Half title page to come from Cover designer. Do not use this! Re-visioning television Research on the policy, strategy and models for the sustainable development of community television in South Africa Prelims-Re-visioning TV.indd i 8/3/06 4:23:30 PM Prelims-Re-visioning TV.indd ii 8/3/06 4:23:30 PM Title page to come from Cover designer. Do not use this! Re-visioning television Research on the policy, strategy and models for the sustainable development of community television in South Africa By Adrian Hadland, Mike Aldridge and Joshua Ogada Prelims-Re-visioning TV.indd iii 8/3/06 4:23:30 PM Compiled by the Society, Culture and Identity Research Programme of the Human Sciences Research Council Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za © 2006 Human Sciences Research Council First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 0-7969-2160-1 Copy editing by Laurie Rose-Innes Cover design by Jenny Frost and Jacob Erasmus Cover photograph by Christine Nachmann. Mural by The Lines of Attitude Team: www.falko1.co.za, www.faith47.com, www.mode2.org, www.dreph.com and Phiks. Print management by Compress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver PO Box 30370, Tokai, Cape Town, 7966, South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477 Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 email: orders@blueweaver.co.za www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) 3 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2E 8LU, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 email: orders@edspubs.co.uk www.eurospangroup.com/bookstore Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Order Department, 814 North Franklin Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741 All other enquiries: +1 (312) 337 0747 Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 email: frontdesk@ipgbook.com www.ipgbook.com Prelims-Re-visioning TV.indd iv 8/3/06 4:23:30 PM List of tables and figures vi Acknowledgements viii Preface ix Executive summary xi Acronyms and abbreviations xiii Chapter 1 Introduction to community television 1 Chapter 2 Regulatory overview 15 Chapter 3 Lessons from community radio 37 Chapter 4 CTV in South Africa today 43 Chapter 5 Partnerships 67 Chapter 6 Signal distribution 97 Chapter 7 Production 103 Chapter 8 Programming 125 Chapter 9 Audience research 141 Chapter 10 Rural CTV 145 Chapter 11 Future technical directions for CTV 153 Chapter 12 Business models 165 Chapter 13 Conclusion 185 Chapter 14 Case study: CTV Cape Town business model 187 Appendix A Local CTV scoping report: technical parameters — University of Cape Town 203 Appendix B Local CTV scoping report: technical parameters — University of the Western Cape 206 Glossary 209 References 213 CONTENTS Prelims-Re-visioning TV.indd v 8/3/06 4:23:31 PM CHAPTER vi ©HSRC 2006 Tables Table 8.1 Weekly CTV programming 133 Table 8.2 Daily programming, Monday to Friday 136 Table 14.1 AMPS audience ratings (000s), April 2004 193 Table 14.2 Cape Town income demographics 193 Figures Figure 7.1 Prosumer to professional camera price range 110 Figure 7.2 Low to medium camera price range 111 Figure 7.3 Manual broadcast workflow 115 Figure 7.4 Automated digital workflow solution 116 Figure 8.1 Weekly programming hours 134 Figure 8.2 Daily programming, Monday to Friday 135 Figure 11.1 Video sharing network 156 Figure 11.2 The PanAmSat (PAS) 7 footprint 157 Figure 12.1 Total TV viewing 171 Figure 12.2 Total TV households (TVHHs) 171 Figure 12.3 Audience share, all adults (South Africa) 172 Figure 12.4 Audience share, all adults (Western Cape) 173 Figure 12.5 Audience share, all adults (Gauteng) 173 Figure 12.6 Audience share, all adults (KwaZulu-Natal) 174 Figure 12.7 African audience share 175 Figure 12.8 White audience share 175 Figure 12.9 Coloured audience share 175 Figure 12.10 Indian audience share 176 Figure 12.11 English audience (home language) 176 Figure 12.12 Afrikaans audience (home language) 177 Figure 12.13 IsiXhosa audience (home language) 177 Figure 12.14 South Sotho audience (home language) 177 Figure 12.15 IsiZulu audience (home language) 178 Figure 12.16 Audience by age group, 16–24 years 178 Figure 12.17 Audience by age group, 25–34 years 179 Figure 12.18 Audience by age group, 35–49 years 179 Figure 12.19 Universal LSM 3, TVA 180 Figure 12.20 Universal LSM 3, TVHH 180 Figure 12.21 Universal LSM 6, TVA 180 Figure 12.22 Universal LSM 6, TVHH 181 TABLES AND FIGURES Prelims-Re-visioning TV.indd vi 8/3/06 4:23:31 PM Chapter 5 vii ©HSRC 2006 Figure 12.23 Universal LSM 8, TVA 181 Figure 12.24 Universal LSM 8, TVHH 181 Figure 12.25 Universal LSM 10, TVA 182 Figure 12.26 Universal LSM 10, TVHH 182 Figure 14.1 Cape Town income demographics 194 Figure 14.2 Coverage for CT CTV 200 Tables and figures Prelims-Re-visioning TV.indd vii 8/3/06 4:23:32 PM CHAPTER viii ©HSRC 2006 The authors of this report would like to thank the following individuals and organisations for their invaluable help and support: Karen Thorne, Khululekile Banzi, Andrei Naidoo, Jean Witten of the HSRC, the Cape Town Community Television Collective (CT CTVC), Greater Durban Television (GDTV), the Media Development and Diversity Agency (MDDA) and the Media Institute of Southern Africa – South Africa (MISA-SA). