... (a) speech rate, (b) the number and duration of pauses, (c) frequency of tensed verbs and number of S nodes (= clauses) and T units (= a principal clause plus all related dependent clauses), (d) ... and checked the understanding and she paraphrased the instruction again She checked the understanding of the students by using display question such as „Do you understand? Or „Clear?‟ or in Vietnamese ... approximately in the early-mid 1980s They evolved inspired by various findings from (1 ) "caretaker speech" studies in first language development (Snow, 1972) and (2 ) "foreigner talk" research (Ferguson,...