... 0.5log 2 M≈ 2 m1 +cos(π/M)2cos(π/M)×Q2m1 −cosπMEbN0m = log 2 M, M > 2 11.2dB, M = 2 12. 9dB, M = 416.8dB, M = 8 21 .4dB, M = 16 26 .3dB, M = 32 M-ary phase- 0.5log 2 M≈ ... arerOne run of ones of length r.rOne run of zeros of length r–1.rOne run of ones and one run of zeros of length r 2. rTwo runs of ones and two runs of zeros of length r–3.rFour runs of ones ... LEFT) 21 [7]∗ 32 [13]∗ 42 [ 23 ]∗56[45]∗,[75],[67]66[103]∗,[147],[155]718[ 21 1]∗,[ 21 7],[ 23 5],[367],[ 27 7],[ 325 ],[ 20 3]∗,[313],[345]816[435],[551],[747],[453],[545],[537],[703],[543]948[1 021 ]∗,[ 22 31],[1461],[1 423 ],[1055],[1167],[1541][1333],[1605]10 60[ 20 11]∗,[ 24 15],[3771],[ 21 57],[3515],[ 27 73],[ 20 33],[ 24 43],[ 24 61]11...