UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY FOOD AND NUTRITION 1 FOOD AND NUTRITION READING COMPREHENSION All living organisms require food for survival, growth, and reproduction Most broadly, the term food can be taken to include any kind of nutrient needed by animals, plants, and simpler forms of life, on down to bacteria This would include, for example, the inorganic substances that plants draw from air and water The processes that circulate these basic nutrients in the environment are called nutrient cycles, and the processes by which organisms make use of nutrients are collectively known as metabolism In terms of the energy needs of humans and other animals, food consists 10 of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, along with vitamins and minerals Humans may consume a wide range of different food substances, as long as they meet nutrition requirements Otherwise nutritionaldeficiency diseases will develop ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES 15 Nutrition is the science that interprets the relationship of food to the functioning of the living organism It is concerned with the intake of food, digestive processes, the liberation of energy, and the elimination of wastes, as well as with all the syntheses that are essential for maintenance, growth, and reproduction These fundamental activities are 20 characteristic of all living organisms – from the simplest to the most complex plants and animals Nutrients are substances, either naturally occurring or synthesized, that are necessary for maintenance of the normal function of organisms These include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals, water, and some unknown substances 25 The nutritionist, a scientist working in the field of nutrition, differs from the dietitian, who translates the science of nutrition into the skill of furnishing optimal nourishment to people Dietetics is a profession concerned with the science and art of human nutrition care, an essential component of the health sciences The treatment of disease by 30 modification of the diet lies within the province of the physician and the dietitian The foods consumed by humans must contain, in adequate amounts, about 45 to 50 highly important substances Water and oxygen are equally essential Starting only with these essential nutrients obtained 35 from food, the body makes literally thousands of substances necessary for life and physical fitness Most of these substances are far more complicated in structure than the original nutrients Energy metabolism and requirements are customarily expressed in terms of the calorie, a heat unit Adoption of the calorie by nutritionists 40 followed quite naturally from the original methods of measuring energy metabolism The magnitude of human energy metabolism, however, made it awkward to record the calorie measured, so the convention of the large calorie, or kilocalorie (kcal), was accepted Atwater factors, also called physiologic fuel factors, are based on the corrections for 45 losses of unabsorbed nutrients in the feces and for the calorie equivalent of the nitrogenous products in the urine These factors are as follows: 1g of pure protein will yield calories, 1g of pure fat will yield calories, and g of pure carbohydrate will yield calories Questions: Answer the questions about the reading 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) What is food? What are nutrient cycles? What is metabolism? How different are the nutritionist and the dietitian? What are physiologic fuel factors? True-False: Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false _ The term food does not include the inorganic substances that plants draw from air and water FOOD AND NUTRITION _ The intake of food, digestive processes, the liberation of energy, and the elimination of wastes are the fundamental activities of all living organisms Unless food substances humans consume meet nutrition requirements, nutritional-deficiency diseases will develop Water and oxygen are equally essential The treatment of disease by modification of the diet lies within the province of the physician and the nutritionist _ _ _ VOCABULARY Fill in these statements with the words in the box diet dietetics nutrients metabolism organisms consume province nutrition synthesis nourishment 1) Improvements in ……………… have been mostly to with persuading people to eat less fatty food and more raw vegetables 2) Exercise is supposed to speed up your ……………… 3) A young baby obtains all the ……………… it needs from its mother's milk 4) If you have a balanced ………………, you are getting all the vitamins you need 5) ……………… is the scientific study of diet and its effects on health 6) Humans may ……………… a wide range of different food substances 7) The treatment of disease by modification of the diet lies within the ……………… of the physician and the dietitian 8) Plants draw minerals and other ……………… from the soil 9) All living ……………… require food for survival, growth, and reproduction 10) Plants need sunlight for the ……………… of their food from carbon dioxide and water WORD STUDY A UN-, IM-, IN-, DIS-, AND NONThe prefixes un-, im-, in-, dis-, and non- can be added to the beginning of some words These prefixes mean “not.” Look at this example: un- + healthy = unhealthy Smoking is not good for you It’s