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Prelims-Re-visioning TV.indd viii 8/3/06 4:23:32 PM ix ©HSRC 2006 This report on the policy, strategy and models for the sustainable development of community television (CTV) in South Africa is the result of a deeply participative research process led by the Society, Culture and Identity (SCI) Research Programme of the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC). The HSRC is a statutory organisation that conducts research aimed at supporting the country’s drive to a better, more equitable and brighter future. Media and its role and impact on society remain a key research interest of the SCI team, which has already produced some important work on the subject (see, for instance, Hadland & Thorne [2004: 9]). Conceptualised by HSRC Chief Research Specialist Adrian Hadland with the assistance of CTV activist and Arts and Media Access Centre Director Karen Thorne, the project was intended to provide support to South Africa’s nascent local television sector. Underpinning this interest is the assumption that improved access to more diverse media is good for democracy, development and empowerment. Funded initially with the HSRC’s parliamentary grant, the Media Development and Diversity Agency (MDDA) has again joined hands to support an HSRC media research project. Further assistance has been forthcoming from the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA). The work contained in this report has been informed by a process of participation and collaboration that has involved many key members and organisations within the CTV community. Two of the principal authors, Mike Aldridge and Joshua Ogada, as well as the assistant and intern Khululekhile Banzi, boast many years of work in and around community media and have a special interest in CTV. The project also relied heavily on the Cape Town Community Television Co-operative and its steering committee, the body that is driving the CTV process in the Cape and which represents a wide range of stakeholders. A regional workshop and a series of sectoral workshops were held during the course of this research project, which helped root the work in the real needs and priorities of people involved in, or wishing to become involved in, CTV. In addition, another formal collaborative partner in this research has been Greater Durban Television (GDTV), one of the pathfinders of CTV in South Africa. GDTV’s willingness to share its experiences and knowledge and to support the drive to a broad-access national television network for the people has been important. Readers will find these elements along with the Cape Town Collective’s inputs reflected in particular in the case study section of this report. Their collective wisdom, however, is inherent in this research from one end of the report to the other. Once a draft report had been completed, a national workshop was held at the HSRC’s Pretoria office in late October 2005. Here, stakeholders and interested parties from across the country assembled to debate the principles, values, models and recommendations contained in this report. MISA played a key role in ensuring the success of the workshop, which had as its keynote speaker the former CEO of the MDDA, Libby Lloyd. Feedback and inputs from the workshop are incorporated into this report to make it a truly inclusive and participative work reflecting the experiences, needs and beliefs of many people who have worked hard for years to bring CTV to South Africa. The authors would like to thank the stakeholders, activists and interested parties who have participated in this research project in one way or another, from filling out questionnaires and taking part in workshops to debating the issues that the report contains. We have sought to reflect as many of the opposing and divergent views as possible. We hope, in the end, to have combined many strands of experience, research PREFACE Prelims-Re-visioning TV.indd ix 8/3/06 4:23:32 PM Knowledge networks x ©HSRC 2006 and opinion and to have knitted them together to provide a solid platform from which CTV in South Africa can go onward and upward. We also acknowledge the work, often unseen or unreported, that has been done over the last decade by people who care about CTV to keep the hope alive. We stand, at last, on the very brink of success. Adrian Hadland, Mike Aldridge and Joshua Ogada Cape Town January 2006 re-visioning television Prelims-Re-visioning TV.indd x 8/3/06 4:23:33 PM [...]