... Processing 1.1.2 Mixed-state models Mixed-state models have been used for several applications including activity modeling, air traffic management, smart highway system, and so forth (see [17–20]) ... the two values are as follows: 5.4 frames for open door, 4.1 frames for close door, 3.3 frames for pour water, 2.0 frames for erase board, and 6.2 frames for pick up object and put down elsewhere ... propose a similarity-based approach for detecting unusual activities It may be useful to compare the proposed models with the HMM approach and other mixed-state models in order to place our work...