unhealthy ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES Here are other words with these negative prefixes unimindisnon- unimportant, unpopular impossible incomplete, inexpensive discontinue nonfat Exercise: Choose the best word to complete each sentence 1) A person who is unfriendly is probably ………, too A unpopular B unusual C uncomfortable D unimportant 2) The service at this restaurant is very slow It’s ……… to have a quick lunch here! A impossible B important C immoral D immediate 3) The airline will ……… service to that city It is not a popular place to go A discontinue B disagree C disable D discover 4) ……… yogurt is better for you than ice cream A Nonstop B Nonfat C Nonstandard D Nonstick 5) Jaime’s homework is ……… because he felt sick last night A inexpensive B incomplete C inflexible D inevitable B MENT AND ER Some nouns and verbs have the same form We can add a special ending, or suffix, to other verbs to make noun forms Here are some examples: same form verb noun order order drink drink cost cost -ment verb govern agree noun government agreement -er verb drive own run work noun driver owner runner worker Exercise: Complete the sentences with verbs and nouns from the chart (If you need to, make the nouns plural Also, make sure that each verb agrees with its subject.) 1) Susan is the fastest ……………… She can ……………… the race in less than three minutes 2) The bus ……………… will not ……………… an unsafe bus 3) I think the two companies will ……………… to work together They will both sign the ……………… 4) – Did Saul ……………… a salad and some tea? – Yes Now he’s waiting for his ……………… 5) Joseph bought a lot of food and ……………… for the get-together He hopes that everyone will eat and ……………… a lot 6) Even though they……………… hard, most of the ……………… FOOD AND NUTRITION at fast-food restaurants not make a lot of money 7) – My aunt is the ……………… of that popular take-out restaurant on Main Street – Does she ……………… the restaurant on Green Street, too? C TH AND GHT Some nouns that end in th or ght are related to similar words that are not nouns Read the following pairs of sentences and see how the words in bold print are related 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Some cities grow quickly Their growth is fast The street is five kilometers long The length is five kilometers The street is fifteen meters wide Its width is fifteen meters The lake is thirty meters deep Its depth is thirty meters Joanna is very strong She has a lot of strength How high is that building? What is its height? Anna weighs 50 kilos Her weight is 50 kilos Exercise: Now choose the best word for each sentence Use each word only once depth 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) strength growth 1) height length width weight The flag is flying high above the ground The …………………of that flagpole is about 20 meters The …………………of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is about 1,400 meters It is a very long bridge What is the …………………of the Pacific Ocean at its deepest point? People who build houses must be very strong They must have great …………………in their arms Plants need a lot of water to grow Without it, their ……………… is slow What is the …………………of your garage? Is it wide enough to park two cars inside? David is very thin now He weighs only 49 kilos He lost a lot of ………………… STRUCTURE STUDY THE PASSIVE A sentence is often written in a passive form when the important idea is not WHO does something, but WHAT IS DONE (a) They measured the extension in the steel bar (b) The extension in the steel bar was measured ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES If the doer of the action has some importance (though less than the object), or is needed to complete the sense of the sentence, it is given, e.g ‘A knowledge of statistics is required by every type of scientists.’ Passives can be formed in the following ways: active: passive: A tense of be + past participle He cooked the food The food was cooked active: passive: Modal + be / have been + past participle He may cook the food The food may be cooked active: passive: to be / to have been + past participle He is to cook the food The food is to be cooked active: passive: being / having been + past participle Cooking / Having cooked … Being / Having been cooked … Exercise: Rewrite the following sentences in the passive : 1) People apply mathematics in many different activities 2) People use computers for many different purposes 3) People use the decimal system even in countries with nondecimalized systems of weights and measurements 4) Water covers most of the Earth’s surface 5) Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived 6) Huge ocean waves swept houses into the sea 7) They have postponed the seminar 8) A mystery is something that we can explain 9) We are going to build a new zoo next year 10) The vegetables didn’t taste very good People had cooked them for too long 11) The situation is serious We must something before it’s too late 12) When we got to the stadium, we found that they had cancelled the game 13) They are building a new ring road round the city 14) I don’t like people telling me what to 15) We gave the police the information 16) We will give you plenty of time to decide 17) They must first clean sewage in treatment plants 18) Has anybody told you about ecology? 