... (Womack and Jones, 19 96) Another element of lean management is the reduction of variability at every opportunity, including demand variability, manufacturing variability, and supplier variability Manufacturing ... value-added time on manufacturing lead time TQM 17,1 16 The intersection of lean management and Six Sigma The performance of a business is determined by the complex interactions of people, materials, ... reasons Since three -sigma is the minimum design standard, it would be expected that many products would surpass the three -sigma standard On the other hand, the 0.997 conformance probability assumes...