... displacement ͑bending͒ To verify this simulation method and use it to compute the pulsed laser bending process, a three-dimensional model is built and simulations of pulsed laser bending are conducted ... Modeling of Laser Forming,’’ Proc of Laser Institute of America, ICALEO, 83, Laser Institute of America, Orlando, FL, pp 31– 40 ͓10͔ Chen, G., and Xu, X., 2000, ‘‘3D CW Laser Forming of Thin Stainless ... center of the scanning line is produced by thermal expansion along the positive z-direction because of the free-surface boundary condition Figure 11 shows the off-plane displacement w of the...