19) In modern zoos, people can see animals in more natural habitats 20) He said that he wanted somebody to wake him up at 6.30 next morning ESSENRIAL NUTRIENTS ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS READING COMPREHENSION Water The human body contains 50 to 70% water, making it the most abundant compound in the body Because there is no storage of water within the body water must be replaced continually Water may be obtained from beverages, foods, and from energy metabolism within the body Water functions in temperature regulation, as a solvent, in chemical reactions, and as a body lubricant Adults must consume two to three liters of some form of water each day Proteins 10 Proteins are widely distributed in nature, and no life-forms are known without them They are made up of relatively simple organic compounds, the amino acids, which contain nitrogen and sometimes sulfur Humans and animals build the protein they need for growth and repair of tissues by breaking down the proteins obtained in food into 15 their component parts, the amino acids, and then building up these components into proteins of the type needed The protein-rich foods from animal sources contain complete proteins, which supply all the amino acids in the proper proportions necessary in the human diet Although it was formerly believed that plant proteins had to be 20 combined at each meal, research shows that a balanced diet will provide the proper combinations Vitamins and Minerals ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES Most foods contain several vitamins and minerals Vitamins are organic food substances, needed only in minute quantities but essential for the 25 normal metabolism of other nutrients Many vitamins and minerals act as catalysts or help form catalysts in the body Minerals – such as calcium, iodine, and iron – are an essential part of all cells and body fluids and enter into many functions Fats and Carbohydrates 30 Fats, which are widely distributed in nature, are a concentrated food source of energy Fats are glyceryl esters of fatty acids and yield glycerol and many different fatty acids when broken down by hydrolysis Carbohydrates are the most abundant food sources of energy Important dietary carbohydrates are divided into two groups – 35 starches and sugars The starches, which may be converted into utilizable sugars in plants or in the human body, are in the grains, the pulses, the tubers, and some rhizomes and roots The sugars occur in many plants and fruits, the most important being sucrose, obtained from sugarcane or the sugar beet 40 Dietary Fiber Dietary fiber, also known as bulk and roughage, is also an essential element in the diet even though it provides no nutrients It consists of plant cellulose and other indigestible materials in foods, along with pectins and gums The chewing it requires stimulates saliva flow, and 45 the bulk it adds in the stomach and intestines during digestion provides more time for absorption of nutrients Diets with sufficient fiber produce softer, bulkier stools and help to promote bowel regularity and avoid constipation and other disorders, such as diverticulosis 50 Fruits, vegetables, whole-grain breads, and products made from nuts and legumes are all sources of dietary fiber A diet overly abundant in dietary fiber, however, can cut down on the absorption of important trace minerals during digestion Vegetables, fruits, grains, and legumes constitute a rich source of dietary fiber ESSENRIAL NUTRIENTS Questions: Answer the questions about the reading 1) 2) 3) 4) What are the essential nutrients in human diet? Where may water be obtained? What are proteins used for? Why are vitamins essential for the normal metabolism of other nutrients? 5) What are the two groups of important dietary carbohydrates? True-False: Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false 1) _ Water functions in temperature regulation, as a solvent, in chemical reactions, and as a body lubricant 2) _ A few life-forms not have proteins 3) _ Vitamins are inorganic food substances, needed only in minute quantities 4) _ Carbohydrates are the most abundant food sources of energy 5) _ A diet overly abundant in dietary fiber can help the absorption of important trace minerals during digestion VOCABULARY Fill in these statements with the words in the box bowel beverages indigestible tuber catalysts digestion absorption constipated starches balanced 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) You should eat more fiber and fruit if you are ……………… Hot …………… include tea, coffee and hot chocolate Many vitamins and minerals help form …………… in the body Research shows that a …………… diet will provide the proper combinations Eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables can reduce the risk of cancer of the …………… A …………… the short thick round part of an underground stem or root of some plants, such as potatoes, which stores food and from which new plants grow Vegetables are usually cooked to aid …………… Vitamin D is necessary to aid the …………… of calcium from food Beans can be rather …………… …………… may be converted into utilizable sugars in plants or in the human body 60 ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES Genetically Modified Products: Benefits and Controversies Benefits • Crops o Enhanced