... upgraders in strategies and situations The social distance significantly affects the distribution of this internal modifier. It is clear that difference of distribution appears in situations where ... the social distance is relatively familiar (=D) such as situation 1 (attending summer holiday), situation 4 (doing important task) and situation 16 ( business plan). 21 4.6. DISCUSSION Both ... such as greeting, requesting, advising, offering, prohibiting, thanking, expressing, gratitude and etc. However, little attention has been paid to the speech act of encouraging. In this paper,...