 1. K. A Xalishev. Ban do hoc. NXB Dqi hge qudc gia Ha N6i. 2006. 2. NguySn Dugc - Nguyfin Trpng Phiic. Li luan day hoc dia li. NXB Dqi hoc qudc gia Hk Noi. 1998. 3. Nguyen Va Qu6'c Hung. Giao trinh xay dung bai giang dien tu. Trudng Dqi hpc suphqm Hd Ngi. 2006. 4. Website: http://www.Moodle.org Tap ehi Giao due so 241 (ki i. r/aoio) # . sou: 1) NL phdi cd tinh khoa hgc, nghTa Id phdi chua dung cdc dge trung, ede ndi dung edn phdn tfeh mdt edeh rd rdng, khdng ndm trong trudng hgp ngogi. cung nhu y thuc giu gin sy trong sdng eua tilng Viet. Mudn ddm bdo duge ddc trung ndy, GV nen chgn lua cdc don vj ngdn ngu trong cdc tdc phdm vdn hgc