taste and quality o Reduced maturation time o Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance o Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides o New products and growing techniques • Animals o Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency o Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk o Improved animal health and diagnostic methods • Environment o “Friendly” bioherbicides and bioinsecticides o Conservation of soil, water, and energy o Bioprocessing for forestry products o Better natural waste management o More efficient processing • Society o Increased food security for growing populations Controversies • Safety o Potential human health impact: allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects o Potential environmental impact: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity • Access and Intellectual Property o Domination of world food production by a few companies o Increasing dependence on Industrialized nations by developing countries o Biopiracy – foreign exploitation of natural resources • Ethics o Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values o Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species o Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa o Stress for animal • Labeling o Not mandatory in some countries (e.g United States) o Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts • Society o New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries Questions: Answer the questions about the reading 1) 2) 3) 4) What is a genetically modified food? What is biotechnology? Give some examples of genetically modified products What you think the greatest benefits of genetically modified food are? 5) What are some controversies surrounding genetically modified foods? GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD 61 True-False: Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false 1) _ 2) _ 3) _ 4) _ 5) _ Recombinant DNA technology refers to the combination of genes from different organisms Wheat with increased iron and vitamins may alleviate chronic malnutrition in Asian countries We have known all the risks posed by technologies for genetically modifying foods Genetically modified bananas can produce human vaccines against infectious diseases Genetically modified plants can produce new plastics with unique properties VOCABULARY Fill in these statements with the words in the box makeup enzyme exponential mandatory biotechnology genome intrinsic crops genetically allergen 1) If a plant or animal is …………… engineered, some of its genes have been changed artificially 2) Genetic modification is a special set of technologies that alter the genetic …………… of such living organisms as animals, plants, or bacteria 3) …………… is the use of living cells and bacteria in industrial and scientific processes 4) There has been an …………… increase in world population this century 5) The human …………… project is an attempt to produce a map of all the genetic information in the human body 6) An …………… is a substance which can cause an allergy, but which is harmless to most people 7) It is immoral to treat animals as if they had no …………… value 8) Athletes must undergo a …………… drugs test before competing in the championship 9) The main …………… grown for export are coffee and rice 10) An …………… in the saliva of the mouth starts the process of breaking down the food 62 ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES WORD STUDY A WORD FORMS Exercise: Study the list of verbs, nouns, and adjectives Notice how they are related to each other Then choose the correct word for each sentence Use a word from line in sentence 1, and so on Make the nouns plural if necessary 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) verb compete refrigerate announce poison unite decide store — embarrass add noun competition refrigerator announcement poison union decision storage chemical / chemist embarrassment addition adjective competitive refrigerated poison / poisonous united decisive storage chemical / chemist embarrassed additional 1) Tom is very ……………………… He enters every competition he can, and he always wants to be the winner 2) You cannot keep milk in the cupboard You must ………………… it, or it will turn bad 3) The president of the international student organization made an important ………… ……… at the meeting last night She announced that there will be a big party next Saturday 4) Some plants are suitable for humans to eat Other plants are ………………………… If you eat them, you might die 5) UN stands for the …………………………Nations 6) Kiki made an important ………………………… She decided to stay in the United States and go to college After college, she will return to her country to work 7) If you don’t have enough room to keep your bicycle in your apartment, you can ………………………… it in the basement 8) Scientists say tears contain ………………………… that your body needs to get rid of They say it’s good to cry sometimes 9) I hope the teacher doesn’t ask me a question in class today, because I didn’t finish my homework last night If she calls on me, I will be very ………………………… because I won’t know the answer 10) This lemonade is not sweet enough If we ………………………… a little more sugar, it will taste better GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD 63 B -Y, -ITY, -TY In English you can often change