... message-based architectures are that they are asynchronous and that they are based on the exchange of messages rather than function calls. Both of these features have some advantages, such as: ... processing and data storage became desirable. However, because the data processing and storage was no longer centralized, it did not mean that the application was not logically a single application. ... man-in-the-middle attacks, denial-of-service attacks, replay attacks, and so on. ! Many operations rely on time stamping. For example, it is not acceptable for a server to acknowledge that it received a...