... Islamic golden age Main interest(s): scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, craftsman, artist, and mathematician ٤.١ Summary al-Jazari was a Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, ... There are, therefore, naturally a wide range of approaches to conceptualizing innovation in the scholarly literature Fortunately, however, a consistent theme may be identified: innovation is typically ... or universal in the innovation literature They are however observed by a considerable number of scholars in innovation studies ٢.٤ Economic Conceptions of Innovation ■ Joseph Schumpeter defined...