... Kitchell et al., 1 979 ; Naiman, 1988; Owen and Wiegert, 1 976 ; Petrusewicz and Grodzinski, 1 975 ; Zlotin and Khodashova, 1980) and with theoretical work (Lee and Inman, 1 975 ; O’Neill, 1 976 ) Consumers ... were made in the 1960s and 1 970 s (Lowes and Blackwell, 1 974 ; Mulholland and Sims, 1 976 ), but the applications did not lead to advancements in ecological understanding Clearly, ecological circuits ... or stable state and not 248 Ecological Engineering: Principles and Practice A B C D E F G H I J K L M N D H I K L FIGURE 7. 4 Comparison of food webs in Gatun Lake, Panama, with and without an...