broadband growth and policies in oecd countries - bb growth in oecd

... the main crite-rion, and both the individuals with intensive growth dynamics and the slow-growing individuals were selected for a subsequent mixture of clones). After their growing in a nursery ... physiological processes is described in rooted cuttings compared to seedlings, e.g. later onset and lower intensity of dormancy and cold hardiness and earlier flushing in spring (F et al. 2000). ... W J. (2000): Growth cessation and au-tumn-frost hardiness in one-year-old Picea abies progenies from seed orchards and natural stands. Scandinavian Jour-nal of Forest Research, 15: 309–317.H...

... 443MATERIAL AND METHODSBeechnuts originating from the 4th forest alti-tudinal zone (FAZ) (seed lot CZ- 1-2 C-BK-2000 8- 2 1-4 -L) and from the 7th FAZ (seed lot CZ- 2-2 B-BK-0301 2-3 -7 -K) were used ... Fv/Fm in beech seedlings growing in the open area, higher values in the gap and the highest values in seedlings growing under shelterwood, ex-plained these diff erences by increased photoinhibi-tion ... seedlings in bare-root forest nurseries of north-eastern Poland. Sylwan, 149: 15–24. (in Polish)E K.S., R E., L J.W. (2004): Photoinhibition in seedlings of Fraxinus and...

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... Wrexham in Wales and Kiel, Lübeck, Flensburg in Schleswig-Holstein); both have a history of restructuring traditional industries (coal-mining in Wales, shipbuilding in Schleswig-Holstein); and ... school-dropout measures and vocational training schemes. Finally, considering that Wales was dominated in the 20th century by heavy industry and mining, urban regeneration can sometimes involve ... training provision by combining training needs, reducing course duplication and aligning training curricula to industry demand.  Austrian K-Plus competence centres and similar knowledge transfer...

... agriculture and into expanding manufacturing, service, and commerce sectors. These and concomitant changes in the living situations of women and families throughout the globe—including urbanization and ... force or intensify their involvement in income-earning activities to compensate for declining family income. This in turn often involved calling on girls to take over the mother’s childcare and ... 17siblings or more adolescent and adult males in the household spend more time doing chores and less time in school (Levison and Moe 1998). In Indonesia, Pitt and Rosenzweig (1990) find that an infant’s...

... Abstract In developing countries, weak environmental regulatory institutions often undermine conventional command -and- control policies. As a result, these countries are increasingly experimenting ... managers and owners. In developing countries where formal regulatory pressure is limited, plant managers and owners may not have incentives to invest in collecting and analyzing such information, and ... our understanding of the determinants of environmental performance in developing countries, most fall short of convincingly isolating and identifying causal impacts of regulatory and nonregulatory...