an adjective to a noun by adding -y, ty, or -ity Look at the adjectives in the chart Add the correct suffix to each one to make a noun adjective difficult certain safe special -y noun ……………… -ty ……………… ……………… ……………… adjective ability electric equal popular human similar -ity noun ability ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… ……………… Exercise: Choose the best noun from the chart for each sentence 1) Amnesty International is trying to improve the lives of all ……… This organization tries to make life better and more peaceful for all people in the world 2) In many countries, people of different races and religions not have equal rights in society People are still fighting for ………… 3) Factories should provide better equipment for the workers to help improve ………………… and prevent accidents 4) Third World countries have ……………………… providing food, housing and medical care for all people It is difficult for these countries because their governments have very little money 5) My brother studied engineering at the university He has a ……………………… in chemical engineering because he studied in a special program for it, 6) Name one ……………………… between life in Canada and life in the United States These two countries are not very different 7) If you study English for several years, you will be able to speak it well This ………………… can help you find a good job C -Y In English we can add -y to some nouns to make adjectives Look at the example: noun + -y = adjective syrup + -y = syrupy The mixture is heated until it becomes a syrupy liquid Spelling notes: 1) If a noun ends in silent e, drop the e before adding y 2) If a noun ends in consonant-vowel-consonant and is a onesyllable word, double the final consonant before adding y 64 ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES Here are two examples: lace (drop the e) fun (double the n) lacy funny Exercise: Add -y to each noun to make an adjective Remember to follow the spelling rules Then choose the best adjective for each sentence sun wind juice rain …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… snow cloud ice …………………… …………………… …………………… 1) Last night the wind started to blow and it started to rain It never stopped It has been ………………… and …………………… all day today, too 2) In summer, the weather is usually warm and …………………… In fact, the sun shines almost every day 3) Be careful if you drive a car in winter Sometimes water on the roads ‘freezes and the roads become ……………………… 4) Oranges and lemons are two fruits with lots of juice A banana is different It is not …………………… 5) Sometimes in winter it is difficult to see far away because the sky is full of snow and covered with clouds But I like ……………… and ………………… days because everything looks very white and peaceful D -EVER Several words in English end in the suffix -ever Look at these words and their meanings Then choose the best word for each sentence whatever whoever = anything = anyone whenever wherever = any time = any place 1) We can leave the party ……………………… you like I don’t care what time we go home 2) I lent my book to someone in class, but I forget who Would ……………………… has it please return it to me? 3) Tonight is my birthday, and I am taking you out to dinner You can order …………………… you like I’m having spaghetti 4) You can go ……………………… you like on vacation if you have a lot of money Some places are very expensive GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD 65 STRUCTURE STUDY REDUCTION ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (2) • Past participle in place of the passive: As he was loved by all who knew him, he devoted his life to others Loved by all who knew him, he devoted his life to others Although it was intended to be a nice surprise, the party was not whet I wanted at all Although intended to be a nice surprise, the party was not what I wanted at all If I am accepted for the job, I ll have to start at the beginning of next month If accepted for the job, I ll have to start at the beginning of next month After the manuscript had been lost for many years, it suddenly turned up again Lost for many year, the manuscript suddenly turned up again Once the brain is deprived of oxygen, it dies Once deprived of the oxygen, the brain dies • Being + past participle following after, before, when, since, while, on, by: After it was cleaned the bike looked as good as new After being cleaned, the bike looked as good as new Since the government was elected, it has had one crisis after another Since being elected, the government has had one crisis after another He did military service before he was admitted into university He did military service before being admitted into university When he was being questioned, he suddenly burst into tears When being questioned, he suddenly burst into tears The message got across to people because it was repeated over and over again The message got across to people by being repeated over and over again 66 ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES Exercise: Reduce (contract) the underlined part of the following sentences 1) Because I was exhausted through lack of sleep, I fell asleep at my desk 2) Although it was written many years ago, the book is still relevant today 3) Since I was promoted, I’ve had no time to go out 4) After he was released from prison, Andy could