... Newmark (1988:45) there are eight methods of translation namely word – for – word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, ... Literal translation Faithful translation Semantic translation TL Emphasis: Adaptation Free translation Idiomatic translation Communicative translation (2.1) The methods closest to the ... Newmark (1981) differently distinguishes technical translation from institutional translation: “Technical translation is one of the part of specialized translation; institutional translation, ...