... = TB (X(s, t ), t ) (4. 4) Here Eqs (4. 1a), (4. 2), (4. 3) describe forced convection problems while Eqs (4. 1b), (4. 2), (4. 3) describe natural convection problems In Eq (4. 1b), the Boussinesq approximation ... ∫ − T Γ total Γ Lref (4. 22) where Ltotal is the total length of the immersed boundary Ltotal = ∫ Γ (4. 23) ds As shown in Eqs (4. 21) and (4. 22), the evaluation of local and average Nusselt numbers ... gap space 4. 4 Conclusions In this chapter, a boundary condition-enforced immersed boundary method is developed for heat transfer problems The effect of thermal boundaries on the flow and temperature...