not find a job anywhere 5) When he was caught, he confessed everything 6) When it is seen from the outside, the building looks a mess, but it is lovely inside 7) If we are elected, we will increase the value of pensions 8) Although he was ridiculed by everybody, he continued to pursue his bizarre projects 9) Unless it is destroyed, this material could have damaging consequences 10) Jennifer had been shoplifting for many years before she was found out 11) When British people are introduced, they often shake hands 12) After the concert had been delayed for an hour, it started at nine o’clock 13) When we were informed the flight would be delayed, we made other arrangements 14) Although it was built years ago, it was in good condition 15) If you are accepted for the job, you will be informed soon 16) When the poem is read aloud it is very effective 17) If the picture is seen from this angle, it looks rather good 18) Because he has been promised a reward, he hopes he’ll get one 19) Unless it is changed, this law will make life difficult for farmers 20) When it was viewed from a distance, the island of Nepenthe looked like a cloud FOOD INDUSTRY 67 10 FOOD INDUSTRY READING COMPREHENSION The food industry comprises all business operations that are involved in producing a raw food material, processing it, and distributing it to sales outlets The entire complex of the industry includes: farms and ranches; producers of raw materials, such as phosphates, for agricultural use; water-supply systems; food-processing plants; manufacturers of packaging materials and food-processing and transportation equipment; transportation systems; and retail stores and food-service operations such as restaurants, institutional feeding commissaries, and vendingmachine services 10 HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY The organized trading and transport of salt, spices, grain, olive oil, fermented beverages, and other foods have probably been practiced almost since the time of the first agricultural surpluses Inventories of livestock and foodstuffs are among the first written records However, 15 until modern preservation methods were developed, the kinds of foods that could be traded were limited to those which did not spoil quickly Most food-processing operations seem to have begun as extensions of kitchen preparation techniques, scaled up to furnish enough surplus product to be bartered or sold outside the household Enlargement of a 20 business entailed simply building more or larger processing equipment – oil presses, baking ovens, or wine vats Gradual improvements in design were made to increase yields or improve quality This was the general pattern until the Industrial Revolution, when major qualitative changes began to be made in food processing and distribution operations Not 68 ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES 25 only were factories greatly enlarged and much of the manual labor replaced by machinery, but entirely new principles of processing, such as canning and spray drying, were invented Channels of distribution became much more complex and extended, and special techniques for retaining quality were used, for example, shipping by means of 30 refrigerated railroad cars The present-day industry slowly took shape as it responded to ever-growing agricultural surpluses, to advances in transportation, and to the enormous changes made possible by the growth in processing technologies Beef calves are often sent to feedlots DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS 35 Farmers, ranchers, other producers of agricultural raw materials, and feedlot operators usually sell their output to collection points, such as grain terminals or stockyards The terminal or stockyard supplies the processing companies, which select needed raw materials from the available stock and process them either into finished foodstuffs – cuts of 40 meat, for example – or into food ingredients, such as flour Flow of goods in the food industry From the final processor, finished food products are moved by truck or FOOD INDUSTRY 69 rail to warehouses, usually located near a city Most modern warehouses have storage areas for frozen and refrigerated food and are equipped to control temperature and humidity within a narrow range Warehouses 45 can assemble full truckloads of products originating from many different suppliers for shipment to one large retailer or to a number of smaller outlets in a given region, allowing a great reduction in unit transportation costs as compared to shipping a small quantity of one item directly from the producer to the retailer If the retail outlet is large 50 enough to accept complete truckloads directly from the manufacturer, direct shipments from the factory are sometimes made Processors of perishable foods (dairies, ice-cream manufacturers, wholesale bread bakeries, and meat-packers) usually maintain their own fleets of trucks for carrying fresh products directly to their retailer 55 customers Truck drivers from bakeries and dairies may also service retail outlets by rotating stock and picking up stale products and returning them to the factory Restaurants and institutional commissaries purchase staples and nonperishable foods from the warehouses of specialized distributors, but they also receive direct shipment from 60 dairies, bakeries, and meat-packers Questions: Answer the questions about the reading 1) What does the food industry consist of? 2) When did the organized trading and transport of salt, spices, grain, olive oil, fermented beverages, and other foods begin? 