... reliable, tests should not be elastic in their measurement. Whatever the version of the test a testee take, whatever the occasion the test is administrated, and whatever raters who score the test, ... altered, the response format and how responses are scored. They are usually written before the tests and then the test is written on the basis of the specifications. After the test is written, the ... clearly and concisely. The stem needs to provide the testees a very general idea of the problem and the answer required. The stem may be in the form of an incomplete statement, a complete statement...