... et al.: Barriers to initiation of antiretroviral treatment in rural and urban areas of Zambia: a cross-sectional study of cost, stigma, and perceptions about ART Journal of the International AIDS ... one in an urban area in Livingstone (Maramba clinic), and one in a rural part of Choma District (Pemba clinic) A third site was urban and located in Lusaka (Chawama clinic) in Lusaka Province, and ... International Health 2008, 13:904-913 14 Mshana GH, Wamoyi J, Busza J, Zaba B, Changalucha J, Kaluvya S, Urassa M: Barriers to accessing antiretroviral therapy in Kisesa, Tanzania: a qualitative study...