3) What the processing companies terminals or stockyards supply do? 4) When can direct shipments from the factory to retailers be made? 5) Where restaurants and institutional commissaries buy staples and nonperishable foods? True-False: Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false 1) _ 2) _ 3) _ 4) _ 5) _ Most food-processing operations seem to have begun as extensions of kitchen preparation techniques Farmers, ranchers, and other producers of agricultural raw materials seldom sell their output to grain terminals or stockyards In the past, the kinds of foods that could be traded were limited to those which did not spoil quickly Processors of perishable foods usually hire fleets of trucks for carrying fresh products directly to their retailer customers Restaurants receive direct shipment from dairies, bakeries, and meat-packers 70 ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES VOCABULARY Fill in these statements with the words in the box ferment stale vats commissary stockyard dairy entails raw vending machine surplus 1) Sushi is a Japanese dish made from …………… fish 2) You make wine by leaving grape juice to …………… until all the sugar has turned to alcohol 3) Farmers are feeding all their …………… wheat to pigs 4) A …………… is a place where farm animals are kept for a short time before they are sold at a market 5) The wines used to be made in deep wooden …………… 6) While we were camping we bought our milk from a nearby farm …………… 7) Coffee goes …………… within a couple of weeks so it is best to buy it in small quantities 8) A …………… is a machine from which you can buy small items such as cigarettes, drinks and sweets by putting coins into it 9) A …………… is a shop which supplies food and goods, especially to people in the army or in prison 10) Enlargement of a food business simply …………… building more or larger processing equipment WORD STUDY A WORD FORMS Study the words in the list Notice how they are related to each other Then choose the best word to complete each sentence Use a word from line in sentence 1, and so on 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Verb die decorate — describe breathe compute reserve revolt know connect Noun death decoration cruelty description breath computer / computation reservation revolution knowledge connection Adjective dead — cruel descriptive — — — revolutionary — connected FOOD INDUSTRY 71 1) President John F Kennedy is ……………… He ………………… in 1963 Thousands of people went to his funeral 2) In Canada and the United States, many people …………………… a tree with lights and colorful decorations for Christmas 3) Amnesty International tries to stop …………………… to prisoners in all countries In many places, prisoners have terrible lives of pain and suffering 4) For your homework tonight, write a ……………… of your home town Tell how it looks, where you like to go, and why you like it 5) When people swim under water, they must hold their ………………… Fish can breathe under water, but humans cannot 6) If you have a small calculator, you can ………………… your grocery bill while you are in the store 7) Next month Kei is going on a trip to New York He already made his plane …………………, so he is very excited 8) Thirteen colonies participated in the …………………… war against England They became the United States of America 9) The more you study, the more your …………………… increases 10) Maria is going to Julie’s house tonight to help her ……………………… her new computer Julie doesn’t know how to it by herself B WORD FORMS This exercise is just for fun, and it is difficult See if you can figure out the meanings of these words and use the correct word in each sentence commercialized discouraged multiplicity non-warlike oversimplification undereducated programmer unrecognizable 1) Paula dressed in strange clothes and put a lot of makeup on her face for a party She was completely ……………………… No one knew who she was! 2) One student said that his native country nationalized the oil companies because people were stealing the oil This is only part of what really happened This explanation is an ……………………… of the situation 3) There is a ………………………… of problems in Third World countries, such as poor living conditions, few jobs, and very little medical care for people 4) Another problem in Third World countries is that most of the people are ……………………… because they quit school at an early age to get jobs 5) Carl is a computer ………………………… for a large company He writes programs for businesses and industries 6) Christmas has become very ………………………… in the United States Marketing experts make a lot of money because of this 7) Don’t be ………………………… if you can’t this exercise The words are very difficult! 