OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASES Edited by Volodymyr Lushchak and Dmytro V. Gospodaryov OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASES Edited by Volodymyr Lushchak and Dmytro V. Gospodaryov Oxidative Stress and Diseases Edited by Volodymyr Lushchak and Dmytro V. Gospodaryov Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sasa Leporic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Oxidative Stress and Diseases, Edited by Volodymyr Lushchak and Dmytro V. Gospodaryov p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0552-7 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Introductory Chapter 3 Volodymyr I. Lushchak and Dmytro V. Gospodaryov Section 2 General Aspects 11 Chapter 2 Oxidative Stress: Cause and Consequence of Diseases 13 Dmytro Gospodaryov and Volodymyr Lushchak Section 3 Cardiovascular Diseases 39 Chapter 3 Reactive Oxygen Species and Cardiovascular Diseases 41 Vitor Engrácia Valenti, Luiz Carlos de Abreu, Celso Ferreira and Paulo H. N. Saldiva Chapter 4 Oxidative Stress in the Carotid Body: Implications for the Cardioventilatory Alterations Induced by Obstructive Sleep Apnea 71 Rodrigo Iturriaga and Rodrigo Del Rio Chapter 5 Adipocytokines, Oxidative Stress and Impaired Cardiovascular Functions 87 Ana Bertha Zavalza Gómez, María Cristina Islas Carbajal and Ana Rosa Rincón Sánchez Chapter 6 Role of Oxidized Lipids in Atherosclerosis 119 Mahdi Garelnabi, Srikanth Kakumanu and Dmitry Litvinov Chapter 7 Oxidative Damage in Cardiac Tissue from Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Effect of Ageing 141 Juliana C. Fantinelli, Claudia Caldiz, María Cecilia Álvarez, Carolina D. Garciarena, Gladys E. Chiappe de Cingolani and Susana M. Mosca VI Contents Chapter 8 Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases 157 Sauri Hernández-Reséndiz, Mabel Buelna-Chontal, Francisco Correa and Cecilia Zazueta Chapter 9 Oxidatively Modified Biomolecules: An Early Biomarker for Acute Coronary Artery Disease 189 Sarawut Kumphune Section 4 Diabetes Mellitus 215 Chapter 10 Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus: Is There a Role for Hypoglycemic Drugs and/or Antioxidants? 217 Omotayo O. Erejuwa Chapter 11 Oxidative Stress and Novel Antioxidant Approaches to Reduce Diabetic Complications 247 Sih Min Tan, Arpeeta Sharma and Judy B. de Haan Chapter 12 Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and the Efficacy of Antioxidant Treatment in Diabetes Mellitus 281 Nemes-Nagy Enikő, V. Balogh-Sămărghiţan, Elena Cristina Crăciun, R. Morar, Dana Liana Pusta, Fazakas Zita, Szőcs-Molnár Terézia, Dunca Iulia, Sánta Dóra and Minodora Dobreanu Chapter 13 Diabetes, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants and Saliva: A Review 303 Natheer H. Al-Rawi Section 5 Systemic, Neuronal and Hormonal Pathologies 311 Chapter 14 The Role of Oxidative Stress in Female Reproduction and Pregnancy 313 Levente Lázár Chapter 15 Effects of Oxidative Stress on the Electrophysiological Function of Neuronal Membranes 337 Zorica Jovanović Chapter 16 Circulating Advanced Oxidation Protein Products, Nε-(Carboxymethyl) Lysine and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: Correlations with Clinical Parameters 359 Jolanta Zuwala-Jagiello, Eugenia Murawska-Cialowicz and Monika Pazgan-Simon Contents VII Chapter 17 Oxidative Stress in Parkinson’s Disease; Parallels Between Current Animal Models, Human Studies and Cells 387 Anwar Norazit, George Mellick and Adrian C. B. Meedeniya Chapter 18 The Relationship Between Thyroid States, Oxidative Stress and Cellular Damage 413 Cano-Europa, Blas-Valdivia Vanessa, Franco-Colin Margarita and Ortiz-Butron Rocio Chapter 19 Oxidative Stress in Human Autoimmune Joint Diseases 437 Martina Škurlová Chapter 20 Oxidative Stress in Multiple Organ Damage in Hypertension, Diabetes and CKD, Mechanisms and New Therapeutic Possibilities 457 Tatsuo Shimosawa, Tomoyo Kaneko, Xu Qingyou, Yusei Miyamoto, Mu Shengyu, Hong Wang, Sayoko Ogura, Rika Jimbo, Bohumil Majtan, Yuzaburo Uetake, Daigoro Hirohama, Fumiko Kawakami-Mori, Toshiro Fujita and Yutaka Yatomi Chapter 21 Retinal Vein Occlusion Induced by a MEK Inhibitor – Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Blood-Retinal Barrier 469 Amy H. Yang and Wenhu Huang Section 6 Cancer 495 Chapter 22 Oxidative Therapy Against Cancer 497 Manuel de Miguel and Mario D. Cordero Chapter 23 Monensin Induced Oxidative Stress Reduces Prostate Cancer Cell Migration and Cancer Stem Cell Population 521 Kirsi Ketola, Anu Vuoristo, Matej Orešič, Olli Kallioniemi and Kristiina Iljin Section 7 Antioxidants as Therapeutics 541 Chapter 24 Compounds with Antioxidant Capacity as Potential Tools Against Several Oxidative Stress Related Disorders: Fact or Artifact? 