... Number฀of฀employees in Europe฀stem -and- leaf฀plot฀ 262Figure฀16.5฀ Turnover in thousands฀of฀ECU in Europe฀stem -and- leaf฀plot฀ 263Figure฀16.6฀ Number฀of฀employees in China฀stem -and- leaf฀plot฀ 263Figure฀16.7฀ ... www.hsrcpress.ac.zaxiiiForewordThrough฀the฀Department฀of฀Science and Technology฀(DST),฀South฀Africa฀has฀had฀the฀benefit฀of฀observer฀membership฀on฀the OECD s฀Committee฀for฀Scientific and Technological฀Policy฀(CSTP)฀since฀1998.฀This฀allows฀South฀Africa฀to฀participate in the฀Global฀Science฀Forum฀(GSF),฀Working฀Group฀on฀Technology and Innovation฀Policy฀(TIP),฀National฀Experts฀on฀Science and Technology฀Indicators฀(NESTI) and the฀Working฀Party฀on฀Biotechnology฀(WPB).฀The฀work฀of฀NESTI,฀particularly in the฀areas฀of฀Research and Experimental฀Development฀(R&D) and Innovation฀Surveys,฀has฀been฀of฀special฀interest฀to฀the฀Department and led฀to฀the OECD and South฀Africa฀hosting฀a฀joint฀seminar฀on฀the฀measurement฀of฀innovation฀activities in OECD and non -OECD countries in Pretoria in March฀2001.฀The฀seminar฀was฀well฀attended,฀with132฀delegates฀from OECD countries and other฀regions฀of฀the฀world฀(Africa,฀Latin฀America and Asia)฀participating in a฀very฀fruitful฀exchange฀of฀experiences.฀The฀importance฀of฀regular฀measurement฀of฀both฀R&D and innovation฀through฀proper฀national฀surveys฀was฀brought฀into฀focus฀for฀South฀Africa฀at฀the฀seminar.฀I฀would฀like฀to฀take฀this฀opportunity฀to฀sincerely฀thank฀the฀Steering฀Committee and the฀team฀from฀the OECD Secretariat฀for฀their฀hard฀work in ensuring฀that฀the฀seminar฀was฀a฀success.I฀am฀pleased฀to฀report฀that฀since฀the฀seminar,฀South฀Africa฀has฀made฀rapid฀progress฀ in establishing฀a฀reliable,฀nationally and internationally฀accepted฀set฀of฀official฀science฀ and technology฀statistics.฀These฀statistics in turn฀provide฀the฀main฀indicators฀required฀to฀underpin฀the฀implementation฀of฀South฀Africa’s฀national฀R&D฀Strategy฀as฀outlined฀by฀government. In 2002,฀the฀Centre฀for฀Science,฀Technology and Innovation฀Indicators฀(CeSTII)฀of฀the฀Human฀Sciences฀Research฀Council฀was฀commissioned฀by฀DST฀to฀undertake฀a฀regular฀series฀of฀R&D and Innovation฀Surveys in order฀to฀establish฀a฀baseline฀of฀official฀S&T฀indicators. In June฀2004,฀the฀DST and Statistics฀South฀Africa฀signed฀a฀Memorandum฀of฀Agreement฀concerning฀the฀recognition฀of฀official฀national฀science and technology฀statistics.฀This฀book฀thus฀records฀an฀important฀historical฀turning฀point in South฀Africa’s฀progress฀towards฀an฀effective฀national฀system฀of฀innovation.฀The฀seminar฀brought฀to฀the฀fore฀some฀of฀the฀key฀critical฀differences฀between฀developed and developing countries in their฀approaches฀to฀measuring฀innovation.฀These฀differences฀are฀clearly฀reflected in the฀various฀chapters฀of฀this฀book,฀which฀cover฀some฀of฀the฀most฀important฀debates฀that฀emerged฀during฀the฀seminar.Rob฀AdamDirector-GeneralDepartment฀of฀Science and TechnologySouth฀AfricaFree ... Number฀of฀employees in China฀stem -and- leaf฀plot฀ 263Figure฀16.7฀ Turnover in thousands฀of฀RMB in China฀stem -and- leaf฀plot฀ 264Figure฀16.8฀ Innovation฀investment฀expenditure฀per฀employee in China and Europe฀(1993)฀฀฀ (at฀an฀exchange฀rate฀of฀1ECU฀=฀5RMB)฀...

... -0 .529 (2.92) -0 .529 (2.92) -0 .529 (2.92) -0 .529 (2.92) Đầu tư -0 .058 (0.87) -0 .058 (0.87) -0 .058 (0.87) -0 .058 (0.87) -0 .058 (0.87) -0 .058 (0.87) -0 .058 ... (1.18) -0 .248 (1.13) -0 .081 (0.35) -0 .091 (0.31) -0 .095 (0.34) – An sinh xã hội 0.036 (0.2) – -0 .488 (3.62) -0 .321 (2.25) -0 .331 (1.56) -0 .335 (1.59) -0 .240 ... hiện hành -0 ,490 (2.79) -0 ,490 (2.79) - 0,483 (2.82) Đầu tư -0 ,020 (0.33) -0 ,020 (0.33) -0 ,020 (0.34) Tốc độ tăng trưởng lực lượng lao động -0 ,327 (1.09) -0 ,327 (1.09) -0 ,336 (1.14)...

... -0 .597 *2. Cameroon -0 .963 *** -0 .841 *** -0 .820 *** -0 .798 *** -0 .643 **3. Chad -0 .399 ** -0 .332 * -0 .216 -0 .207 -0 .447 **4. Côte d'Ivoire -0 .884 *** -0 .620 ** -0 .856 *** -0 .636 ** -0 .707 ... Mozambique -1 .336 *** -1 .227 *** -1 .185 *** -1 .007 ** -0 .986 **12. Tanzania -1 .248 *** -1 .204 *** -1 .061 *** -1 .052 *** -0 .808 **13. Uganda -1 .099 *** -0 .937 *** -0 .994 *** -0 .874 *** -0 .888 ***14. ... Africa8. Kenya -1 .219 *** -1 .125 *** -0 .936 *** -0 .883 *** -0 .951 ***9. Madagascar -0 .767 *** -0 .912 *** -0 .555 ** -0 .709 ** -0 .823 **10. Malawi -0 .842 *** -0 .780 *** -0 .644 *** -0 .615 *** -0 .721 ***11....