72 C ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES SHIP, -OUS, -LIKE In English, we can add the suffix -ous and -like to some nouns to make adjectives Words that end in -ous mean “full of something.” Here is an example: Our classroom is very spacious (full of space) Words that end in -like mean “similar to,” or “like.” Here is an example: The painting that Simon made is very lifelike Spelling Note: If a noun ends in silent e, drop the e before adding the suffix -ous There are no spelling changes when you add the suffix -like Exercise: Add the correct suffix to each noun in the chart noun joy fame danger poison -ous adjective ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… noun life war child -like adjective ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… Now choose the best adjective to complete each sentence 1) Some plants are very …………………… to eat In fact, if you eat a ……………………… plant, you could become sick or even die 2) Holidays are usually ………………………… times People don’t have to work, and everyone celebrates and is happy 3) Albert Einstein is a ………………………… scientist Most people in the world know who he was 4) Eskimo carvings are very ………………………… They look exactly like living animals 5) In the 1930s Germany began to take ………………………… actions Then in 1939 it attacked Poland and started a war 6) When an adult does something that a child might do, people say he or she is ………………………… STRUCTURE STUDY SUBJECT-AUXILIARY INVERSION If a negative adverb or adverbial expression is put at the beginning of a clause for emphasis, it is usually followed by auxiliary verb + subject Under no circumstances can we cash checks Not until he received her letter did he fully understand the depth of her feelings Hardly had I arrived when trouble started FOOD INDUSTRY 73 Not only did we lose our money, but we were nearly killed Seldom have I seen such a remarkable creature No sooner had I closed the door than somebody knocked Exercise: Rewrite these sentences beginning with the words in brackets 1) I had hardly closed my eyes when the phone rang (Hardly …) 2) We no sooner sat down in the train than I felt sick (No sooner …) 3) There has never been so much protest against land mines (Never …) 4) I realized what had happened only later (Only later …) 5) You shouldn’t answer the door when I’m out in any circumstances (In no circumstances …) 6) You shouldn’t sign the document on any account (On no account …) 7) I have never seen such a big tree (Never …) 8) We are not taking applications for that position any longer (No longer …) 9) You can hardly ever see such a spectacular sight (Hardly ever …) 10) Billy does not only sings, but he also plays the piano and writes his own songs (Not only …) In formal styles, if in an if-clause can be dropped and an auxiliary verb put before the subject This happens with were, had and should Were she my daughter, (If she were my daughter, ) Had I realized what you intended, (If I had realized ) Should you change your mind, (If you should change ) Had we not changed our reservations, (If we hadn t changed ) Exercise: Rewrite these sentences beginning with the words in brackets 1) If the boss were to come in now, we would be in real trouble (Were …) 2) If he should be late, we’ll have to start without him (Should …) 3) If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam (Had …) 4) If I were rich, I would spend all my time traveling (Were …) 5) If my mother had been alive, she would have been 80 next year (Had …) 6) If you should run into Peter, tell him he owes me a letter (Should …) 7) If I hadn’t been so tired, I might have realized what was happening (Had …) 8) If her nose were a little shorter, she would be quite pretty (Were …) 9) If you should happen to finish early, give me a ring (Should …) 10) If Jane hadn’t helped me, I would have been in bad trouble (Had …) 74 ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES CONTENTS Unit Reading Vocabulary Word Study - Food and Nutrition Essential Nutrients - Compound Words The Suffixes -AL, -ABLE, - Cooking - The Passive (cont.) 07 - The Causative 13 - Relative Clauses 20 - Defining and 28 Word Forms: Nouns (1) Word Forms: Nouns (2) - Word Form: Noun Endings The Suffix -LESS Word Forms: Nouns - - Food Preservation The Prefix RE- 01 The Suffix -EN Food Groups The Passive FUL - - The Suffixes -TH, -GTH - Page DIS-, NONThe Suffixes -MENT, -ER - The Prefixes UN-, IM-, IN-, Language Focus The Prefix OVER- - The Suffix -LY Word Forms: Other Words Non-defining Relative Clauses with -LY 10 Genetically Modified Food Food Industry Contents - Word Forms (2) The Suffixes -OUS, -LIKE Adverbial Clauses 42 - Reduction of 50 The Suffixes -Y, -ITY, -TY The Suffix -Y The Suffix -EVER Word Forms (1) - The Suffix -IST Word Forms 35 The Prefix ENThe Suffix -AGE - - Organic Food The Suffix -SHIP Reduction of Relative Clauses Word Forms - The Suffix -IZE The Suffix -IVE - Food Poisoning - - Word Forms - Human Diet Word Forms: Adjectives (1) Word Forms: Adjectives (2) - - Adverbial Clauses (1) - Reduction of 58 Adverbial Clauses (2) - Subject- 67 Auxiliary Inversion 74 .. .FOOD AND NUTRITION 1 FOOD AND NUTRITION READING COMPREHENSION All living organisms require food for survival, growth, and reproduction Most broadly, the term food can be taken... match (his nose / break) 20 ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES FOOD PRESERVATION READING COMPREHENSION Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food in such a way as to stop... provide the proper combinations Vitamins and Minerals ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES Most foods contain several vitamins and minerals Vitamins are organic food substances, needed only in minute