543 P. Pérez-Matute, A.B. Crujeiras, M. Fernández-Galilea and P. Prieto-Hontoria Chapter 25 Microalgae of the Chlorophyceae Class: Potential Nutraceuticals Reducing Oxidative Stress Intensity and Cellular Damage 581 Blas-Valdivia Vanessa, Ortiz-Butron Rocio, Rodriguez-Sanchez Ruth, Torres-Manzo Paola, Hernandez-Garcia Adelaida and Cano-Europa Edgar Preface The increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in living organisms over 60 years ago was implicated in the development of diseases and aging (Harman, 1956; 1983). This book is a collective scientific monograph presenting several important aspects related to ROS role in human and animal pathologies. In 1985, German scientist Helmut Sies first denoted oxidative stress concept, which immediately attracted attention of researchers in diverse basic fields. Several discoveries substantially stimulated the interest to ROS as ones related to many diseases. They were descriptions of catalytic function of superoxide dismutase (erythrocuprein or hemocuprein) by McCord and Fridovich (1969) and role of superoxide anion in host defense against pathogens (Babior et al., 1973; McCord, 1974). The knowledge on ROS roles in diverse biological processes in living organisms was summarized in an excellent book by Halliwell and Gutteridge (1999). An obvious question arises during the accumulation of data on the ROS involvement in diseases: is oxidative stress their reason or consequence? In most cases, we cannot directly answer the question, but it is absolutely clear that reactive species accompany many pathologies. And even more – in some cases antioxidants were able to attenuate the symptoms, but in most cases the expectations on antioxidants as a panacea for many diseases was not confirmed what finally led to understanding that suppression of free radical processes also may have negative consequences for the organisms. In 1980, Arthur Hailey described the miracle drug saving many lives in a novel “Strong Medicine”. That was a rather efficient antioxidant, but side effects were related to suppression of immune system and weakening defense against infections, the effects well known now. More and more recent data reflect the situation that ROS are involved in many living processes, and organisms delicately control their levels. The question on low specificity of ROS effects has also been clarified to some extent. Really, being chemically highly reactive, the processes with ROS participation are determined first of all by their species and forms, temporary-spatial generation and elimination, presence of available sensors and targets. So we are really dealing with a complicated net that is an integral part of living organisms and is usually under strict control, but if not properly controlled may result in injuries of diverse nature. Our understanding of ROS role in biological systems has evolved from recognizing of them as clearly damaging side-products of cellular metabolism changing normal physiological processes, through appreciation of their X Preface roles as critically important elements of host defense against pathogens, to recognition of their role as regulators of many physiological processes. On December 16, 2011, a Google Scholar search for “oxidative stress” and “disease” yielded about 1,430,000 publication hits, whereas in Scopus and Pubmed databases it yielded 135,381 and 94,195 hits, respectively. Enormous interest to the ROS roles has been indirectly confirmed by the project by InTech Publisher, with the book on oxidative stress. We initially planned to publish one book, but when the project was started, more than 90 propositions were received. Therefore, recognizing the popularity of the field and interest of many scientists to share their knowledge with a broad auditory, we decided to divide the propositions and publish three books. The Introduction section (V. I. Lushchak & D.V. Gospodaryov), that briefly covers the general aspects of oxidative stress theory, shows the potential cellular targets for ROS attacks, and via understanding of key aspects along with the details of ROS roles in biological systems, describes potential benefits from this understanding and its use to prevent or cure certain diseases. The detailed knowledge of the mechanisms with participation of reactive species may provide interesting targets for general and directed therapy or prophylactics of many diseases. The book is divided into six sections. The first section, entitled “General Aspects” is the smallest one and contains only one chapter “Oxidative stress: cause and consequence of diseases” by D. V. Gospodaryov & V. I. Lushchak, It provides the readers with information on genetic polymorphism or deficiency of antioxidant and related enzymes which, not always, but in some cases may realize predisposition to develop certain pathologies. The enzymes analyzed in this chapter include antioxidant and associated ones such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, catalase, cytosolic (Cu,Zn-containing), mitochondrial (Mn-containing) and extracellular superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidase, reparation and detoxification enzymes 8-hydroxy- 2′-deoxyguanosine glycosylase, glutathione-S-transferases, etc. The last parts of the chapter are devoted to model organisms used to reveal the role of oxidative modifications of antioxidant and related enzymes in disease progression and model organisms, such as mice, fish, fruit flies, nematodes, plants, cell cultures, budding yeast, or even bacteria, broadly used to study different aspects concerning relationships between oxidative stress and diseases. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the number one killer in developed countries. Therefore, the second part of the book, entitled “Cardiovascular Diseases” and containing seven chapters, is supposed to disclose the relationships between ROS and these pathologies. The first chapter of this section “Reactive Oxygen Species and Cardiovascular Diseases” by V. E. Valenti describes animal models to study ROS- induced cardiovascular diseases, sources of ROS in cells with particular interest to heart, oxidative damage to vessels and kidney and is finalized by the role of nervous system in ROS-induced CVD. R. Iturriaga and R. Del Rio cover the role of carotid body in cardioventilatory alterations induced by obstructive sleep apnea. The factors of risk [...]... 10 Oxidative Stress and Diseases Wong, C.M., Marcocci L., Liu, L & Suzuki, Y.J (2010) Cell signaling by protein carbonylation and decarbonylation, Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, Vol 12, No 3, pp 393-404 Section 2 General Aspects 2 Oxidative Stress: Cause and Consequence of Diseases Dmytro Gospodaryov and Volodymyr Lushchak Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine 1 Introduction Oxidative. .. of oxidatively modified molecules, maturation and posttranslational modification of antioxidant enzymes, metabolism of low molecular mass antioxidants, etc As a rule, genetic polymorphisms of Oxidative Stress: Cause and Consequence of Diseases 15 enzymes of these two big groups may lead to oxidative stress and consequent diseases, among which cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disorders, and. .. lysine and pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with liver cirrhosis and postulate that the advanced oxidation protein products such as modified albumin can be used as a marker of oxidative stress in healthy people and liver cirrhosis patients The relationship between oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases attracted the attention of not only basic scientists, but also clinicians, and the... connections can be drawn between certain pathologies and oxidative modification of proteins Most antioxidant and related enzymes are targets for oxidative modification Hence, if oxidative stress was primary event, possible oxidative modifications of antioxidant enzymes may exacerbate diseases and define cell destiny Finally, it is worth mentioning advantages and disadvantages of diverse models which serve... prerequisites for enhanced oxidant formation or impairment in antioxidant defence system 4 Oxidative Stress and Diseases Evidences for connection of oxidative stress with the stresses induced by other factors are promptly gained The potency of transition metals, some herbicides and carbohydrates to promote oxidative stress was recently showed (Lushchak et al., 2009a; Lushchak et al., 2009b; Lushchak, 2011;... and advise them quite novel and non-standard approaches to find and decipher mechanisms of diseases Finally, we would like to thank all authors for their contributions and hard work to match and unify the “philosophy” of this book We also thank to our colleagues from Precarpathian National University and University of Tampere who supported us and helped us in preparation and edition of the chapters,... al., 2010) and in some examples activates proteins (Lee & Helmann, 2006) These findings should also be taken into account at analysis of association between oxidative stress and particular diseases Participation of ROS in signaling, their roles in regulation of apoptosis and cell adaptation significantly complicate our view on them as a cause of diseases Consequently, the view on oxidative stress should... efficient in treatment of cardiovascular diseases and they therefore investigated a role of oxidative stress in consequences of multiple organ damages in mice and possible new therapeutic agents such as adrenomedullin (a 52-amino-acid peptide), platinum nanoparticles and bardoxolone methyl A H Yang and W Huang nicely cover a topic connected to the operation of our eyes and its relationship with ROS They... Hermes-Lima, M (2004a) Oxidative stress and medical sciences, In: Functional Metabolism: Regulation and Adaptation, Kenneth B Storey, pp 369-382, Wiley-Liss, NY Hermes-Lima, M (2004b) Oxygen in biology and biochemistry: role of free radicals, In: Functional Metabolism: Regulation and Adaptation, Kenneth B Storey, pp 319-368, Wiley-Liss, NY Jones, D.P (2006) Redefining oxidative stress, Antioxidants &... response to oxidative stress: Bacteria, fungi, plants and animals Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C Vol 153, pp.175-190 Lushchak, V.I (2011b) Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol 101, No 1, pp 13-30 Mattson, M.P (2009) Roles of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal in obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and associated vascular and neurodegenerative . OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASES Edited by Volodymyr Lushchak and Dmytro V. Gospodaryov OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASES Edited. marker of oxidative stress in healthy people and liver cirrhosis patients. The relationship between oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases attracted