... in protecting and increasing green areas and parks in St. Petersburg, Russia. ©VictorRadziun46Megacities and Climate Change47Chapter4 Land use and urban planningWaste and climate changearecloselylinked.InIndia,60%oftotaldisposablewasteisorganic,whichcanrapidlydecompose, and releasemethanegasduringtheprocess.Moreover,itisrecognisedthatrecyclingresultsinreducingtheneedforrawmaterials.Incasessuchasaluminum,recyclingplaysanimportantrolebyreducingtheamountofenergyrequiredforitsproduction and alsoeventuallyreducegreenhousegasemissions.6Wastepickers,whoarenotrecognisedasformalstakeholdersbytherecyclingsector,undertakebothrecycling and extensiverepair/reuse,makingtheirinclusioninanywastemanagementplanessential.Someestimatessuggestthatapproximately1%oftheurbanpopulationinthedevelopingworldisengagedinrecycling.Manyofthemarepoorminorities,migratingfromtheruralregions,whereecological and economiccollapseisunderway.Therefore,theirinclusioninsuchplansisessentialbothfromanenvironmental and povertyalleviationpointofview.Leadership ... SummaryIn2007,theCityofTorontoadoptedits Climate ChangeActionPlanwhichincludesatargetedreductioningreenhousegasemissionsof80%by2050.Inadoptingtheplan,theCityCouncilalsocalledforthedevelopmentofacomprehensive climate changeadaptationstrategy and isoneofthefirstcitiesintheworldtodoso.In2008,theCityofTorontoreleased‘AheadoftheStorm–PreparingTorontofor Climate Change’,adocumentdesignedtoengagestakeholdersinunderstandingwhatcanbedonetopreparefor climate changeinordertominimizeitsimpactonToronto’senvironment,health and economy.Toronto’sleadingeffortstoaddressadapationalongsidemitigationwillprovideausefulcasestudyforothercitiesaroundtheworld.DetailTorontoCityCouncilhascommittedoveronebilliondollarsoverthenextfiveyearstofundprojectsthatwillhelpreducegreenhousegasemissions.Itscomprehensivestrategytorespondto climate change,knownasthe Climate Change,CleanAir and SustainableEnergyActionPlan’,focusesonactivitiesthatreducegreenhousegasemissions and helppreparefor climate change(mitigation and adaptation).Torontounderstandsthatmitigation and adaptationstrategiesareoftencomplementary and shouldbedevelopedintandeminordertobestutiliseresources and achievemaximumbenefit.Case ... possibleSocialmobilisationhasbeensupportedthroughthecollectiveleadershipofanindigenouswomen’smovement.Thewomenhavedemandedmoreequitableaccesstodrinkingwater,alongwithcompensationfordamagecausedby30yearsofhavingtheirwatersupplydiminishedtofeedthegrowingthirstofMexicoCity.Theyhavealsobeendemandingbetterecologicalprotectionofthebasinthroughtheregenerationofforestswhicharethemainwaterrechargeareas.DespitetheeffortsoftheMazahuawomen’smovementwhohaveproposedtheimplementationofaprogramforsustainableregionaldevelopment,economicsupportprovidedbytheStatehasbeenminimal.Thislackofsupportislargelyduetotheabsenceofapolicyforcompensation and alackofaformalsystemforvaluingtheecosystemservicesprovidedbysupplyingwaterfromindigenouspeople’sterritory.InarecentWorldBankevaluationofpublicpoliciesinindigenousregions,theMazahuaregionwasreportedtohavereceivedUS$5perinhabitant,peryear,fordrinkingwater and sanitationinfrastructure,anamountthatisinsufficientforsolvingthecurrentproblems.10Facedwithlackofrecognitionforthehumanrighttowater and theabsenceofapolicyforcompensatingtheMazahuaregionforthebenefitsithasprovidedtoMexicoCity,themovementturnedtotheLatinAmericanWaterTribunalwhichwhilstnotlegallybinding,isanethicstribunalestablishedtoresolvewaterconflicts and supportenvironmental and humanrights.DuringthefirstsessionoftheTribunalin2006,representativesoftheMazahuawomen’smovementpresentedtheircase,documentinghowhumanrightshadbeenviolatedbyfederal and stategovernmentsintheCutzamalasystem.Membersofthejury11analysedthecase and reachedafinalverdictemphasisingtheneedtorespectthehumanrighttowater and recommendingthecancellationofprojectexpansionsoftheCutzamalasystem and theawardingofcompensationtoindigenousinhabitantsforthedamagesincurredbythetransferofwatertoMexicoCity.ThisverdictlendsstrongsupporttotheMazahua’sproposalsforenvironmentaljustice,mayassistfuturenegotiations and drawswiderinternationalattentiontotheirworseningsituation.Case study 1 L a n d u s e and Urban Planning440Megacities and Climate Change41Chapter4 Land use and urban...