... Products Survey ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee AVEA Audio-Visual Entrepreneurs of Africa AV audio-visual CBO community-based organisation CCD charge-coupled device CDH Community Digital Hub CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor CTN Community Television Network CTV community television CT CTV Cape Town community television CT CTVC Cape Town Community Television Collective CVET Community... integrated development plan IP Internet protocol IPDC International Programme for the Development of Communication ISDN integrated services digital network xiii ©HSRC 2006 re-visioning television Knowledge networks IWT Independent World Television kW kilowatt LAN local-area network LSM Living Standards Measure MAPP Media, Advertising, Publishing, Printing and Packaging MB megabyte MBps megabytes per second... strategy and models for the sustainable development of community television (CTV) in South Africa It is the result of a deeply participative research process led by the Society, Culture and Identity (SCI) Research Programme of the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), and was conceptualised to provide support to South Africa’s nascent local television sector Funded initially with the HSRC’s parliamentary... research It establishes a theoretical framework and provides a template on which future research into audience perceptions of CTV can be based Compiled by Joshua Ogada and Andrei Naidoo xi ©HSRC 2006 re-visioning television Knowledge networks Chapter Ten deals with the challenges facing the development of CTV in South Africa’s rural areas It considers a definition of what constitutes a rural area and proposes... National Electronic Media Institute of South Africa NFVF National Film and Video Foundation NGO non-governmental organisation NTSC National Television System Committee OB outside broadcast OSS open-source software PAL phase alternating line PATV public access television RAM random-access memory RAMS Radio Audience Measurement Survey SAARF South African Advertising Research Foundation SABC South African... SAMRO South African Music Rights Organisation SD standard definition SETA Sector Education and Training Authority SMME small, medium and micro enterprise SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers TVA television audience UHF ultra-high frequency UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service USA Universal Service Agency VHF xiv videotape recorder WAN ©HSRC 2006 very high frequency VTR... It examines the possibilities of using Internet TV, netcasting, video content delivery over data networks and cellular communications, as well as still-developing technologies allowing for interactive television and the issues raised by digital broadcasting Compiled by Mike Aldridge Chapter Twelve examines business models for CTV It discusses issues of sustainability, advertising, demographics, content... state of CTV in South Africa It examines the history of the CTV initiative and presents case studies of five local CTV outfits: Soweto TV, Cue TV, Bush TV, Greater Durban TV and the Cape Town Community Television Collective Compiled by Mike Aldridge, with contributions by Khululekile Banzi Chapter Five looks at partnerships It lists possible funding partners and content partners, and considers institutions... Communications DTT digital terrestrial transmission DV digital video ENG electronic news gathering FRU Film Resource Unit GB gigabyte GCIS Government Communication and Information System GDTV Greater Durban Television HD high definition HH household HSDPA High-speed downlink packet access HSRC Human Sciences Research Council IBA Independent Broadcasting Authority ICASA Independent Communications Authority . semiconductor CTN Community Television Network CTV community television CT CTV Cape Town community television CT CTVC Cape Town Community Television Collective CVET. Africa Prelims -Re-visioning TV.indd i 8/3/06 4:23:30 PM Prelims -Re-visioning TV.indd ii 8/3/06 4:23:30 PM Title page to come from Cover designer. Do not use this! Re-visioning