... University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland 5. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine/Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, ... activate the single-strand break DNA repair pathway if applied to host cell DNA. This pathway was investigated by studying the activity of Poly(ADP-ribose)Polymerase (PARP), the protein ... cell cycle progression and apoptosis, primarily through the inhibition of the DNA damage sensing protein ATM and ATR, (34, 35). The involvement of the DNA damage repair pathway in...