... subsidies and R&D activities and innovation outcomes. Of particular interest was investigating whether public R&D funding in Flanders crowded out private R&D investment in the business ... sample of firms and in the sub-sample of innovative firms, and they rejected the hypothesis of subsidies crowding out private R&D spending. However, no significant increases in patenting were found. ... on the scheme’s implementation in the West and East Midlands of England, the South West of England and South Wales. The sample included 4,326 firms of which 2,840 firms re-ceived support (the...